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Siyasal iletişimde müzik: Parti müziklerinin seçmenlere etkisi üzerine nöropazarlama temelli bir araştırma

Year 2026, Volume: 11 Issue: 2 , 747 - 759 , 04.05.2026
https://doi.org/10.31811/ojomus.1904136
https://izlik.org/JA35RU33GP

Abstract

Siyasal iletişim, siyasal aktörlerin seçmenlere yönelik yürüttükleri stratejik bir etkileşim alanıdır. Bu süreçte kullanılan dil, semboller ve görsel temsiller kadar müzik de önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Müzik, yalnızca bir eşlikçi olmanın ötesinde, ideolojik mesajları duygusal bir zemine oturtan kritik bir enstrümandır. Melodi, ritim ve söz birlikteliği seçmenin rasyonel değerlendirmesinden önce duygusal bir rezonans üretmektedir. Seçim kampanyalarında kullanılan marşlar, miting atmosferini yükselterek kolektif coşkuyu artırmaktadır. Tekrar eden nakarat yapıları mesajın bilinçaltına yerleşmesini sağlarken siyasal sloganlar ritimle birleştiğinde akılda kalma etkisi artabilmektedir. Günümüzde seçim müzikleri yalnızca miting alanlarında değil, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube gibi dijital platformlarda yeniden üretilmektedir. Dijital platformlarda viral olan kampanya şarkıları, mesajın organik yayılımını hızlandırabilmektedir. Dolayısıyla müzik yalnızca bir propaganda unsuru olmaktan öte algoritmik dolaşıma açık siyasal içerik formatına dönüşmüştür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, siyasal iletişimin araçlarından olan parti müziklerini ve bu müziklere eşlik eden video kliplerin seçmen davranışları üzerindeki duygusal ve bilişsel etkilerini, nöropazarlama teknikleri aracılığıyla ortaya koymaktır. Araştırmada göz izleme ve yüz ifade analizi tekniklerinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları siyasal kliplerde işitsel ve görsel unsurların bütünleşik kullanımının seçmenlerde ağırlıklı olarak pozitif duygular, beklenti ve güven ürettiğini ortaya koymuştur. Buna göre en yüksek akılda kalıcılık ve dikkat, müziklerin ritmik tekrar içeren nakarat bölümleri ile enstrümantal sekanslarda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Kliplerde yer alan görsel sahneler özelinde ise seçmenler; yerli otomobil vurgusu, savunma sanayii araçları, sosyal dayanışma ve halkla temas görüntülerinden etkilenmektedirler. Ancak bahsi geçen anlık duygusal tepkiler seçmenlerin oy verme eğilimleri üzerinde tek başına belirleyici bir faktör olmaktan ziyade mevcut tutum içinde işleyen tamamlayıcı bir etki üretmektedir. Çalışma, siyasal kampanya süreçlerinde duyguların rolünü bilimsel verilerle destekleyerek hem akademik literatüre hem de uygulayıcılar için stratejik planlamaya katkı sağlamaktadır. Benzer çalışmaların farklı zamanlarda tekrar edilmesi, seçim müziklerinin etkisinin kısa vadeli mi yoksa kalıcı tutumlara mı dönüştüğünü ortaya koyarak siyasal iletişim literatürüne daha bütüncül bir kuramsal katkı sunacaktır.

