A new review of seizure types in psychogenic non-epileptic status

Abstract

While the incidence of non-epileptic psychogenic seizures (PS) is 1.5-3/100000 in community, the prevalence of PS varies between 2-33/100000. The ratio of PS was reported 5-20% for epileptic patients in community and it was reported 10-40% in epileptic centers. Approximately 20% of patients, who applied to epilepsy centers because of drug resistance seizures, were diagnosed and reported as a PS. In 2005, 2009 and, as the last time, 2010, International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) divided the status seizure types into two main groups as generalized onset and focal onset. It was categorized by subgroups as generalize convulsive status (tonic-clonic, tonic, clonic and myoclonic), generalize non-convulsive (absence) status, partial status and complex partial status by considering both EEG and clinical observations. In this study, we wanted to discuss the psychogenic non-epileptic status (PNE-status) types in our cases which are not elaborated in literature.

Keywords

• Epilepsy
• Prognosis
• Psychogenic status
• Status epilepticus

References

1. Berg, A.T., Berkovic, S.F., Brodie, M.J., Buchhalter, J., Cross, J.H., Van Emde Boas, W. 2010. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: Report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia. 51, 676-685. doi: 1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02522.x.
2. Benbadis, S.R., Hauser, A.W. 2000. An estimate of the prevalence of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Seizure. 9, 280-281. http://dx.doi. org/1053/seiz.2000.0409.
3. Bora, I.H., Taskapilioglu, O., Seferoglu, M., Kotan, O.V., Bican, A., Ozkaya, G., Akkaya, C. 2011. Sociodemographics, clinical features, and psychiatric comorbidities of patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: Experience at a specialized epilepsy center in Turkey. Seizure. 20, 458-461. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2011.02.007.
4. Bradley, W.G., Daroff, R.B., Fenichel, G.M., Marsden, C.D. 1996. Neurology in clinical practice, in Bradley WG (ed): The epilepsies. Second edition, USA, 1625-1654.
5. Dworetzky, B.A., Bubrick, E.J., Szaflarski, J.P. 2010. Nonepileptic psychogenic status markedly prolonged psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsy Behav.19, 65-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.06.052.
6. Gunatilake, S.B., De Silva, H.J., Ranasinghe, G. 1997. Twenty-seven venous cutdowns to treat pseudostatus epilepticus. Seizure. 6, 71-72. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1059-1311(97)80057-X.
7. Hesdorffr, D.C., Logroscino, G., Cascino, G. 1998. Incidence of status epilepticus in Rochester, Minnesota, 1965-1984. Neurology. 50, 735-741.
8. Lowenstein, D.H., Bleck, T., Macdonald, R.L. 1999. It’s time to revise the definition of status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 40, 120-122.

9. Peters, G., Leach, J.P., Larner, A.J. 2007. Pseudostatus epilepticus in pregnancy. Int. J. Gynaecol Obstet. 97, 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. ijgo.2006.12.008.
10. Reuber, M., Enright, S. M. Goulding, P. J. 2000. Postoperative pseudostatus not everything that shakes is epilepsy. A case report. Anaesthesia. 55, 70-78.
11. Reuber, M., Pukrop, R., Mitchell, A.J., Bauer, J., Elger, C. E. 2003. Clinical significance of recurrent psychogenic nonepileptic seizure status. J Neurol. 250, 1355-1362.
12. Sepkuty, J.2006. Status epilepticus In: Johnson, R.T, Griffin, J.W., McArthur, J.C, editors. Current Therapy in Neurologic Disease. 7 ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 45-48.
13. Szaflarski, J.P., Ficker, D.M., Cahill, W.T., Privitera, M.D. 2000. Four-year incidence of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures in adults in Hamilton County, OH. Neurology. 55, 1561-1563.
14. Tuxhorn, I., E., Fischbach, H.S. 2002. Pseudostatus epilepticus in childhood. Pediatr Neurol. 27, 407-409.
15. Wasterlain, C., G.1997. Definition and classification of status epilepticus. The International Meeting on Status Epilepticus, Santa Monica, CA.