Well-differentiated thyroid cancers
Year 2012,
, 329 - 332, 07.05.2013
Mahmut Başoğlu
,
Kağan Karabulut
Abstract
İyi diferansiye tiroit kanserleri papiller ve foliküler tiroit kanserleri olarak tanımlanır. Tüm tiroit kanserlerinin % 80' ini oluştururlar ve pimer tedavileri cerrahidir. Bu derlemede iyi differansiye tiroit kanserlerin oluşmasındaki risk faktörlerinden ve prognozu etkileyen faktörlerden bahsedilmektedir. Total tiroidektomi, lobektomi ve boyun disseksiyonu gibi yapılacak cerrahinin seçimi güncel bilgiler eşliğinde tartışılmıştır.
J. Exp. Clin. Med., 2012; 29:S329-S332
Well-differentiated thyroid cancers
Well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas are defined as papillary and follicular thyroid cancers. They consist of 80 % of all thyroid cancers and their primary therapies are surgical. The aim of present review is to present risk factors of occuring well differantial thyroid cancers and the factors that affect prognosis. The choices of surgery including total thyroidectomy, lobectomy and neck dissection are discussed.
References
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- Cerilli, L.A., Mills, S.E., Rumpel, C.A., Dudley, T.H., Moskaluk, C.A.,2002. Interpretation of RET immunostaining in follicular lesions of the thyroid. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 118, 186.
- Chiu, A.C., Delpassand, E.S., Sherman, S.I.,1997. Prognosis and treatment of brain metastases in thyroid carcinoma. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 82, 3637.
- Fagin, J.A.,2004. How thyroid tumors start and why it matters: kinase mutants as targets for solid cancer pharmacotherapy. J. Endocrinol. 183, 249.
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- Fagin, J.A., Mitsiades, N., 2008. Molecular pathology of thyroid cancer: Diagnostic and clinical implications. Best Pract. Res. Cl. En. 22, 955.
- Garcia-Rostan, G., Zhao, H., Camp, R.L., Pollan, M., Herrero, A., Pardo, J., Wu, R., Carcangiu, M.L., Costa, J., Tallini, G., 2003.Rasmutations are associated with aggressive tumor phenotypes and poor prognosis in thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.21, 3226.
- Grebe, S.K., Hay, I.D.,1995. Follicular thyroid cancer. Endocrin. Metab. Clin. 24,761. Hay, I.D.,Bergstralh, E.J., Goellner, J.R., Rsold, J.R., Grant, C.S., 1993. Predicting outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma: Development of a reliable prognostic scoring system in a cohort of 1779 patients surgically treated at one institution during 1940 through 1989. Surgery. 114,1050.
- Katoh, R., Sasaki, J., Kurihara, H., Suzuki, K., Iida, Y., Kawaoi, A.,1992. Multiple thyroid involvement (intraglandular metastasis) in papillary thyroid carcinoma. A clinicopathologic study of 105 consecutive patients. Cancer. 70, 1585.
- Kim, E.S., Kim, T.Y., Koh, J.M., Hong, S.J., Kim, W.B., Shong, Y.K., 2004. Completion thyroidectomy in patients with thyroid cancer who initially underwent unilateral operation. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 61, 145.
- Lee, J.H., Lee, E.S., Kim, Y.S., 2007. Clinicopathologic significance of BRAF V600E mutation in papillary carcinomas of the thyroid: A metaanalysis. Cancer. 110, 38.
- Leboulleux, S.,Rubino, C., Baudin, E., Hartl, D.M., Bidart, J.M., Travagli, J.P., Schlumberger, M., 2005. Prognostic factors for persistent or recurrent disease of papillary thyroid carcinoma with neck lymphnode metastases and/or tumor extension beyond the thyroid capsule at initial diagnosis. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 90, 5723.
- Lin, J.D., Chao, T.C., Hsueh, C., Kuo, S.F., 2009a. High recurrent rate of multicentric papillary thyroid carcinoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 16, 2609.
