ANTİK DÖNEM ATİNA TOPLUMUNDA KARYALI KÖLELER

Abstract

Abstract

The purpose of this paper, despite the limited and problematic nature of the sources, is to strive to render much more specific answers to the issues in question with regard to how and from where the Carian slaves were being brought; the existence of Carian slaves in Athens; their functions, role and characteristics within the Athenian Society. It is known that at the beginning of 5th century BC, the young and handsome slaves, having been procured from the Carian cities like Pedasa, were being transported and sold at the Greek cities, especially in Athens. The slave trade from Caria must have continued from the early period onwards, as the sources show that the Carian slaves were being traded to Hellas in convoys of ships during the Roman Period as well. The earliest existence of Carian slaves in Greece goes back to the Mycenaean Period. During the Early Archaic Period (800-600), the Carian slaves appear to have participated at the festival of Anthesteria in Athens. Besides, Carian names, possibly the slaves, appear on the Red and Black Figure vases during the last quarter of 6th century BC as kalos inscriptions or love names, dedicated by the vase painters to the most favourite or handsome boys from diffrent ethnic origins living in Athens. The most comprehensive source, testifying the existence of Carian slaves in Athens, stems from a fragmentary list of slaves confiscated and sold at public auction after their owners were convicted of sacrilege for mutilating the hermai and for the impiety toward the mysteries of Eleusis. In the list of slaves from the confiscation of the property of these Athenians, the Carian slaves are ranked second after the Thracian slaves in terms of number. This evidence could be taken as a base in predicting the intensity of domestic and other slaves in Athens with regard to their ethnic origins, which shows that there were relatively more Carian slaves in Athens. It is also a fact that the Carians roamed throughout the whole of Greece, serving on expeditions for pay and that the Greeks used them in risky and dangerous deeds as worthless slaves or mercenary troops rather than taking the risk themselves, which even became a common proverb in Greece throughout the centuries. That proverb is that “if it is necessary, take the risk, yet do it with a Carian”. It is likely that the poverty-stricken Carian lands were supplying slaves at cheaper prices and larger quantities. Additionally, the Carian slaves were also used in the building projects of the Athenian Empire during the late 5th century BC, as in the construction of Erektheion on Acropolis and there were skilled slave artisans in Athens from Caria like goldsmiths and stone masons, which is confirmed by the inscriptional evidence. In such inscriptions and in the playrights of Classical Period, especially the Carian name Karion is prominent, since it is easily determined due to its Carian connection from a linguistic point of view. Especially in the comedies, the character of Karion appears to represent a typical slave role. However, it seems difficult to determine the character of Carian slaves as a stereotype by taking into account the role of Karion in these plays or the other relevant evidence

References

1. Austin 1970 Austin, M.E., “Greece and Egypt in the Archaic Age”, Proceedings of Cambridge Philological Society, Supplements 2, 1970, 15-16.
2. Bäbler 1998 Bäbler, B., Fleissige Thrakerinnen und wehrhafte Skythen: Nichtgriechen im klassischen Athen und ihre archäologische Hinterlassenschaft, Stuttgart - Leipzig, 1998.
3. Ball 1977 Ball, R., “The Karians’ Place in Diodoros’ Thalassocracy List”, The Classical Quarterly 27, No.2, 1977, 317-8.
4. Beazley 1963 Beazley, J.D., Attic Red-Figure Vase Painters I2, Oxford, 1963.
5. Bengtson 1955 Bengston, H., “Skylax von Karyanda und Heraklides von Mylasa,” Historia 3, 1955, 301-307.
6. Bergk 1882 Bergk (ed.), T., Poetae Lyrici Graeci II, Leipzig, 1882.
7. Boardman 1974 Boardman, J., Athenian Black Figure Vases, London, 1974.
8. Boardman 1975 Boardman, J., Athenian Red Figure Vases: The Archaic Period, London, 1975.

