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Cyberbullying and Victimization Status of Secondary School Students: Change in 10 Years

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 63 - 84, 31.12.2023

Abstract

By making people's lives easier the information and communication technologies are widely used and become indispensible part of our lives. When used for other purposes, like harming others, these technologies can affect people negatively. One of the events that occur as a result of the misuse of information and communication technologies is cyberbullying. Cyberbullying, which occurs as a result of using information and communication technologies to harm others, has become an important problem in today’s schools. In this context, we aim to determine how the results of a study conducted ten years ago differ from the results of a study conducted ten years later in the same region today. According to the findings of current study, 25.2% of those exposed to cyberbullying incidents were boys, while this rate was 17.9% for girls. In the study conducted ten years ago, it was determined that 21.1% of male students and 16.2% of female students were exposed to cyberbullying incidents. While the rate of cyberbullying was 48 (11.6%) ten years ago, this rate was 51 (12.2%) ten years later, now. In addition, while cyberbullying was done more by boys in the study ten years ago, it was seen that these days’ girls are more likely to being cyberbully. While 8th grade students were more exposed to cyber bullying ten years ago, in our time 7th grade students were more exposed to cyber bullying. Moreover, the rate of those who witnessed cyber bullying incidents in the study ten years ago was 155 (37.5%), the rate of those who witnessed such incidents in this study was 201 (48.2%).