- Lin, J.D., Hsueh, C., Chao, T.C., 2009b. Early recurrence of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma predicts a worse outcome. Thyroid 19, 1053.
- Machens, A., Holzhausen, H.J., Dralle, H., 2005. The prognostic value of primary tumor size in papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Cancer. 103, 2269.
- Mazzaferri, E.L., Jhiang, S.M.,1994. Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Am. J. Med. 97, 418.
- Medema, R.H., Bos, J.L., 1993. The role of p21ras in receptortyrosine kinase signaling. Crit. Rev. Oncog. 4, 615.
- National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines. Available at: www.nccn.org (Accessed on October 13, 2011). Nikiforov, Y.E., 2004. Genetic alterations involved in the transition from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Endocr. Pathol. 15, 319.
- Pacini, F., Elisei, R., Capezzone, M., Miccoli, P., Molinaro, E., Basolo, F., Agate, L., Bottici, V., Raffaelli, M., Pinchera, A., 2001. Contralateralpapillary thyroid cancer is frequent at completion thyroidectomy with no difference in low- and high-risk patients. Thyroid. 11, 877.
- Pellegriti, G., Scollo, C., Lumera, G., Regalbuto, C., Vıgnerı, R., Belfıore, A., 2004. Clinical behavior and outcome of papillary thyroid cancers smaller than 1,5 cm in diameter: Study of 299 cases. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 89, 3713.
- Pendergrast, W.J.,Mılmore, B.K., Marcus, S.C.,1961. Thyroid cancer and thyrotoxicosis in the United States: Their relation to endemic goiter. J. Chronic Dis. 13, 22.
- Ries, L.A.G., Eisner, M.P, Kosary, C.L, Hankey, B.F., Miller, B.A., Clegg, L., Mariotto, A., Fay, M.P., Feuer, E.J., Edwards, B.K., 2004. (Eds), SEER Cancer Statistics Review. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 1975-2001. NM scan on nodule: Hegedusarticle NEJM. http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2001/, (Accessed on 22.10.2005).
- Rosai, J.,Carcangiu, M.L., De Lellis, R.A., Tumors of the thyroid gland. In: Atlas of tumor pathology, 3rd series, fas 5. AFIP, Washington. Shattuck, T.M., Westra, W.H., Ladenson, P.W., Arnold, A., 2005. Independent clonalorigins of distinct tumor foci in multifocal papillary thyroid carcinoma. New Engl. J. Med. 352, 2406.
- Silverberg, S.G.,Hutter, R.V., Foote, F.W. Jr., 1970. Fatal carcinoma of the thyroid: Histology, metastases, and causes of death. Cancer.25, 792.
- Smith, R.R., Frazell, E.L., Caulk, R., Holinger P.H., Russell, W.O., 1963. The amerıcan joınt commıttee's proposed method of stage classıfıcatıon and end-result reportıng applıed to 1,320 Pharynx Cancers. Cancer.16, 1505.
- Tuttle, R.M.,Tala, H., Shah, J., Leboeuf, R., Ghossein, R., Gonen, M., Brokhin, M., Omry, G., Fagin, J.A., Shaha, A., 2010. Estimating risk of recurrence in differentiated thyroid cancer after total thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine remnant ablation: Using response to therapy variables to modify the initial risk estimates predicted by the new American Thyroid Association staging system. Thyroid. 20, 1341.
- Tollefsen, H.R., Decosse, J.J., 1963. Papıllarycarcınoma of the thyroıd. recurrence ın the thyroıd gland after ınıtıal surgıcal treatment. Am. J. Surg. 106, 728.
- Tyler, D.S.,Winchester, D.J., Caraway, N.P.,Hickey, R.C., Evans, D.B.1994. Indeterminate fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid: İdentification of subgroups at high risk for invasive carcinoma. Surgery. 116, 1054.
