Review
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Year 2022, Volume: 39 Issue: 1, 250 - 255, 01.01.2022

Abstract

References

  • Ackerman, M. B., & Ackerman, J. L. 2002. Smile analysis and design in the digital era. Journal of clinical orthodontics, 36(4), 221-236. Akyalcin, S., Cozad, B. E., English, J. D., Colville, C. D., & Laman, S. 2013. Diagnostic accuracy of impression-free digital models. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 144(6), 916-922. Al Mortadi, N., Eggbeer, D., Lewis J., & Williams RJ. 2012. CAD/CAM/AM applications in the manufacture of dental appliances. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 142(5), 727-733. Al Mortadi, N., Jones, Q., Eggbeer, D., Lewis, J., & Williams, R. J. 2015. Fabrication of a resin appliance with alloy components using digital technology without an analog impression. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 148(5), 862-867. Bae, M. J., Kim, J. Y., Park, J. T., Cha, J. Y., Kim, H. J., Yu, H. S., & Hwang, C. J. 2013. Accuracy of miniscrew surgical guides assessed from cone-beam computed tomography and digital models. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 143, 893–901. Barreto, M. S., Faber, J., Vogel, C. J., & Araujo, T. M. 2016. Reliability of digital orthodontic setups. The Angle Orthodontist, 86(2), 255-259. Breuning, K. H. 2017. Custom Appliance Fabrication and Transfer. Digital Planning and Custom Orthodontic Treatment.(eksiklik var) Brown, M. W., Koroluk, L., Ko, C. C., Zhang, K., Chen, M., & Nguyen, T. 2015. Effectiveness and efficiency of a CAD/CAM orthodontic bracket system. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 148(6), 1067-1074. Ciuffolo, F., Epifania, E., Duranti, G., De Luca, V., Raviglia, D., Rezza, S., & Festa, F. 2006. Rapid prototyping: a new method of preparing trays for indirect bonding. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 129(1), 75-77. Christensen, L. R., & Cope, J. B. 2018. Digital technology for indirect bonding. In Seminars in Orthodontics (Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 451-460). WB Saunders. Coachman, C., Calamita, M. A., & Sesma, N. 2017. Dynamic documentation of the smile and the 2D/3D digital smile design process. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent, 37(2), 183-193. Cousley, R. R., & Turner, M. J. 2014. Digital model planning and computerized fabrication of orthognathic surgery wafers. Journal of Orthodontics, 41(1), 38-45. Cousley, R. R., Bainbridge, M., & Rossouw, P. E. 2017. The accuracy of maxillary positioning using digital model planning and 3D printed wafers in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Journal of Orthodontics, 44(4), 256-267. Costalos, P.A., Sarraf, K., Cangialosi, T.J., & Efstratiadis, S. 2005. Evaluation of the accuracy of digital model analysis for the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system for dental casts. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,128:624-9. Da Costa, J.B., McPharlin, R., Hilton, T., Ferracane, J.I., Wang, M. 2012. Comparison of two at-home whitening products of similar peroxide concentration and different delivery methods. Oper Dent, 37(4):333-9. De Riu, G., Meloni, S. M., Baj, A., Corda, A., Soma, D., & Tullio, A. 2014. Computer-assisted orthognathic surgery for correction of facial asymmetry: results of a randomised controlled clinical trial. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 52(3), 251-257. Ender, A., and Mehl, A. 2012. Influence of scanning strategies on the accuracy of digital intraoral scanning systems. International Journal of Computerized Dentistry, 16(1), 11-21. Erdinç, A. M. E., Doğan, S., & Dinçer, B. 2008. Digital modellerde güvenirlilik. Ege Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi, 29, 99-103. Fleming, P.S., & Marinho, V., Johal A. 2011. Orthodontic measurements on digital study models compared with plaster models: a systematic review. Orthod Craniofac Res, 14:1-16. Flügge, T. V., Schlager, S., Nelson, K., Nahles, S., & Metzger, M. C. 2013. Precision of intraoral digital dental impressions with iTero and extraoral digitization with the iTero and a model scanner. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 144(3), 471-478. Garino, F., & Garino, G. B. (2005). Computer-aided interactive indirect bonding. Prog Orthod, 6(2), 214-223. Graf, S., Vasudavan, S., & Wilmes, B. 2018. CAD-CAM design and 3-dimensional printing of mini-implant retained orthodontic appliances. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 154(6), 877-882. Hazeveld, A., Slater, J. J. H., & Ren, Y. 2014. Accuracy and reproducibility of dental replica models reconstructed by different rapid prototyping techniques. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 145(1), 108-115. Im, J., Cha, J. Y., Lee, K. J., Yu, H. S., & Hwang, C. J. 2014. Comparison of virtual and manual tooth setups with digital and plaster models in extraction cases. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 145(4), 434-442. Ke, Y., Zhu, Y., & Zhu, M. 2019. A comparison of treatment effectiveness between clear aligner and fixed appliance therapies. BMC Oral Health, 19(1), 24. Khosravi, R., Cohanim, B., Hujoel, P., Daher, S., Neal, M., Liu, W., & Huang, G. 2017. Management of overbite with the Invisalign appliance. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 151(4), 691-699. Kim, J., Chun, Y. S., & Kim, M. 2018. Accuracy of bracket positions with a CAD/CAM indirect bonding system in posterior teeth with different cusp heights. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 153(2), 298-307 Kravitz, N. D., Groth, C., Jones, P. E., Graham, J. W., & Redmond, W. R. 2014. Intraoral digital scanners. J Clin Orthod, 48, 337-47. Luu, N. S., Nikolcheva, L. G., Retrouvey, J. M., Flores-Mir, C., El-Bialy, T., Carey, J. P., & Major, P. W. 2012. Linear measurements using virtual study models: a systematic review. The Angle Orthodontist, 82(6), 1098-1106. Macchi, A., Carrafiello, G., Cacciafesta, V., & Norcini, A. 2006. Three-dimensional digital modeling and setup. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 129(5), 605-610. Mayers, M., Firestone, A. R., Rashid, R., & Vig, K. W. 2005. Comparison of peer assessment rating (PAR) index scores of plaster and computer-based digital models. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 128(4), 431-434. Mullen, S. R., Martin, C. A., Ngan, P., & Gladwin, M. 2007. Accuracy of space analysis with emodels and plaster models. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 132(3), 346-352. Nalcaci, R., Topcuoglu, T., & Ozturk, F. 2013. Comparison of Bolton analysis and tooth size measurements obtained using conventional and three-dimensional orthodontic models. European journal of dentistry, 7(S 01), S066-S070. Naidu, D., & Freer, T. J. 2013. Validity, reliability, and reproducibility of the iOC intraoral scanner: a comparison of tooth widths and Bolton ratios. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 144(2), 304-310. Nasef, A. A., El-Beialy, A. R., & Mostafa, Y. A. 2014. Virtual techniques for designing and fabricating a retainer. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 146(3), 394-398. Okunami, T. R., Kusnoto, B., BeGole, E., Evans, C. A., Sadowsky, C., & Fadavi, S. 2007. Assessing the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system: digital vs plaster dental casts. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 131(1), 51-56. Peluso, M. J., Josell, S. D., Levine, S. W., & Lorei, B. J. 2004. Digital models: an introduction. In Seminars in Orthodontics (Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 226-238). WB Saunders. Qiu, L., Haruyama, N., Suzuki, S., Yamada, D., Obayashi, N., Kurabayashi, T., & Moriyama, K. 2012. Accuracy of orthodontic miniscrew implantation guided by stereolithographic surgical stent based on cone-beam CT–derived 3D images. The Angle Orthodontist, 82(2), 284-293. Quimby, M. L., Vig, K. W., Rashid, R. G., & Firestone, A. R. 2004. The accuracy and reliability of measurements made on computer-based digital models. The Angle orthodontist, 74(3), 298-303. Rossini, G., Parrini, S., Castroflorio, T., Deregibus, A., & Debernardi, C. L. 2016. Diagnostic accuracy and measurement sensitivity of digital models for orthodontic purposes: A systematic review. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 149(2), 161-170. Santoro, M., Galkin, S., Teredesai, M., Nicolay, O. F., & Cangialosi, T. J. 2003. Comparison of measurements made on digital and plaster models. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 124(1), 101-105. Stevens, D. R., Flores-Mir, C., Nebbe, B., Raboud, D. W., Heo, G., & Major, P. W. 2006. Validity, reliability, and reproducibility of plaster vs digital study models: comparison of peer assessment rating and Bolton analysis and their constituent measurements. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 129(6), 794-803. Taneva, E., Kusnoto, B., & Evans, C. A. 2015. 3D scanning, imaging, and printing in orthodontics. Issues in contemporary orthodontics, 148. Tarazona, B., Llamas, J.M., Cibrian, R., Gandia, J.L., & Paredes, V. 2012. Evaluation of the validity of the Bolton Index using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal;17: e878-83. Van Der Meer, W. J., Vissink, A., & Ren, Y. 2016. Full 3-dimensional digital workflow for multicomponent dental appliances: A proof of concept. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 147(4), 288-291. Weber, D. J., Koroluk, L. D., Phillips, C., Nguyen, T., & Proffit, W. R. 2013. Clinical effectiveness and efficiency of customized vs. conventional preadjusted bracket systems. J Clin Orthod, 47(4), 261-6. Wiechmann, D., Rummel, V., Thalheim, A., Simon, J. S., & Wiechmann, L. 2003. Customized brackets and archwires for lingual orthodontic treatment. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 124(5), 593-599. Wong, B.H. 2001. Invisalign A to Z. Am J Orthod ;121:540-1.

