Breathing patterns response to the incremental exercise test in young males

Abstract

Incremental exercise test contains three different metabolic regions, including aerobic region, partly anaerobic and anaerobic dominated region. The work load from warm up period to anaerobic threshold (AT) was accepted as aerobic region, workload above AT to respiratory compensation point (RCP) was accepted partly anaerobic region and above RCP was accepted as anaerobic region of incremental exercise test. We aimed to compare the ventilatory patterns during different metabolic sections of incremental exercise test. Fifteen healthy males performed an incremental exercise test (15 W/min) to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. Metabolic and cardiopulmonary parameters were measured breath-by-breath using metabolic gas analyser system and turbine volume meter. AT and RCP were estimated using ventilator and pulmonary gas exchange parameters. Respiratory patterns, breathing frequency (Bf) and tidal volume (VT), showed great differences among the exercise regions. VT is the main factor increases minute ventilation (VE) during aerobic region. However, Bf becomes dominant factor increasing VE in anaerobic region of test. In the region between AT to RCP, Bf and VT showed similar effects on increase in VE. VT to inspiratory time ratio increased significantly in all region of test. However, work production capacity for each liter of VE decreased markedly when the exercise intensity changed from aerobic to anaerobic regions. Consequently, evaluation of breathing patterns for different metabolic regions of incremental exercise will provide information regarding individual's metabolic strength and ventilator response. 

Keywords

• Anaerobic threshold
• Breathing frequency
• Incremental exercise test
• Respiratory compensation point
• Tidal volume
• Ventilation

References

1. Wasserman, K., Hansen, J.E., Sue, D.Y., Stringer, W, Sietsema, K.E., Sun, X.G. Principles of Exercise Testing and Interpretation: Including Pathophysiology and Clinical Applications, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 5th edition, 2012.
2. Algul, S., Ozcelik, O., Yilmaz, B. 2017. Evaluation of relationship between aerobic fitness level and range of isocapnic buffering periods during incremental exercise test. Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand). 63, 78-2.
3. Beaver, W.L., Wasserman, K., Whipp, B.J. 1986. A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J. Appl. Physiol. 60, 2020-7.
4. Benito, P.J., Calderón, F.J, García-Zapico, A., Legido, J.C., Caballero, J.A. 2006. Response of tidal volume to ınspiratory time ratio during incremental exercise. ARCH. Bronconeumol. 42, 62-7.
5. Blackie, S.P., Fairbarn, M.S., McElvaney, N.G., Wilcox, P.G., Morrison, N.J., Pardy, R.L. 1991. ‘Normal values and ranges for ventilation and breathing pattern at maximal exercise. Chest. 100, 136-42.
6. Cross, T.J., Morris, N.R., Schneider, D.A., Sabapathy, S. 2012. Evidence of break-points in breathing pattern at the gas-exchange thresholds during ıncremental cycling in young, healthy subjects. Eur. J. Applied. Physiol. 112, 1067-76.
7. Hansen, J.E., Sue, D.Y., Wasserman, K. 1984. Predicted values for clinical exercise testing. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 129, 49-5.
8. Hey, E.N., Lloyd, B.B., Cunningham, D.J.C. 1966. Effects of various respiratory stimuli on the depth and frecuency of breathing in man. Respir. Physiol. 1, 193.

9. Kaya, H., Özçelik, O. 2009. Comparison of effectiveness of body mass index and bioelectric impedance analysis methods on body composition in subjects with different ages and sex. Firat Üniversitesi Sağlik Bilimleri Tip Dergisi. 23, 1-5.
10. Milic-Emili, J., Cajani, F. 1957. La frequenza dei respiri in funzione della ventilazione pulmonare durante il restore. Bull ses Biel Sper. 33, 821.
11. Naranjo, J., Centeno, R.A., Galiano, D., Beaus, M. 2005. A nomogram for assessment of breathing patterns during treadmill exercise. Br. J. Sports. Med. 39, 80-3.
12. Neder, J.A., Dal Corso, S., Malaguti, C., Reis, S., De Fuccio, M.B., Schmidt, H., Fuld, J.P, Nery, L.E. 2003. The pattern and timing of breathing during incremental exercise: a normative study. Eur. Respir. J. 21, 530-8.
13. Nicolò, A. , Girardi, M., Bazzucchi, I., Felici, F., Sacchetti, M. 2018. Respiratory frequency and tidal volume during exercise: differential control and unbalanced ınterdependence. Physiol. Rep. 6 (21), e13908.
14. Ozcelik, O., Ward, S.A., Whipp, B.J. 1999. Effect of altered body CO2 stores on pulmonary gas exchange dynamics during incremental exercise in humans. Exp. Physiol. 84, 999- 1011.
15. Ozcelik, O., Aslan, M., Ayar, A., Kelestimur, H. 2004. Effects of body mass index on maximal work production capacity and aerobic fitness during incremental exercise Physiol. Res. 53, 165-70.
16. Power, G.A., Grant, A., Handigran, G.A., Basset, F.A. 2012. Ventilatory response during an incremental exercise test: A mode of testing effect. Euro. J. Sport. Sci.12, 491-8.
17. Scheuermann, B.W., Kowalchuk, .JM. 1999. Breathing patterns during slow and fast ramp exercise in man. Exp. Physiol. 84, 109-20.
18. Whipp, B.J., Davis, J.A., Wasserman, K. 1989. Ventilatory control of the 'isocapnic buffering' region in rapidly-incremental exercise. Res. Physiol. 76, 357-67.
19. Whipp, B.J., Davis, J.A., Torres, F., Wasserman, K. 1981. A test to determine parameters of aerobic function during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 50, 217-21.
20. Whipp, B.J., Ward, S.A., Wasserman, K. 1986. Respiratory markers of the anaerobic threshold. Adv. Cardiol. 35, 47-64.
21. Whipp, B.J., Ward, S.A. 1998. Determinants and control of breathing during muscular exercise. Br. J. Sports. Med. 32, 199-211.