- Tuttle, R.M.,Tala, H., Shah, J., Leboeuf, R., Ghossein, R., Gonen, M., Brokhin, M., Omry, G., Fagin, J.A., Shaha, A., 2010. Estimating risk of recurrence in differentiated thyroid cancer after total thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine remnant ablation: Using response to therapy variables to modify the initial risk estimates predicted by the new American Thyroid Association staging system. Thyroid. 20, 1341.
- Tollefsen, H.R., Decosse, J.J., 1963. Papıllarycarcınoma of the thyroıd. recurrenceın the thyroıd gland after ınıtıal surgıcal treatment. Am. J. Surg. 106, 728.
- Tyler, D.S.,Winchester, D.J., Caraway, N.P.,Hickey, R.C., Evans, D.B.1994. Indeterminate fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid: İdentification of subgroups at high risk for invasive carcinoma. Surgery. 116, 1054.
- Tuttle, R.M, 2011. uptodate/overview of papiller thyroid cancer.
- Xing, M., 2005. BRAF mutation in thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat. Cancer. 12, 245.
- Xing, M.,Westra, W.H., Tufano, R.P., Cohen,Y., Rosenbaum, E., Rhoden, J.K., Carson, K.A., Vasko,V., Larin, A.,Tallini, G., Tolaney, S., Holt, E.H., Hui, P.,Umbricht, C.B.,Basaria, S.,Ewertz, M., Tufaro, A.P., Califano, J.A., Ringel, M.D.,Zeiger, M.A.,Sidransky, D., Ladenson, P.W., 2005. BRAF mutation predicts a poorer clinical prognosis for papillary thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 90, 6373.
- Zaydfudim, V., Feurer, I.D., Griffin, M.R., Phay, J.E., 2008. The impact of lymph node involvement on survival in patients with papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Surgery. 144, 1070.
İyi diferansiye tiroit kanserleri
Year 2012,
, 329 - 332, 07.05.2013
Mahmut Başoğlu
,
Kağan Karabulut
Abstract
İyi diferansiye tiroit kanserleri papiller ve foliküler tiroit kanserleri olarak tanımlanır. Tüm tiroit kanserlerinin % 80' ini oluştururlar ve pimer tedavileri cerrahidir. Bu derlemede iyi differansiye tiroit kanserlerin oluşmasındaki risk faktörlerinden ve prognozu etkileyen faktörlerden bahsedilmektedir. Total tiroidektomi, lobektomi ve boyun disseksiyonu gibi yapılacak cerrahinin seçimi güncel bilgiler eşliğinde tartışılmıştır.
References
- American Thyroid Association (ATA) Guidelines Taskforce on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer, Cooper D.S., Doherty, Gerard M. D. Haugen, B.R., Kloos, R.T., Lee, S.L., Mandel, S.J., Mazzaferri, E.L., McIver, B., Pacini F., Schlumberger, M., Sherman, S.I., Steward, D.L., Tuttle, R.M., 2009. Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 19, 1167.
- Bilimoria, K.Y., Bentrem, D.J., Ko,C.Y., 2007. Extent of surgery affects survival for papillary thyroid cancer. Ann. Surg. 246, 375.
- Casara, D.,Rubello, D., Saladini, G., Masarotto, G., Favero, A., Girelli, M.E., Busnardo, B.,1993. Different features of pulmonary metastases in differentiated thyroid cancer: atural history and multivariatestatistical analysis of prognostic variables. J. Nucl. Med. 34, 1626.
- Cerilli, L.A., Mills, S.E., Rumpel, C.A., Dudley, T.H., Moskaluk, C.A.,2002. Interpretation of RET immunostaining in follicular lesions of the thyroid. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 118, 186.
- Chiu, A.C., Delpassand, E.S., Sherman, S.I.,1997. Prognosis and treatment of brain metastases in thyroid carcinoma. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 82, 3637.
- Fagin, J.A.,2004. How thyroid tumors start and why it matters: kinase mutants as targets for solid cancer pharmacotherapy. J. Endocrinol. 183, 249.
- Fagin, J.A., 2005. Molecular genetics of tumors of thyroid follicular cells. In: Werner and Ingbar's the thyroid: a fundamental and clinical text, Braverman, L.E., Utiger, RD (Eds), Philadelphia, PA. pp. 909.