Digital dental models in orthodontics: A review

Year 2022, Volume: 39 Issue: 1, 250 - 255, 01.01.2022

Abstract

Digital 3 dimensional (3D) dental models are considered one of the most important advancements in modern dental history. Digital dental models are used in diagnosis, treatment planning, and appliance production phases in orthodontics. The present technology of digital dental models reached, and in some points, exceeded the plaster models' accuracy. The use of digital models with CBCT images and rapid prototyping techniques brought the possibility of new treatment techniques, some of which are considered as the future of modern orthodontics. This article aims to review the current use and success of digital 3D models in orthodontic practice.

References

  • Ackerman, M. B., & Ackerman, J. L. 2002. Smile analysis and design in the digital era. Journal of clinical orthodontics, 36(4), 221-236. Akyalcin, S., Cozad, B. E., English, J. D., Colville, C. D., & Laman, S. 2013. Diagnostic accuracy of impression-free digital models. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 144(6), 916-922. Al Mortadi, N., Eggbeer, D., Lewis J., & Williams RJ. 2012. CAD/CAM/AM applications in the manufacture of dental appliances. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 142(5), 727-733. Al Mortadi, N., Jones, Q., Eggbeer, D., Lewis, J., & Williams, R. J. 2015. Fabrication of a resin appliance with alloy components using digital technology without an analog impression. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 148(5), 862-867. Bae, M. J., Kim, J. Y., Park, J. T., Cha, J. Y., Kim, H. J., Yu, H. S., & Hwang, C. J. 2013. Accuracy of miniscrew surgical guides assessed from cone-beam computed tomography and digital models. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 143, 893–901. Barreto, M. S., Faber, J., Vogel, C. J., & Araujo, T. M. 2016. Reliability of digital orthodontic setups. The Angle Orthodontist, 86(2), 255-259. Breuning, K. H. 2017. Custom Appliance Fabrication and Transfer. Digital Planning and Custom Orthodontic Treatment.(eksiklik var) Brown, M. W., Koroluk, L., Ko, C. C., Zhang, K., Chen, M., & Nguyen, T. 2015. Effectiveness and efficiency of a CAD/CAM orthodontic bracket system. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 148(6), 1067-1074. Ciuffolo, F., Epifania, E., Duranti, G., De Luca, V., Raviglia, D., Rezza, S., & Festa, F. 2006. Rapid prototyping: a new method of preparing trays for indirect bonding. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 129(1), 75-77. Christensen, L. R., & Cope, J. B. 2018. Digital technology for indirect bonding. In Seminars in Orthodontics (Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 451-460). WB Saunders. Coachman, C., Calamita, M. A., & Sesma, N. 2017. Dynamic documentation of the smile and the 2D/3D digital smile design process. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent, 37(2), 183-193. Cousley, R. R., & Turner, M. J. 2014. Digital model planning and computerized fabrication of orthognathic surgery wafers. Journal of Orthodontics, 41(1), 38-45. Cousley, R. R., Bainbridge, M., & Rossouw, P. E. 2017. The accuracy of maxillary positioning using digital model planning and 3D printed wafers in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Journal of Orthodontics, 44(4), 256-267. Costalos, P.A., Sarraf, K., Cangialosi, T.J., & Efstratiadis, S. 2005. Evaluation of the accuracy of digital model analysis for the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system for dental casts. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,128:624-9. Da Costa, J.B., McPharlin, R., Hilton, T., Ferracane, J.I., Wang, M. 2012. Comparison of two at-home whitening products of similar peroxide concentration and different delivery methods. Oper Dent, 37(4):333-9. De Riu, G., Meloni, S. M., Baj, A., Corda, A., Soma, D., & Tullio, A. 2014. Computer-assisted orthognathic surgery for correction of facial asymmetry: results of a randomised controlled clinical trial. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 52(3), 251-257. Ender, A., and Mehl, A. 2012. Influence of scanning strategies on the accuracy of digital intraoral scanning systems. International Journal of Computerized Dentistry, 16(1), 11-21. Erdinç, A. M. E., Doğan, S., & Dinçer, B. 2008. Digital modellerde güvenirlilik. Ege Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi, 29, 99-103. Fleming, P.S., & Marinho, V., Johal A. 2011. Orthodontic measurements on digital study models compared with plaster models: a systematic review. Orthod Craniofac Res, 14:1-16. Flügge, T. V., Schlager, S., Nelson, K., Nahles, S., & Metzger, M. C. 2013. Precision of intraoral digital dental impressions with iTero and extraoral digitization with the iTero and a model scanner. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 144(3), 471-478. Garino, F., & Garino, G. B. (2005). Computer-aided interactive indirect bonding. Prog Orthod, 6(2), 214-223. Graf, S., Vasudavan, S., & Wilmes, B. 2018. CAD-CAM design and 3-dimensional printing of mini-implant retained orthodontic appliances. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 154(6), 877-882. Hazeveld, A., Slater, J. J. H., & Ren, Y. 2014. Accuracy and reproducibility of dental replica models reconstructed by different rapid prototyping techniques. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 145(1), 108-115. Im, J., Cha, J. Y., Lee, K. J., Yu, H. S., & Hwang, C. J. 2014. Comparison of virtual and manual tooth setups with digital and plaster models in extraction cases. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 145(4), 434-442. Ke, Y., Zhu, Y., & Zhu, M. 2019. A comparison of treatment effectiveness between clear aligner and fixed appliance therapies. BMC Oral Health, 19(1), 24. Khosravi, R., Cohanim, B., Hujoel, P., Daher, S., Neal, M., Liu, W., & Huang, G. 2017. Management of overbite with the Invisalign appliance. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 151(4), 691-699. Kim, J., Chun, Y. S., & Kim, M. 2018. Accuracy of bracket positions with a CAD/CAM indirect bonding system in posterior teeth with different cusp heights. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 153(2), 298-307 Kravitz, N. D., Groth, C., Jones, P. E., Graham, J. W., & Redmond, W. R. 2014. Intraoral digital scanners. J Clin Orthod, 48, 337-47. Luu, N. S., Nikolcheva, L. G., Retrouvey, J. M., Flores-Mir, C., El-Bialy, T., Carey, J. P., & Major, P. W. 2012. Linear measurements using virtual study models: a systematic review. The Angle Orthodontist, 82(6), 1098-1106. Macchi, A., Carrafiello, G., Cacciafesta, V., & Norcini, A. 2006. Three-dimensional digital modeling and setup. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 129(5), 605-610. Mayers, M., Firestone, A. R., Rashid, R., & Vig, K. W. 2005. Comparison of peer assessment rating (PAR) index scores of plaster and computer-based digital models. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 128(4), 431-434. Mullen, S. R., Martin, C. A., Ngan, P., & Gladwin, M. 2007. Accuracy of space analysis with emodels and plaster models. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 132(3), 346-352. Nalcaci, R., Topcuoglu, T., & Ozturk, F. 2013. Comparison of Bolton analysis and tooth size measurements obtained using conventional and three-dimensional orthodontic models. European journal of dentistry, 7(S 01), S066-S070. Naidu, D., & Freer, T. J. 2013. Validity, reliability, and reproducibility of the iOC intraoral scanner: a comparison of tooth widths and Bolton ratios. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 144(2), 304-310. Nasef, A. A., El-Beialy, A. R., & Mostafa, Y. A. 2014. Virtual techniques for designing and fabricating a retainer. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 146(3), 394-398. Okunami, T. R., Kusnoto, B., BeGole, E., Evans, C. A., Sadowsky, C., & Fadavi, S. 2007. Assessing the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system: digital vs plaster dental casts. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 131(1), 51-56. Peluso, M. J., Josell, S. D., Levine, S. W., & Lorei, B. J. 2004. Digital models: an introduction. In Seminars in Orthodontics (Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 226-238). WB Saunders. Qiu, L., Haruyama, N., Suzuki, S., Yamada, D., Obayashi, N., Kurabayashi, T., & Moriyama, K. 2012. Accuracy of orthodontic miniscrew implantation guided by stereolithographic surgical stent based on cone-beam CT–derived 3D images. The Angle Orthodontist, 82(2), 284-293. Quimby, M. L., Vig, K. W., Rashid, R. G., & Firestone, A. R. 2004. The accuracy and reliability of measurements made on computer-based digital models. The Angle orthodontist, 74(3), 298-303. Rossini, G., Parrini, S., Castroflorio, T., Deregibus, A., & Debernardi, C. L. 2016. Diagnostic accuracy and measurement sensitivity of digital models for orthodontic purposes: A systematic review. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 149(2), 161-170. Santoro, M., Galkin, S., Teredesai, M., Nicolay, O. F., & Cangialosi, T. J. 2003. Comparison of measurements made on digital and plaster models. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 124(1), 101-105. Stevens, D. R., Flores-Mir, C., Nebbe, B., Raboud, D. W., Heo, G., & Major, P. W. 2006. Validity, reliability, and reproducibility of plaster vs digital study models: comparison of peer assessment rating and Bolton analysis and their constituent measurements. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 129(6), 794-803. Taneva, E., Kusnoto, B., & Evans, C. A. 2015. 3D scanning, imaging, and printing in orthodontics. Issues in contemporary orthodontics, 148. Tarazona, B., Llamas, J.M., Cibrian, R., Gandia, J.L., & Paredes, V. 2012. Evaluation of the validity of the Bolton Index using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal;17: e878-83. Van Der Meer, W. J., Vissink, A., & Ren, Y. 2016. Full 3-dimensional digital workflow for multicomponent dental appliances: A proof of concept. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 147(4), 288-291. Weber, D. J., Koroluk, L. D., Phillips, C., Nguyen, T., & Proffit, W. R. 2013. Clinical effectiveness and efficiency of customized vs. conventional preadjusted bracket systems. J Clin Orthod, 47(4), 261-6. Wiechmann, D., Rummel, V., Thalheim, A., Simon, J. S., & Wiechmann, L. 2003. Customized brackets and archwires for lingual orthodontic treatment. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 124(5), 593-599. Wong, B.H. 2001. Invisalign A to Z. Am J Orthod ;121:540-1.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Berat Serdar Akdeniz 0000-0002-1988-3195