9. Boardman 1987 Boardman, J., “Amasis: The Implications of his Name”, Papers on the Amasis Painter and His World, Malibu, 1987, 141-152.
10. Braund – Tsetdkhladze 1989 Braund, D. – G.R. Tsetskhladze, “The Export of Slaves from Colchis”, Classical Quarterly 39, 1989, 114-125.
11. Burkert 1985 Burkert, W (trans. J. Raffan), Greek Religion, Oxford, 1985.
12. Burstein 1984 Burstein, S.M., “Psamtek I and the End of Nubian Domination in Egypt”, Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 14, 1984, 31-34.
13. Bury 1913 Bury, J.B., A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great, New York, 1913.
14. Bremmer 1983 Bremmer, J., The Early Greek Concept of the Soul, Princeton, 1983.
15. Calder 1925 Calder, W. M., “The Royal Road in Herodotus”, Classical Review 39, 1925, 7-11.
16. Cameron – Gershevitch 1965 Cameron, G.G. – I. Gershevitch, “New Tablets from the Persopolis Treasury”, Jornal of Near Eastern Studies 24, No.3, 1965, 167-192
17. Carpenter – Boyd 1977 Carpenter, J. – D. Boyd, “Dragon-Houses: Euboia, Attica, Caria”, American Journal of Archaeology 81, 1977, 179- 215.
18. CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Chadwick 1976 Chadwick, J., The Mycenaean World, Cambridge, 1976.
19. Craik 1980 Craik, E., The Dorian Aegean, London, 1980.
20. Crampa 1972 Crampa, J., Labraunda. Swedish Excavations and Researches III, Part II: The Greek Inscriptions, Stockholm, 1972.
21. Demir 2004 Demir, M., “Peloponnesos Savafl› (‹.Ö.431-404) S›ras›nda Karya ve Likya’ya Yönelik Atina Seferlerinin Amaçlar›: Yeni Bir Gözden Geçirme”, Adalya 7, 2004, 69-99.
22. Diehl 1936 Diehl, E. (ed.), Anthologia Lyrica Graecae I, Leipzig, 1936.
23. Dover 1972 Dover, K. (ed.), Aristophanic Comedy, London, 1972.
24. Drews 1973 Drews, R., The Greek Accounts of Eastern History, Washington, 1973.
25. Dunbar 1995 Dunbar, N. (ed.) Aristophanes: Birds, Oxford, 1995.
26. Edmonds 1957 Edmonds, J.M., The Fragments of Attic Comedy I, Leiden, 1957.
27. Edmonds 1959 Edmonds, J.M., The Fragments of Attic Comedy II, Leiden, 1959.
28. Edmonds 1961a Edmonds, J.M., The Fragments of Attic Comedy III A, Leiden, 1961.
29. Edmonds 1961b Edmonds, J.M., The Fragments of Attic Comedy III B, Leiden, 1961.
30. Ehrenberg 1951 Ehrenberg, V., People of Aristophanes: A Sociology of Old Attic Comedy, Oxford, 1951.
31. FGrH Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker.
32. Faulkner 1972 Faulkner, O.R., The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead, New York, 1972.
33. Finley 1960 Finley, M.I., Slavery in Classical Antiquity: Views and Controversies, Cambridge, 1960.
34. Finley 1981 Finley, M.I., “The Black Sea and Danubian Regions and the Slave Trade in Antiquity” Economy and Society in Ancient Greece, ed. B. D. Shaw - R. Saller, London, 1981, 167-175 = Klio 40, 1962, 51-59.
35. Fraser - Matthews Fraser, P.M. – E. Matthews (ed.), A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, Vol. 2: Attica, ed. by M. J. Osborne - S. G. Byrne, Oxford, 1994.
36. Fredericksen 1959 Fredericksen, M.W., “Republican Capua: A Social and Economic Study (Plate XXI)”, Papers of the British School At Rome, New Series 14, 1959, 80-130.
37. Ganszyniec 1947 Ganszyniec, R., “Thyraze Kares”, Eranos 45, 1947, 100-113.
38. Garlan 1987 Garlan, Y., “War, Piracy and Slavery in the Greek World” Classical Slavery, ed. M.I. Finley, London, 1987, 7-21.