References

  • Accordino, D. & Accordino, M. (2011). An exploratory study of face-to-face and cyber-bullying in sixth grade students. American Secondary Education, 40, 14- 30.
  • Ackers, M. (2012). Cyber-bullying: through the eyes of children and young people. Educational Psychology in Practice, 28(2), 141-157.
  • Ayas, T. (2011). Lise öğrencilerinin sanal zorba ve mağdur olma yaygınlığı. XI. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi, 3(5).
  • Ayas, T., & Horzum, M. B. (2012). On Being Cyber Bully and Victim among Primary School Students. Ilkogretim Online, 11(2).
  • Balakrishnan, V. (2015). Cyberbullying among young adults in Malaysia: The roles of gender, age and Internet frequency. Computers in Human Behavior, 46, 149-157.
  • Baştürk Akca, E., Sayımer, İ., & Ergül, S. (2015). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin sosyal medya kullanımları ve siber zorbalık deneyimleri: Ankara örneği. Global Media Journal: Turkish Edition, 5(10). Batmaz, M., & Ayas, T. (2013). İlköğretim ikinci kademeki öğrencilerin psikolojik belirtilere göre sanal zorbalık düzeylerinin yordanması. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 3(1), 43-53.
  • Beran T., & Li, Q. (2005). Cyber-harassment: A study of a new method for an old behavior. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 32(3): 265–277.
  • Bevilacqua, L., Shackleton, N., Hale, D., Allen, E., Bond, L., Christie, D. & Viner, R. M. (2017). The role of family and school-level factors in bullying and cyberbullying: a cross-sectional study. BMC pediatrics, 17(1), 1-10. Burnukara, P. (2009). İlk ve orta ergenlikte geleneksel ve sanal akran zorbalığına ilişkin betimsel bir inceleme (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Calvete, E., Orue, I., Estévez, A., Villardón, L., & Padilla, P. (2010). Cyberbullying in adolescents: Modalities and aggressors’ profile. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 1128-1135.
  • Campbell, M. A., Slee, P. T., Spears, B., Butler, D., & Kift, S. (2013). Do cyberbullies suffer too? Cyberbullies’ perceptions of the harm they cause to others and to their own mental health. School Psychology International, 34(6), 613-629.
  • Cassidy, W., Jackson, M., and Brown, K. N. (2009). Sticks and stones can break my bones, but how can pixels hurt me?: Students’ experiences with cyber-bullying. School Psychology International, 30(4), 383-402.
  • Cross, D., Lester, L., & Barnes, A. (2015). A longitudinal study of the social and emotional predictors and consequences of cyber and traditional bullying victimisation. International journal of public health, 60(2), 207-217.
  • Dehue, F., Bolman, C., & Völlink, T. (2008) Cyberbullying: Youngsters’ experiences and parental perception. Cyberpsychology &Behavior, 11(2), 217-223
  • Eroğlu, Y., Aktepe, E., Akbaba, S., Işık, A. ve Özkorumak, E. (2015). Siber zorbalık ve mağduriyetin yaygınlığının ve risk faktörlerinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 40(177), 93-107.
  • Fight crime sponsored studies: Opinion research corporation. (2006). Cyber bully preteen. Available: http://www.fi ghtcrime.org/cyberbullying/cyberbullyingpreteen.pdf.
  • Garaigordobil, M. (2015). Ciberbullying en adolescentes y jóvenes del País Vasco: Cambios con la edad. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 31(3), 1069-1076.
  • Hinduja, S. ve Patchin, J. W. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying and suic ide. Archives of Suicide Research, 14(3), 206-221.
  • Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2008). Cyberbullying: An exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant behavior, 29(2), 129-156.
  • Horzum, M. B., ve Ayas, T. (2011). Ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin sanal zorba ve mağdur olma düzeylerinin okul türü ve cinsiyet açisindan incelenmesi. Journal of Educational Sciences & Practices, 10(20).
  • Kavuk, M. (2011). İlköğretim öğrencilerinin sanal zorba ve sanal kurban olma durumlarının incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Yüksek Öğretim Kurumu Başkanlığı, Ulusal tez merkezi
  • Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. P. (2007). Electronic bullying among middle school students. Journal of adolescent health, 41(6), S22-S30.
  • Kowalski, R. M., Morgan, C. A., & Limber, S. P. (2012). Traditional bullying as a potential warning sign of cyberbullying. School Psychology International, 33(5), 505-519.
  • Li, Q. (2006). Cyberbullying in schools: A research of gender differences. School psychology international, 27(2), 157-170.
  • Mark, L., & Ratliffe, K. T. (2011). Cyber worlds: New playgrounds for bullying. Computers in the Schools, 28(2), 92-116.
  • Mason, K. L. (2008). Cyberbullying: A preliminary assessment for school personnel. Psychology in the Schools, 45(4), 323-348.
  • Mishna, F., Khoury-Kassabri, M., Gadalla, T., & Daciuk, J. (2012). Risk factors for involvement in cyber bullying: Victims, bullies and bully–victims. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(1), 63-70.
  • Myers, C. A., & Cowie, H. (2019). Cyberbullying across the lifespan of education: Issues and interventions from school to university. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(7), 1217. OECD. (2017). PISA 2015: Students wellbeing, Volume III.
  • Patchin, J. (2021), Bullying During the COVID-19 Pandemic, https://cyberbullying.org/bullying-duringthe-covid-19-pandemic.
  • Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2015). Measuring cyberbullying: Implications for research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, 69-74.
  • Peker, A. (2015). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin siber zorbalık statülerini yordayan risk faktörlerinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 40(181).
  • Pornari, D. ve Wood, J. (2010). Peer and cyber aggression in secondary school students: The role of moral disengagement, hostile attribution bias, and outcome expectancies. Aggressive Behavior, 36, 81-94.
  • Salı, J.B., Başak, B. E. ve Akca, E.B. (2015). Türkiye’de ortaokul öğrencileri arasında siber zorbalık. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 5(2),109- 130
  • Schunk, F., Zeh, F., & Trommsdorff, G. (2022). Cybervictimization and well-being among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating roles of emotional self-efficacy and emotion regulation. Computers in human behavior, 126, 107035.
  • Semerci, A. (2017). Lise öğrencilerinin siber zorbalık ve mağduriyet durumlarının farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 25(4), 1285-1300.
  • Slonje, R. and Smith, P. K. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49(2), 147–154.
  • Smahel, D., Zlamal, R., & Machackova, H. K., Ólafsson, K. & Staksrud, E.(2020). EU Kids Online 2020: Technical report. Smahel, D. et al. (2020), EU Kids Online 2020: Survey results from 19 countries., https://doi.org/10.21953/lse.47fdeqj01ofo.
  • Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., & Tippett, N. (2006). An investigation into cyberbullying, its forms, awareness and impact, and the relationship between age and gender in cyberbullying. Research Brief No. RBX03-06. London: DfES.
  • Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S. and Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), 376-385.
  • Sourander, A., Klomek, A. B., Ikonen, M., Lindroos, J., Luntamo, T., Koskelainen, M., & Helenius, H. (2010). Psychosocial risk factors associated with cyberbullying among adolescents: A population-based study. Archives of general psychiatry, 67(7), 720-728.
  • Spears, B. A., Taddeo, C. M., Daly, A. L., Stretton, A., & Karklins, L. T. (2015). Cyberbullying, help-seeking and mental health in young Australians: Implications for public health. International journal of public health, 60(2), 219-226.
  • Türkileri İnselöz, N, ve Uçanok, Z, (2013). Ergenlerde sanal zorbalık: Nedenler, duygular ve baş etme yollarının niteliksel analizi. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 16 (32): 20- 44.
  • Vieno, A., Gini, G., Lenzi, M., Pozzoli, T., Canale, N., & Santinello, M. (2015). Cybervictimization and somatic and psychological symptoms among Italian middle school students. The European Journal of Public Health, 25(3), 433-437.
  • Whıttaker, E., Kowalskı, R.M. (2015). Cyberbullying via social media. Journal of School Violence, 14: 11–29. Williams, K. R., & Guerra, N. G. (2007). Prevalence and predictors of internet bullying. Journal of adolescent health, 41(6), S14-S21.
  • Zhu, C., Huang, S., Evans, R., & Zhang, W. (2021). Cyberbullying among adolescents and children: a comprehensive review of the global situation, risk factors, and preventive measures. Frontiers in public health, 9, 634909.

Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Siber zorba ve Mağdur Olma Durumu: 10 Yıldaki Değişim

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 63 - 84, 31.12.2023

Abstract

Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri insanların hayatlarını kolaylaştırdıkları için günümüzde yaygın bir
şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Amacı doğrultusunda kullanıldığında birçok kolaylıklar sunan bilgi ve
iletişim teknolojileri amacı dışında kullanıldığında da başkalarına zarar vererek insanları olumsuz
şekilde etkileyebilmektedir. Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin amacı dışında kullanılması sonucu
meydana gelen olaylardan biride siber zorbalıktır. Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri başkalarına zarar
vermek amacıyla kullanılması sonucu ortaya çıkan siber zorbalık olayları günümüzde okullarda da
önemli bir sorun haline geldiği yapılan çalışmalarla ortaya konulmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın amacı on
yıl önce yürütülen bir çalışmanın sonuçlarıyla on yıl sonra aynı bölgede yürütülen çalışmanın
sonuçları arasında nasıl bir farklılık olduğunu belirlenmektir. Yapılan çalışmada siber zorbalık
olaylarına maruz kalanların %25.2 sini erkekler oluştururken bu oran kızlarda %17.9 olarak tespit
edilmiştir. On yıl önce yapılan çalışmada ise siber zorbalık olaylarına maruz kalan erkek öğrencilerin
%21.1, kız öğrencilerin ise %16.2 olduğu tespit edilmişti. On yıl önceki verilerde siber zorbalık
yapanların oranı 48 (%11.6) iken on yıl sonra bu oranın 51 (%12.2) olduğu görülmektedir. ayrıca on
yil önceki çalışmada siber zorbalık erkekler tarafından daha fazla yapıldığı görülürken bu çalışmada
kız öğrencilerin daha fazla siber zorbalık yaptıkları görülmüştür. Siber zorbalığa maruz kalma ile sınıf
düzeyi arasında on yıl önce 8. Sınıf öğrencileri daha fazla maruz kalırken bu çalışmada 7. Sınıf
öğrencilerinin daha fazla maruz kaldığı görülmektedir. On yıl önceki çalışmada siber zorbalık
olaylarına şahit olanların oranı 155 (%37.5) iken bu çalışmada bu tür olaylara şahit olanların oranının
ise 201 (%48.2) olduğu görülmektedir.