References

  • Baños-González, M., Baraybar-Fernández, A. ve Rajas-Fernández, M. (2020). The application of neuromarketing techniques in the Spanish advertising industry: Weaknesses and opportunities for development. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02175
  • Becan, C. ve Kaya, H. (2022). Reklamlarda insan görseli kullanımı üzerine dikkat düzeyinin ölçümlenmesine yönelik keşfedici bir araştırma: Nöropazarlama yöntemi olarak bir göz takibi çalışması. Uluslararası Halkla İlişkiler ve Reklam Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 9-39. https://izlik.org/JA92EA36EH
  • Bercea, M. D. (2012). Anatomy of methodologies for measuring consumer behavior in neuromarketing research [Sözlü bildiri sunumu]. Proceedings of the Lupcon Center for Business Research European Marketing Conference Ebermannstadt, Germany.
  • Boustani, N. ve Al Abdwani, T. (2023). The effect of music on the communication ability: A case of vocabularies. Journal of Business, Communication & Technology, 2(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.56632/bct.2023.2101
  • Chandrasekharan, J., Joseph, A., Ram, A. ve Nollo, G. (2023). ETMT: A tool for eyetracking-based trail-making test to detect cognitive impairment. Sensors, 23(15), 6848. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156848
  • Cross, M. P., Hunter, J. F., Smith, J. R., Twidwell, R. E. ve Pressman, S. D. (2023). Comparing, differentiating, and applying affective facial coding techniques for the assessment of positive emotion. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 18(3), 420-438. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2022.2036796
  • Çakar, T., & Filiz, G. (2023). Unraveling neural pathways of political engagement: bridging neuromarketing and political science for understanding voter behavior and political leader perception. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 17, 1293173. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2023.1293173
  • Dangwal, A., Bathla, D., Kukreti, M., Mehta, M., Chauhan, P. ve Sarangal, R. (2023). Neuromarketing science: A road to a commercial start-up. Applications of Neuromarketing in the Metaverse içinde (s. 223-232). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8150-9.ch017
  • Demirel, Y. (2025). Evaluation of the effect of political advertisements on voters with psychophysiological data harvesting technique: The case of 2023 presidential elections. Yeni Medya, 18, 164-187. https://doi.org/10.55609/yenimedya.1614548
  • Dewberry, D. R. ve Millen, J. H. (2014). Music as rhetoric: Popular music in presidential campaigns. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 22(2), 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2014.890101
  • Fazio, M., Reitano, A. ve Loizzo, M. R. (2020). Consumer preferences for new products: Eye tracking experiment on labels and packaging for olive oil based dressing. The 1st International Electronic Conference on Food Science and Functional Foods. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods_2020-08124
  • Girişken, Y. (2018). Gerçeği algıla. Beta Yayınları.
  • González-Rodríguez, M. R., Díaz-Fernández, M. C. ve Gómez, C. P. (2020). Facial-expression recognition: An emergent approach to the measurement of tourist satisfaction through emotions. Telematics and Informatics, 51, 101404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101404
  • Halkiopoulos, C., Antonopoulou, H. ve Stiliadi, S. (2023). Neuroscientific perspectives in digital marketing. 10th International Conference on Contemporary Marketing Issues, Naxos, Greece.
  • Heisbourg, E. ve Feitosa, F. (2021). Does music affect citizens’ evaluations of candidates?. Politics and the Life Sciences, 40(2), 172-178. https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2021.22
  • Hutnyk, J. ve Sharma, S. (2000). Music & politics: An introduction. Theory, Culture & Society, 17(3), 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1177/02632760022051211
  • Jacob, R. J. ve Karn, K. S. (2003). Eye tracking in human-computer interaction and usability research: Ready to deliver the promises. The mind’s eye içinde (s. 573-605). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044451020-4/50031-1
  • Johnson, L. E., Haden Church, S. ve Randle, Q. (2021). (In) congruities between political messages and popular music: An analysis of campaign songs in US presidential elections. Communication Studies, 72(4), 769-783. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2021.1953097
  • Ke, F., Liu, R., Sokolikj, Z., Dahlstrom-Hakki, I., & Israel, M. (2024). Using eye-tracking in education: Review of empirical research and technology. Educational Technology Research and Development, 72, 1383-1418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-024-10342-4
  • Kinnunen, M., Homi, H. ve Honkanen, A. (2020). Social sustainability in adolescents’ music event attendance. Sustainability, 12(22), 9419. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229419
  • Madison, G. ve Schiölde, G. (2017). Repeated listening increases the liking for music regardless of its complexity: Implications for the appreciation and aesthetics of music. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 11, 147. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00147
  • Marquart, F., Matthes, J. ve Rapp, E. (2016). Selective exposure in the context of political advertising: A behavioral approach using eye-tracking methodology. International Journal of Communication, 10, 20.
  • Ngoshi, H. T. ve Mutekwa, A. (2013). The female body and voice in audiovisual political propaganda jingles: The Mbare Chimurenga Choir women in Zimbabwe’s contested political terrain. Critical Arts, 27(2), 235-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/02560046.2013.784388
  • Núñez-Cansado, M., López, A. L. ve Domínguez, D. C. (2020). Situation of neuromarketing consulting in Spain. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1854. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01854
  • Öztürk, S. (2014). Siyasal ikna ve seçim müzikleri: Türkiye üzerine bir inceleme. İletişim ve Diplomasi, (4), 195-218.
  • Peretz, I., Gaudreau, D. ve Bonnel, A. M. (1998). Exposure effects on music preference and recognition. Memory & Cognition, 26(5), 884-902. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03201171
  • Pernice, K. ve Nielsen, J. (2009). How to conduct eyetracking studies. Nielsen Norman Group.
  • Sala, G. ve Gobet, F. (2020). Cognitive and academic benefits of music training with children: A multilevel meta-analysis. Memory & Cognition, 48(8), 1429-1441. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-020-01060-2
  • Scherer, K. R. (2004). Which emotions can be induced by music? What are the underlying mechanisms? And how can we measure them?. Journal of New Music Research, 33(3), 239-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/0929821042000317822
  • Schmuck, D., Tribastone, M., Matthes, J., Marquart, F. ve Bergel, E. M. (2020). Avoiding the other side? An eye-tracking study of selective exposure and selective avoidance effects in response to political advertising. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 32(3), 158. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000265
  • Schneider, A. (2018). Perception of timbre and sound color. Springer Handbook of Systematic Musicology içinde (s. 687-725). Springer Handbooks. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55004-5_32
  • Schoening, B. S. ve Kasper, E. T. (2012). Don’t stop thinking about the music: The politics of songs and musicians in presidential campaigns. Lexington Books. https://doi.org/10.5771/9780739172995
  • Silva Holanda Lima, E., Oliveira de Andrade, M. J., De Sousa Bonifácio, T. A., Rodrigues, S. J., Leandro de Almeida, N., Case de Oliveira, M. E., Martins Gonçalves, L., & Dos Santos, N. A. (2021). Eye tracking technique in the diagnosis of depressive disorder: A systematic review. Contextos Clínicos, 14(2), 660. https://doi.org/10.4013/ctc.2021.142.13
  • Šulentić Begić, J. ve Begić, A. (2022). Music listening culture and musical preferences of students in final grades of primary general education and music school. Croatian Journal of Education: Hrvatski časopis za odgoj i obrazovanje, 24(3), 807-830. https://doi.org/10.15516/cje.v24i3.4573
  • Sultanbayevich, D. K. ve Jumanazarovna, S. M. (2026). Form and structure of music. Shokh Articles Library, 1(1).
  • Tanyıldızı, N. (2013). Siyasal iletişimde müzik kullanımı: 2011 Genel Seçim Şarkılarının seçmene etkisi. Selçuk İletişim, 7(2), 97-110. https://izlik.org/JA46ME35RH
  • Trainor L. (2010). The emotional origins of music, Physics of Life Reviews 7(1), 44-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2010.01.010
  • Treutler, T., Levine, B. ve Marci, Carl D. (2010). Biometrics and muiti-platform messaging: The medium matters, Journal of Advertising Research, 50, 243-249. https://doi.org/10.2501/s0021849910091415
  • Yılmaz Demirel, Ö. ve Yürek, E. (2026). Müzik çalışmalarının ilköğretime devam eden çocukların kendilerini tanımlama becerilerine etkisinin incelenmesi. Online Journal of Music Sciences, 11(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.31811/ojomus.1738741