39. Georgiev 1975 Georgiev, V.I., “Ein Versuch Zur Deutung Der GriechischKarischen Bilinguis”, Kadmos 14, 1975, 64-67.
40. Gordon 1924 Gordon, M.L., “The Nationality of Slaves under the Early Roman Empire”, Journal of Roman Studies 14, 1924, 93-111.
41. Hallock 1960 Hallock, R.T., “A New Look at the Persepolis Treasury Tablets”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 19, No.2, 1960, 90-100.
42. Hammond 1967 Hammond, N.G.L., A History of Greece to 322 B.C_, Oxford, 1967.
43. Hopkins 1978 Hopkins, K., Conquerors and Slaves, Cambridge, 1978.
44. Hornblower 1982 Hornblower, S., Mausolus, Oxford, 1982.
45. Hornblower 1983 Hornblower, S. (rev.ed.), The Greek World, 479-323 BC, London, 1983.
46. How – Wells 1913 How, W.W. – J. Wells, A Commentary on Herodotus I, Oxford, 1913.
47. Jeffery 1962 Jeffery, L.H., “The Inscribed Gravestones of Archaic Attica”, British School at Athens 57, 1962, 115-146.
48. Long 1958 Long, C.R., “Greeks, Carians and the Purification of Delos”, American Journal of Archaeology 62, 1958, 297-306.
49. Macan 1908 Macan, R.W., Herodotus: The Seventh, Eighth, & Ninth Books with Introduction and Commentary, London, 1908.
50. MacDowell 1995 MacDowell, D. M., Aristophanes and Athens: An Introduction to the Plays, New York, 1995.
51. Meiggs – Lewis Meiggs, R. – D. Lewis, A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth Century BC, Oxford, 1969.
52. Miller 1971 Miller, M., The Thalassocracies, Albany, 1971.
53. Milett 1991 Milett, P., Lending and Borrowing in Ancient Athens, Cambridge 1991.
54. Olmstead 1948 Olmstead, A.T., A History of the Persian Empire, University of Chicago Press, 1948.
55. Olson 1989 Olson, S.D., “Cario and the New World of Aristophanes’ Plutus”, Transactions of American Philological Association 119, 1989, 193-199.
56. Osborne – Byrne 1996 Osborne, M.J. – S.G. Byrne, The Foreign Residents of Athens (Studia Hellenistica 33), Leuven, 1996.
57. Parke 1977 Parke, H.W., Festivals of the Athenians, London, 1977.
58. Pritchett 1956 Pritchett, W.K., “The Attic Stelai, Part II”, Hesperia 25, 1956, 178-317.
59. Pritchett 1961 Pritchet, W.K., “Five New Fragments of the Attic Stelai: Plates 5-6”, Hesperia 30, 1961, 23-29.
60. Ray 1995 Ray, J.D., “Soldiers to Pharaoh: The Carians of Southwest Anatolia”, Civilizations of the Ancient Near East II, ed. J. M. Sasson, Massachusetts, 1995, 1185-1194.
61. Reilly 1978 Reilly, L.C., Slaves in Ancient Greece: Slaves from Manumission Inscriptions, Chicago, 1978.
62. Richter 1946 Richter, G.M.A., Attic-Red Figured Vases, London, 1946.
63. Robertson 1993 Robertson, N., “Athens’ Festival of the New Wine”, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 95, 1993, 197-250.
64. Robinson – Fluck 1937 Robinson, D.M. – E.J. Fluck, A Study of the Greek LoveNames: Including a Discussion of Paederasty and a Prosopographia, Baltimore, 1937.
65. Russell 1942 Russell, A.G., “The Greek as a Mercenary Soldier”, Greece & Rome 33, 1942, 103-112.
66. SGDI Sammlung der Griechischen Dialekt-Inschriften.
67. Sommerstein 1987 Sommerstein, A.H., Comedies of Aristophanes: Birds VI, Warminster, 1987.
68. Sutphen 1901 Sutphen, M.C., “A Further Collection of Latin Proverbs”, American Journal of Philology 22, No.1, 1901, 1-28.
69. Zaccagnini 1983 Zaccagnini, C., “Patterns of Mobility among Ancient Near Eastern Craftsmen”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 42, No.4, 1983, 245-264