References

  • Accordino, D. & Accordino, M. (2011). An exploratory study of face-to-face and cyber-bullying in sixth grade students. American Secondary Education, 40, 14- 30.
  • Ackers, M. (2012). Cyber-bullying: through the eyes of children and young people. Educational Psychology in Practice, 28(2), 141-157.
  • Ayas, T. (2011). Lise öğrencilerinin sanal zorba ve mağdur olma yaygınlığı. XI. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi, 3(5).
  • Ayas, T., & Horzum, M. B. (2012). On Being Cyber Bully and Victim among Primary School Students. Ilkogretim Online, 11(2).
  • Balakrishnan, V. (2015). Cyberbullying among young adults in Malaysia: The roles of gender, age and Internet frequency. Computers in Human Behavior, 46, 149-157.
  • Baştürk Akca, E., Sayımer, İ., & Ergül, S. (2015). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin sosyal medya kullanımları ve siber zorbalık deneyimleri: Ankara örneği. Global Media Journal: Turkish Edition, 5(10). Batmaz, M., & Ayas, T. (2013). İlköğretim ikinci kademeki öğrencilerin psikolojik belirtilere göre sanal zorbalık düzeylerinin yordanması. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 3(1), 43-53.
  • Beran T., & Li, Q. (2005). Cyber-harassment: A study of a new method for an old behavior. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 32(3): 265–277.
  • Bevilacqua, L., Shackleton, N., Hale, D., Allen, E., Bond, L., Christie, D. & Viner, R. M. (2017). The role of family and school-level factors in bullying and cyberbullying: a cross-sectional study. BMC pediatrics, 17(1), 1-10. Burnukara, P. (2009). İlk ve orta ergenlikte geleneksel ve sanal akran zorbalığına ilişkin betimsel bir inceleme (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Calvete, E., Orue, I., Estévez, A., Villardón, L., & Padilla, P. (2010). Cyberbullying in adolescents: Modalities and aggressors’ profile. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 1128-1135.
  • Campbell, M. A., Slee, P. T., Spears, B., Butler, D., & Kift, S. (2013). Do cyberbullies suffer too? Cyberbullies’ perceptions of the harm they cause to others and to their own mental health. School Psychology International, 34(6), 613-629.
  • Cassidy, W., Jackson, M., and Brown, K. N. (2009). Sticks and stones can break my bones, but how can pixels hurt me?: Students’ experiences with cyber-bullying. School Psychology International, 30(4), 383-402.
  • Cross, D., Lester, L., & Barnes, A. (2015). A longitudinal study of the social and emotional predictors and consequences of cyber and traditional bullying victimisation. International journal of public health, 60(2), 207-217.
  • Dehue, F., Bolman, C., & Völlink, T. (2008) Cyberbullying: Youngsters’ experiences and parental perception. Cyberpsychology &Behavior, 11(2), 217-223
  • Eroğlu, Y., Aktepe, E., Akbaba, S., Işık, A. ve Özkorumak, E. (2015). Siber zorbalık ve mağduriyetin yaygınlığının ve risk faktörlerinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 40(177), 93-107.
  • Fight crime sponsored studies: Opinion research corporation. (2006). Cyber bully preteen. Available: http://www.fi ghtcrime.org/cyberbullying/cyberbullyingpreteen.pdf.
  • Garaigordobil, M. (2015). Ciberbullying en adolescentes y jóvenes del País Vasco: Cambios con la edad. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 31(3), 1069-1076.
  • Hinduja, S. ve Patchin, J. W. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying and suic ide. Archives of Suicide Research, 14(3), 206-221.
  • Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2008). Cyberbullying: An exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant behavior, 29(2), 129-156.
  • Horzum, M. B., ve Ayas, T. (2011). Ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin sanal zorba ve mağdur olma düzeylerinin okul türü ve cinsiyet açisindan incelenmesi. Journal of Educational Sciences & Practices, 10(20).
  • Kavuk, M. (2011). İlköğretim öğrencilerinin sanal zorba ve sanal kurban olma durumlarının incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Yüksek Öğretim Kurumu Başkanlığı, Ulusal tez merkezi
  • Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. P. (2007). Electronic bullying among middle school students. Journal of adolescent health, 41(6), S22-S30.
  • Kowalski, R. M., Morgan, C. A., & Limber, S. P. (2012). Traditional bullying as a potential warning sign of cyberbullying. School Psychology International, 33(5), 505-519.
  • Li, Q. (2006). Cyberbullying in schools: A research of gender differences. School psychology international, 27(2), 157-170.
  • Mark, L., & Ratliffe, K. T. (2011). Cyber worlds: New playgrounds for bullying. Computers in the Schools, 28(2), 92-116.