Volkan Aykaç

Merve Turgut This is me

Sema Çetin This is me

Early Pub Date January 3, 2022
Publication Date January 1, 2022
Submission Date May 9, 2021
Acceptance Date July 1, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 39 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Akdeniz, B. S., Aykaç, V., Turgut, M., Çetin, S. (2022). Digital dental models in orthodontics: A review. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 39(1), 250-255.
AMA Akdeniz BS, Aykaç V, Turgut M, Çetin S. Digital dental models in orthodontics: A review. J. Exp. Clin. Med. January 2022;39(1):250-255.
Chicago Akdeniz, Berat Serdar, Volkan Aykaç, Merve Turgut, and Sema Çetin. “Digital Dental Models in Orthodontics: A Review”. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 39, no. 1 (January 2022): 250-55.
EndNote Akdeniz BS, Aykaç V, Turgut M, Çetin S (January 1, 2022) Digital dental models in orthodontics: A review. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 39 1 250–255.
IEEE B. S. Akdeniz, V. Aykaç, M. Turgut, and S. Çetin, “Digital dental models in orthodontics: A review”, J. Exp. Clin. Med., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 250–255, 2022.
ISNAD Akdeniz, Berat Serdar et al. “Digital Dental Models in Orthodontics: A Review”. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 39/1 (January 2022), 250-255.
JAMA Akdeniz BS, Aykaç V, Turgut M, Çetin S. Digital dental models in orthodontics: A review. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2022;39:250–255.
MLA Akdeniz, Berat Serdar et al. “Digital Dental Models in Orthodontics: A Review”. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, vol. 39, no. 1, 2022, pp. 250-5.
Vancouver Akdeniz BS, Aykaç V, Turgut M, Çetin S. Digital dental models in orthodontics: A review. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2022;39(1):250-5.