The clinical approach to the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

Year 2012, , 171 - 176, 22.10.2012

Rahman Yavuz , Demet Yavuz

https://doi.org/10.5835/jecm.omu.29.03.002

Abstract

Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy remain a major cause of maternal, fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality not only in developing but also in developed countries. Hypertension in pregnancy can be due to one of several distinct disorders, including gestational hypertension, preexisting chronic hypertension, preeclampsia-eclampsia, preeclampsia superimposed upon chronic hypertension. 

Keywords

Hypertension, Pregnancy, Clinical approach, Hypertensive disorders, Preeclampsia, Gestational hypertension

Gebeliğin hipertansif hastalıklarına klinik yaklaşım

Abstract

Gebelikte hipertansif hastalıklar sadece gelişmiş ülkelerde değil aynı zamanda gelişmekte olan ülkelerde de maternal, fetal ve neonatal mortalite ve morbiditenin önde gelen nedenidir. Gebelikte hipertansiyon gestasyonel hipertansiyon, kronik hipertansiyon, preeklampsi-eklampsi, kronik hipertansiyon üzerine eklenmiş preeklampsi gibi hastalıklardan biri nedeniyle oluşabilmektedir

Keywords

Hypertension, Gebelik, Klinik yaklaşım, Hipertansif hastalıklar, Preeklampsi, Gestasyonel hipertansiyon