  • Mason, K. L. (2008). Cyberbullying: A preliminary assessment for school personnel. Psychology in the Schools, 45(4), 323-348.
  • Mishna, F., Khoury-Kassabri, M., Gadalla, T., & Daciuk, J. (2012). Risk factors for involvement in cyber bullying: Victims, bullies and bully–victims. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(1), 63-70.
  • Myers, C. A., & Cowie, H. (2019). Cyberbullying across the lifespan of education: Issues and interventions from school to university. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(7), 1217. OECD. (2017). PISA 2015: Students wellbeing, Volume III.
  • Patchin, J. (2021), Bullying During the COVID-19 Pandemic, https://cyberbullying.org/bullying-duringthe-covid-19-pandemic.
  • Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2015). Measuring cyberbullying: Implications for research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, 69-74.
  • Peker, A. (2015). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin siber zorbalık statülerini yordayan risk faktörlerinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 40(181).
  • Pornari, D. ve Wood, J. (2010). Peer and cyber aggression in secondary school students: The role of moral disengagement, hostile attribution bias, and outcome expectancies. Aggressive Behavior, 36, 81-94.
  • Salı, J.B., Başak, B. E. ve Akca, E.B. (2015). Türkiye’de ortaokul öğrencileri arasında siber zorbalık. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 5(2),109- 130
  • Schunk, F., Zeh, F., & Trommsdorff, G. (2022). Cybervictimization and well-being among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating roles of emotional self-efficacy and emotion regulation. Computers in human behavior, 126, 107035.
  • Semerci, A. (2017). Lise öğrencilerinin siber zorbalık ve mağduriyet durumlarının farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 25(4), 1285-1300.
  • Slonje, R. and Smith, P. K. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49(2), 147–154.
  • Smahel, D., Zlamal, R., & Machackova, H. K., Ólafsson, K. & Staksrud, E.(2020). EU Kids Online 2020: Technical report. Smahel, D. et al. (2020), EU Kids Online 2020: Survey results from 19 countries., https://doi.org/10.21953/lse.47fdeqj01ofo.
  • Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., & Tippett, N. (2006). An investigation into cyberbullying, its forms, awareness and impact, and the relationship between age and gender in cyberbullying. Research Brief No. RBX03-06. London: DfES.
  • Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S. and Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), 376-385.
  • Sourander, A., Klomek, A. B., Ikonen, M., Lindroos, J., Luntamo, T., Koskelainen, M., & Helenius, H. (2010). Psychosocial risk factors associated with cyberbullying among adolescents: A population-based study. Archives of general psychiatry, 67(7), 720-728.
  • Spears, B. A., Taddeo, C. M., Daly, A. L., Stretton, A., & Karklins, L. T. (2015). Cyberbullying, help-seeking and mental health in young Australians: Implications for public health. International journal of public health, 60(2), 219-226.
  • Türkileri İnselöz, N, ve Uçanok, Z, (2013). Ergenlerde sanal zorbalık: Nedenler, duygular ve baş etme yollarının niteliksel analizi. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 16 (32): 20- 44.
  • Vieno, A., Gini, G., Lenzi, M., Pozzoli, T., Canale, N., & Santinello, M. (2015). Cybervictimization and somatic and psychological symptoms among Italian middle school students. The European Journal of Public Health, 25(3), 433-437.
  • Whıttaker, E., Kowalskı, R.M. (2015). Cyberbullying via social media. Journal of School Violence, 14: 11–29. Williams, K. R., & Guerra, N. G. (2007). Prevalence and predictors of internet bullying. Journal of adolescent health, 41(6), S14-S21.
  • Zhu, C., Huang, S., Evans, R., & Zhang, W. (2021). Cyberbullying among adolescents and children: a comprehensive review of the global situation, risk factors, and preventive measures. Frontiers in public health, 9, 634909.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychological Counseling and Guidance (Other)
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Mehmet Barış Horzum 0000-0003-3567-0779

Tuncay Ayas 0000-0003-2613-5643

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date November 20, 2023
Acceptance Date December 28, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Horzum, M. B., & Ayas, T. (2023). Cyberbullying and Victimization Status of Secondary School Students: Change in 10 Years. Online Journal of Technology Addiction and Cyberbullying, 10(2), 63-84.