Music in political communication: A neuromarketing-based study on the impact of party music on voters

Year 2026, Volume: 11 Issue: 2 , 747 - 759 , 04.05.2026
https://doi.org/10.31811/ojomus.1904136
https://izlik.org/JA35RU33GP

Abstract

Political communication is a strategic field of interaction between political actors and voters. Music plays a significant role in this process, as much as language, symbols, and visual representations. Music is more than just an accompaniment; it is a critical instrument that anchors ideological messages in an emotional context. The combination of melody, rhythm, and lyrics creates an emotional resonance before the voter’s rational assessment. Marches used in election campaigns heighten the atmosphere of rallies, increasing collective enthusiasm. Repetitive chorus structures ensure that the message sinks into the subconscious, while political slogans combined with rhythm increase their memorability. Today, election music is reproduced not only at rally venues but also on digital platforms such as Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube. Campaign songs that go viral on digital platforms accelerate the organic spread of the message. Political messages, supported by user-generated content, multiply in micro-networks and remain in circulation for a long time. Therefore, music has evolved beyond being merely a propaganda tool into an algorithmically accessible political content format. The aim of this study is to reveal the emotional and cognitive effects of party music, one of the tools of political communication, and the accompanying video clips on voter behavior through neuromarketing techniques. Eye tracking and facial expression analysis techniques were used in the research. The research findings reveal that the integrated use of auditory and visual elements in political clips predominantly produces positive emotions, expectations, and trust among voters. Accordingly, the highest memorability and attention occur in the chorus sections of the music, which contain rhythmic repetition, and in the instrumental sequences. Specifically, regarding the visual scenes in the clips, voters are influenced by the emphasis on domestic automobiles, defense industry vehicles, social solidarity, and images of contact with the public. However, these momentary emotional responses produce a complementary effect within existing attitudes rather than being the sole determining factor on voters’ voting tendencies.