- Fagin, J.A., Mitsiades, N., 2008. Molecular pathology of thyroid cancer: Diagnostic and clinical implications. Best Pract. Res. Cl. En. 22, 955.
- Garcia-Rostan, G., Zhao, H., Camp, R.L., Pollan, M., Herrero, A., Pardo, J., Wu, R., Carcangiu, M.L., Costa, J., Tallini, G., 2003.Rasmutations are associated with aggressive tumor phenotypes and poor prognosis in thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.21, 3226.
- Grebe, S.K., Hay, I.D.,1995. Follicular thyroid cancer. Endocrin. Metab. Clin. 24,761. Hay, I.D.,Bergstralh, E.J., Goellner, J.R., Rsold, J.R., Grant, C.S., 1993. Predicting outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma: Development of a reliable prognostic scoring system in a cohort of 1779 patients surgically treated at one institution during 1940 through 1989. Surgery. 114,1050.
- Katoh, R., Sasaki, J., Kurihara, H., Suzuki, K., Iida, Y., Kawaoi, A.,1992. Multiple thyroid involvement (intraglandular metastasis) in papillary thyroid carcinoma. A clinicopathologic study of 105 consecutive patients. Cancer. 70, 1585.
- Kim, E.S., Kim, T.Y., Koh, J.M., Hong, S.J., Kim, W.B., Shong, Y.K., 2004. Completion thyroidectomy in patients with thyroid cancer who initially underwent unilateral operation. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 61, 145.
- Lee, J.H., Lee, E.S., Kim, Y.S., 2007. Clinicopathologic significance of BRAF V600E mutation in papillary carcinomas of the thyroid: A metaanalysis. Cancer. 110, 38.
- Leboulleux, S.,Rubino, C., Baudin, E., Hartl, D.M., Bidart, J.M., Travagli, J.P., Schlumberger, M., 2005. Prognostic factors for persistent or recurrent disease of papillary thyroid carcinoma with neck lymphnode metastases and/or tumor extension beyond the thyroid capsule at initial diagnosis. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 90, 5723.
- Lin, J.D., Chao, T.C., Hsueh, C., Kuo, S.F., 2009a. High recurrent rate of multicentric papillary thyroid carcinoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 16, 2609.
- Lin, J.D., Hsueh, C., Chao, T.C., 2009b. Early recurrence of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma predicts a worse outcome. Thyroid 19, 1053.
- Machens, A., Holzhausen, H.J., Dralle, H., 2005. The prognostic value of primary tumor size in papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Cancer. 103, 2269.
- Mazzaferri, E.L., Jhiang, S.M.,1994. Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Am. J. Med. 97, 418.
- Medema, R.H., Bos, J.L., 1993. The role of p21ras in receptortyrosine kinase signaling. Crit. Rev. Oncog. 4, 615.
- National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines. Available at: www.nccn.org (Accessed on October 13, 2011). Nikiforov, Y.E., 2004. Genetic alterations involved in the transition from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Endocr. Pathol. 15, 319.
- Pacini, F., Elisei, R., Capezzone, M., Miccoli, P., Molinaro, E., Basolo, F., Agate, L., Bottici, V., Raffaelli, M., Pinchera, A., 2001. Contralateralpapillary thyroid cancer is frequent at completion thyroidectomy with no difference in low- and high-risk patients. Thyroid. 11, 877.
- Pellegriti, G., Scollo, C., Lumera, G., Regalbuto, C., Vıgnerı, R., Belfıore, A., 2004. Clinical behavior and outcome of papillary thyroid cancers smaller than 1,5 cm in diameter: Study of 299 cases. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 89, 3713.
- Pendergrast, W.J.,Mılmore, B.K., Marcus, S.C.,1961. Thyroid cancer and thyrotoxicosis in the United States: Their relation to endemic goiter. J. Chronic Dis. 13, 22.
