Petrovardin Alayı Örneğinde Avusturya-Osmanlı Savaşı (1788-1791) ve Askerî Sınırda Joseph Reformu

Öz

Syrmia’da bulunan Petrovaradin Alayı, Habsburg Monarşisi'nin Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'na karşı sınır sistemi olan Askerî Sınırın bir parçasıydı. 18. yüzyılın ortalarında tanıtılan coğrafi ve askerî birimler olan sınır alayları, İmparator II. Joseph’in askerî reformlarında özel ilgi gösterdiği alanlardandı. 1780'lerde birkaç çözüm tartışılarak denendi ve 1787'de son bir reform uygulandı. Yeni bir kantonal sistem çerçevesinde tanıtılan reform, askerî sınır bölgesindeki yekpare askerî yönetim, ekonomi ve yaşam yapısında önemli değişiklikler getirdi. Kantonal sistem, askerî yönetimin sınır bölgesindeki birliği çözmeyi amaçladığı gibi, barış zamanlarında da belirli sayıda askeri görevde tutarak yerel nüfus üzerindeki yükü azaltmayı hedefledi. Bu durum, ekonomik refahı önemli ölçüde azaltmasına karşılık savaş dönemlerinde alayların gücünü ve etkinliğini artırdı. Avusturya-Osmanlı Savaşı'nın (1788-1791) patlak vermesinden sadece 10 ay kadar önce tam olarak uygulanan reform bu süreçte tam olarak test edilmiş oldu. Çalışmada, bu uygulama süreci ile savaş deneyimi, Petrovaradin Alayı örneği üzerinden incelenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kantonal Reform
• Askerî Sınır
• Habsburg Monarşisi
• Sirem
• 18. yüzyıl

JOSEPHINE REFORM OF THE MILITARY FRONTIER AND THE AUSTRO-OTTOMAN WAR (1788 - 1791) ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE PETROVARADIN REGIMENT

Abstract

Petrovaradin Regiment was a part of the Military Frontier, a border system of Habsburg Monarchy towards the Ottoman Empire and was located in Syrmia. Frontier regiments were both territorial, as well as military units, introduced in the mid-18th Century, and were of special interest for Emperor Joseph II in his military reforms. During the 1780s several solutions were discussed and tested, and in 1787 one final reform was implemented. The reform was introduced under the umbrella of a new cantonal system and brought significant changes to monolithic military structures of governance, economy, and life in Military Frontier territory. Among others, the cantonal system aimed to dissolve the unity of military governance in the frontier territory, as well as to reduce burdens imposed on local populations by the need to maintain a set number of soldiers on active duty even during a time of peace, which significantly diminished populations economic prosperity, while simultaneously increasing regiments strength and efficiency in times of war. The reform was fully enforced less than 10 months before the outbreak of the Austro-Ottoman War (1788 – 1791), where the new system saw its first major appliance. The process of implementation, as well as the experience of war, is observed in the case of the Petrovaradin Regiment.

Keywords

• The cantonal reform
• Military Frontier
• Habsburg Monarchy
• Syrmia
• 18th Century

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