References

  • Baños-González, M., Baraybar-Fernández, A. ve Rajas-Fernández, M. (2020). The application of neuromarketing techniques in the Spanish advertising industry: Weaknesses and opportunities for development. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02175
  • Becan, C. ve Kaya, H. (2022). Reklamlarda insan görseli kullanımı üzerine dikkat düzeyinin ölçümlenmesine yönelik keşfedici bir araştırma: Nöropazarlama yöntemi olarak bir göz takibi çalışması. Uluslararası Halkla İlişkiler ve Reklam Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 9-39. https://izlik.org/JA92EA36EH
  • Bercea, M. D. (2012). Anatomy of methodologies for measuring consumer behavior in neuromarketing research [Sözlü bildiri sunumu]. Proceedings of the Lupcon Center for Business Research European Marketing Conference Ebermannstadt, Germany.
  • Boustani, N. ve Al Abdwani, T. (2023). The effect of music on the communication ability: A case of vocabularies. Journal of Business, Communication & Technology, 2(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.56632/bct.2023.2101
  • Chandrasekharan, J., Joseph, A., Ram, A. ve Nollo, G. (2023). ETMT: A tool for eyetracking-based trail-making test to detect cognitive impairment. Sensors, 23(15), 6848. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156848
  • Cross, M. P., Hunter, J. F., Smith, J. R., Twidwell, R. E. ve Pressman, S. D. (2023). Comparing, differentiating, and applying affective facial coding techniques for the assessment of positive emotion. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 18(3), 420-438. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2022.2036796
  • Çakar, T., & Filiz, G. (2023). Unraveling neural pathways of political engagement: bridging neuromarketing and political science for understanding voter behavior and political leader perception. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 17, 1293173. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2023.1293173
  • Dangwal, A., Bathla, D., Kukreti, M., Mehta, M., Chauhan, P. ve Sarangal, R. (2023). Neuromarketing science: A road to a commercial start-up. Applications of Neuromarketing in the Metaverse içinde (s. 223-232). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8150-9.ch017
  • Demirel, Y. (2025). Evaluation of the effect of political advertisements on voters with psychophysiological data harvesting technique: The case of 2023 presidential elections. Yeni Medya, 18, 164-187. https://doi.org/10.55609/yenimedya.1614548
  • Dewberry, D. R. ve Millen, J. H. (2014). Music as rhetoric: Popular music in presidential campaigns. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 22(2), 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2014.890101
  • Fazio, M., Reitano, A. ve Loizzo, M. R. (2020). Consumer preferences for new products: Eye tracking experiment on labels and packaging for olive oil based dressing. The 1st International Electronic Conference on Food Science and Functional Foods. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods_2020-08124
  • Girişken, Y. (2018). Gerçeği algıla. Beta Yayınları.
  • González-Rodríguez, M. R., Díaz-Fernández, M. C. ve Gómez, C. P. (2020). Facial-expression recognition: An emergent approach to the measurement of tourist satisfaction through emotions. Telematics and Informatics, 51, 101404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101404
  • Halkiopoulos, C., Antonopoulou, H. ve Stiliadi, S. (2023). Neuroscientific perspectives in digital marketing. 10th International Conference on Contemporary Marketing Issues, Naxos, Greece.
  • Heisbourg, E. ve Feitosa, F. (2021). Does music affect citizens’ evaluations of candidates?. Politics and the Life Sciences, 40(2), 172-178. https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2021.22
  • Hutnyk, J. ve Sharma, S. (2000). Music & politics: An introduction. Theory, Culture & Society, 17(3), 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1177/02632760022051211
  • Jacob, R. J. ve Karn, K. S. (2003). Eye tracking in human-computer interaction and usability research: Ready to deliver the promises. The mind’s eye içinde (s. 573-605). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044451020-4/50031-1
  • Johnson, L. E., Haden Church, S. ve Randle, Q. (2021). (In) congruities between political messages and popular music: An analysis of campaign songs in US presidential elections. Communication Studies, 72(4), 769-783. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2021.1953097
  • Ke, F., Liu, R., Sokolikj, Z., Dahlstrom-Hakki, I., & Israel, M. (2024). Using eye-tracking in education: Review of empirical research and technology. Educational Technology Research and Development, 72, 1383-1418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-024-10342-4
  • Kinnunen, M., Homi, H. ve Honkanen, A. (2020). Social sustainability in adolescents’ music event attendance. Sustainability, 12(22), 9419. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229419