- Ries, L.A.G., Eisner, M.P, Kosary, C.L, Hankey, B.F., Miller, B.A., Clegg, L., Mariotto, A., Fay, M.P., Feuer, E.J., Edwards, B.K., 2004. (Eds), SEER Cancer Statistics Review. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 1975-2001. NM scan on nodule: Hegedusarticle NEJM. http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2001/, (Accessed on 22.10.2005).
- Rosai, J.,Carcangiu, M.L., De Lellis, R.A., Tumors of the thyroid gland. In: Atlas of tumor pathology, 3rd series, fas 5. AFIP, Washington. Shattuck, T.M., Westra, W.H., Ladenson, P.W., Arnold, A., 2005. Independent clonalorigins of distinct tumor foci in multifocal papillary thyroid carcinoma. New Engl. J. Med. 352, 2406.
- Silverberg, S.G.,Hutter, R.V., Foote, F.W. Jr., 1970. Fatal carcinoma of the thyroid: Histology, metastases, and causes of death. Cancer.25, 792.
- Smith, R.R., Frazell, E.L., Caulk, R., Holinger P.H., Russell, W.O., 1963. The amerıcan joınt commıttee's proposed method of stage classıfıcatıon and end-result reportıng applıed to 1,320 Pharynx Cancers. Cancer.16, 1505.
- Tuttle, R.M.,Tala, H., Shah, J., Leboeuf, R., Ghossein, R., Gonen, M., Brokhin, M., Omry, G., Fagin, J.A., Shaha, A., 2010. Estimating risk of recurrence in differentiated thyroid cancer after total thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine remnant ablation: Using response to therapy variables to modify the initial risk estimates predicted by the new American Thyroid Association staging system. Thyroid. 20, 1341.
- Tollefsen, H.R., Decosse, J.J., 1963. Papıllarycarcınoma of the thyroıd. recurrence ın the thyroıd gland after ınıtıal surgıcal treatment. Am. J. Surg. 106, 728.
- Tyler, D.S.,Winchester, D.J., Caraway, N.P.,Hickey, R.C., Evans, D.B.1994. Indeterminate fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid: İdentification of subgroups at high risk for invasive carcinoma. Surgery. 116, 1054.
- Tuttle, R.M.,Tala, H., Shah, J., Leboeuf, R., Ghossein, R., Gonen, M., Brokhin, M., Omry, G., Fagin, J.A., Shaha, A., 2010. Estimating risk of recurrence in differentiated thyroid cancer after total thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine remnant ablation: Using response to therapy variables to modify the initial risk estimates predicted by the new American Thyroid Association staging system. Thyroid. 20, 1341.
- Tollefsen, H.R., Decosse, J.J., 1963. Papıllarycarcınoma of the thyroıd. recurrenceın the thyroıd gland after ınıtıal surgıcal treatment. Am. J. Surg. 106, 728.
- Tyler, D.S.,Winchester, D.J., Caraway, N.P.,Hickey, R.C., Evans, D.B.1994. Indeterminate fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid: İdentification of subgroups at high risk for invasive carcinoma. Surgery. 116, 1054.
- Tuttle, R.M, 2011. uptodate/overview of papiller thyroid cancer.
- Xing, M., 2005. BRAF mutation in thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat. Cancer. 12, 245.
- Xing, M.,Westra, W.H., Tufano, R.P., Cohen,Y., Rosenbaum, E., Rhoden, J.K., Carson, K.A., Vasko,V., Larin, A.,Tallini, G., Tolaney, S., Holt, E.H., Hui, P.,Umbricht, C.B.,Basaria, S.,Ewertz, M., Tufaro, A.P., Califano, J.A., Ringel, M.D.,Zeiger, M.A.,Sidransky, D., Ladenson, P.W., 2005. BRAF mutation predicts a poorer clinical prognosis for papillary thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 90, 6373.
- Zaydfudim, V., Feurer, I.D., Griffin, M.R., Phay, J.E., 2008. The impact of lymph node involvement on survival in patients with papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Surgery. 144, 1070.