References

• ACOG Committee, 2001. Chronic hypertension in pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. 98, 177-185.
• ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics, 2001. Diagnosis and management of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Obstet. Gynecol. 98, 159-167.
• Buchbinder, A., Sibai, B.M., Caritis, S., Macpherson, C., Hauth, J., Lindheimer, M.D., 2002. Adverse perinatal outcomes are significantly higher in severe gestational hypertension than in mild preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 186, 66-71.
• Eke, A.C., Ezebialu, I.U., Okafor, C., 2011. Presentation and outcome of eclampsia at a tertiary center in South East Nigeria-a 6-year review. Hypertens. Pregnancy. 30, 125.
• Elena, V.K., Callaghan, A.C., William, M., 2009. Hypertensive disorders and severe obstetric morbidity in the United States. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 113, 1299-1306.
• European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology, 2007. Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J. Hypertens. 25, 1105-1187.
• James, P.R., Nelson-Piercy, C., 2004. Management of hypertension before, during, and after pregnancy. Heart. 90, 1501.
• Lipstein, H., Lee, C.C., Crupi, R.S., 2003. A current concept of eclampsia. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 21, 223-226.
• Liu, S., Joseph, K.S., Liston, R.M., Bartholomew, S., Walker, M., León, J.A., Kirby, R.S., Sauve, R., Kramer, M.S., 2011. Incidence, risk factors, and associated complications of Eclampsia. Obstet. Gynecol. 118, 987.
• Lowe, S.A., Brown, M.A., Dekker, G.A., Gatt, S., McLintock, C.K., McMahon, L.P., Mangos, G., Moore, M.P., Muller, P., Paech, M., Walters, B., 2009. Guidelines for the management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 2008. Aust. N.Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 49, 242-246.
• Mabie, W.C., Di Sessa, T.G., Crocker, L.G., Sibai, B.M., Arheart, K.L., 1994. A longitudinal study of cardiac output in normal human pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 170, 849-856.
• Magee, L.A., Ornstein, M.P., von Dadelszen, P., 1999. Fortnightly review: Management of hypertension in pregnancy. B.M.J. 318, 1332–1336.
• Magee, L.A., Cham, C., Waterman, E.J., Ohlsson, A., von Dadelszen, P., 2003. Hydralazine for treatment of severe hypertension in pregnancy: Metaanalysis. B.M.J. 327, 955-960.
• Mancia, G., De Backer, G., Dominiczak, A., Cifkova, R., Fagard, R., Germano, G., Grassi, G., Heagerty, A.M., Kjeldsen, S.E., Laurent, S., Narkiewicz, K., Ruilope, L., Rynkiewicz, A., Schmieder, R.E., Boudier, HA., Zanchetti, A., 2007. ESH-ESC Practice guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: ESH-ESC Task force on the management of arterial hypertension. J. Hypertens. 25, 1751-1762.
• Marik, P.E., 2009. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Postgrad. Med. 121, 69-76.
• Mattar, F., Sibai, B.M., 2000. Eclampsia. VIII. Risk factors for maternal morbidity. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 182, 307-312.
• Meher, S., Abalos, E., Carroli, G., 2005. Bed rest with or without hospitalisation for hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane DB. Syst. Rev. 19, 4.
• Morriss, M.C., Twickler, D.M., Hatab, M.R., Clarke, G.D., Peshock, R.M., Cunningham, F.G., 1997. Cerebral blood flow and cranial magnetic resonance imaging in eclampsia and severe preeclampsia. Obstet. Gynecol. 89, 561.
• Mustafa, R., Ahmed, S., Gupta, A., Venuto, R.C., 2012. A comprehensive review of hypertension in pregnancy. J. Pregnancy. 2012.
• Ngoc, N.T., Merialdi, M., Abdel-Aleem, H., Carroli, G., Purwar, M., Zavaleta, N., Campódonico, L., Ali, M.M., Hofmeyr, G.J., Mathai, M., Lincetto, O., Villar, J., 2006. Causes of stillbirths and early neonatal deaths: Data from 7993 pregnancies in six developing countries. B. World Health Organ. 84, 699-705.
• Norwitz, E.R., Funai, E.F., 2008. Expectant management of severe preeclampsia remote from term: Hope for the best, but expect the worst. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 199, 209-212.
• Pickles, C.J., Symonds, E.M., Broughton Pipkin F., 1989. The fetal outcome in a randomized double-blind controlled trial of labetalol versus placebo in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 96, 38-43.
• Podymow, T., August, P., 2012. Update on the use of antihypertensive drugs in pregnancy. Hypertension. 51, 960-969.
• Poppas, A., Shroff, S.G., Korcarz, C.E., Hibbard, J.U., Berger, D.S., Lindheimer, M.D., Lang, R.M., 1997. Serial assessment of the cardiovascular system in normal pregnancy. Role of arterial compliance and pulsatile arterial load. Circulation. 95, 2407-2415.
• Report of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy, 2000. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 183, 1-22.
• Roberts, J.M., Funai, E.F., 2009. Pregnancy-Related Hypertension. Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice 6th ed. R.K., Creasy, R., Resnik, J.D, Iams, C.J., Lockwood, T.R., Moore, eds. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia. 652-653.
• Seligman, S., 1987. Which blood pressure? Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 94, 497-498.
• Sibai, B.M., Caritis, S., Hauth, J., Lindheimer, M.D., MacPherson, C., Klebanoff, M., VanDorsten, J.P., Landon, M., Miodovnik, M., Paul, R., Meis, P., Thurnau, G., Dombrowski, M., Roberts, J., McNellis, D., 2000. Hypertensive disorders in twin versus singleton gestations. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 182, 938-942.
• Sibai, B.M., 2003. Diagnosis and management of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Obstet. Gynecol. 102, 181-192.
• Sibai, B.M., 2004. Magnesium sulfate prophylaxis in preeclampsia: Lessons learned from recent trials. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 190, 1520.
• Sibai, B.M., 2005. Diagnosis, prevention, and management of eclampsia. Obstet. Gynecol. 105, 402-410.
• Sibai, B.M., Dekker, G., Kupferminc, M., 2005. Preeclampsia. Lancet. 365, 785-799.
• Suresh, L., Radfar, L., 2004. Pregnancy and lactation. Oral Surg Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 97, 672-682.
• Szczepaniak-Chickel, L., Breborowicz, G.H., Tykarski, A., 2007. Treatment of arterial hypertension in pregnancy. Archives of perinatal Medicine. 13, 10.
• The Magpie Trial Collaborative Group, 2002. Do women with pre-eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie Trial: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 359, 1877-1890.
• Thornburg, K.L., Jacobson, S.L., Giraud, G.D., Morton, M.J., 2000. Hemodynamic changes in pregnancy. Semin. Perinatol. 24, 11-14.
• Umans, J.G., 2007. Hypertension in Pregnancy. Comprehensive Hypertension. 1st ed. Gregory, Y.H., Lip John, E. Mosby Elseiver, Philadelphia. 674-676.
• Vatten, L.J., Skjaerven, R., 2004. Is pre-eclampsia more than one disease? B.J.O.G. 111, 298-302.
• Vaughan, C.J., Delanty, N., 2000. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 356, 411.
• Yoder, S.R., Thornburg, L.L., Bisognano, J.D., 2009. Hypertension in pregnancy and women of childbearing age. Am. J. Med. 122, 890-895.