  • Madison, G. ve Schiölde, G. (2017). Repeated listening increases the liking for music regardless of its complexity: Implications for the appreciation and aesthetics of music. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 11, 147. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00147
  • Marquart, F., Matthes, J. ve Rapp, E. (2016). Selective exposure in the context of political advertising: A behavioral approach using eye-tracking methodology. International Journal of Communication, 10, 20.
  • Ngoshi, H. T. ve Mutekwa, A. (2013). The female body and voice in audiovisual political propaganda jingles: The Mbare Chimurenga Choir women in Zimbabwe’s contested political terrain. Critical Arts, 27(2), 235-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/02560046.2013.784388
  • Núñez-Cansado, M., López, A. L. ve Domínguez, D. C. (2020). Situation of neuromarketing consulting in Spain. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1854. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01854
  • Öztürk, S. (2014). Siyasal ikna ve seçim müzikleri: Türkiye üzerine bir inceleme. İletişim ve Diplomasi, (4), 195-218.
  • Peretz, I., Gaudreau, D. ve Bonnel, A. M. (1998). Exposure effects on music preference and recognition. Memory & Cognition, 26(5), 884-902. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03201171
  • Pernice, K. ve Nielsen, J. (2009). How to conduct eyetracking studies. Nielsen Norman Group.
  • Sala, G. ve Gobet, F. (2020). Cognitive and academic benefits of music training with children: A multilevel meta-analysis. Memory & Cognition, 48(8), 1429-1441. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-020-01060-2
  • Scherer, K. R. (2004). Which emotions can be induced by music? What are the underlying mechanisms? And how can we measure them?. Journal of New Music Research, 33(3), 239-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/0929821042000317822
  • Schmuck, D., Tribastone, M., Matthes, J., Marquart, F. ve Bergel, E. M. (2020). Avoiding the other side? An eye-tracking study of selective exposure and selective avoidance effects in response to political advertising. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 32(3), 158. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000265
  • Schneider, A. (2018). Perception of timbre and sound color. Springer Handbook of Systematic Musicology içinde (s. 687-725). Springer Handbooks. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55004-5_32
  • Schoening, B. S. ve Kasper, E. T. (2012). Don’t stop thinking about the music: The politics of songs and musicians in presidential campaigns. Lexington Books. https://doi.org/10.5771/9780739172995
  • Silva Holanda Lima, E., Oliveira de Andrade, M. J., De Sousa Bonifácio, T. A., Rodrigues, S. J., Leandro de Almeida, N., Case de Oliveira, M. E., Martins Gonçalves, L., & Dos Santos, N. A. (2021). Eye tracking technique in the diagnosis of depressive disorder: A systematic review. Contextos Clínicos, 14(2), 660. https://doi.org/10.4013/ctc.2021.142.13
  • Šulentić Begić, J. ve Begić, A. (2022). Music listening culture and musical preferences of students in final grades of primary general education and music school. Croatian Journal of Education: Hrvatski časopis za odgoj i obrazovanje, 24(3), 807-830. https://doi.org/10.15516/cje.v24i3.4573
  • Sultanbayevich, D. K. ve Jumanazarovna, S. M. (2026). Form and structure of music. Shokh Articles Library, 1(1).
  • Tanyıldızı, N. (2013). Siyasal iletişimde müzik kullanımı: 2011 Genel Seçim Şarkılarının seçmene etkisi. Selçuk İletişim, 7(2), 97-110. https://izlik.org/JA46ME35RH
  • Trainor L. (2010). The emotional origins of music, Physics of Life Reviews 7(1), 44-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2010.01.010
  • Treutler, T., Levine, B. ve Marci, Carl D. (2010). Biometrics and muiti-platform messaging: The medium matters, Journal of Advertising Research, 50, 243-249. https://doi.org/10.2501/s0021849910091415
  • Yılmaz Demirel, Ö. ve Yürek, E. (2026). Müzik çalışmalarının ilköğretime devam eden çocukların kendilerini tanımlama becerilerine etkisinin incelenmesi. Online Journal of Music Sciences, 11(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.31811/ojomus.1738741
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Music (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mustafa Bostancı 0000-0002-9235-293X

Yaren Demirel 0000-0002-8813-0226

Submission Date March 6, 2026
Acceptance Date March 27, 2026
Publication Date May 4, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.31811/ojomus.1904136
IZ https://izlik.org/JA35RU33GP
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Bostancı, M., & Demirel, Y. (2026). Siyasal iletişimde müzik: Parti müziklerinin seçmenlere etkisi üzerine nöropazarlama temelli bir araştırma. Online Journal of Music Sciences, 11(2), 747-759. https://doi.org/10.31811/ojomus.1904136