The effects of quarantine on postpartum depression, sleep quality and breastfeeding: Comparison of two different intensity period

Year 2022, Volume: 39 Issue: 1, 169 - 173, 01.01.2022

Osman Samet Günkaya Ozge Yassa Arzu Tekin Meltem Tekelıoglu Goktug Umur Oguz Arslan Zeynep Gedik Özköse Üzeyir Kalkan Nıyazı Tug

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of quarantine/social isolation on maternal depression, breastfeeding and sleep quality in mothers who have just given birth during the pandemic period that has affected the whole world. This cross-sectional study included women who gave birth during either in the first peak of the first wave (April, 2020) or the end of the first peak (July, 2020) of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in a tertiary pandemic regional referral centre. A total of 210 patients were enrolled to the study. The research data were collected using specific questionnaires including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF). As a result, maternal postpartum depression and sleep quality scores did not differ significantly among postpartum women with different timelines according to the intensity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (p=0.205 and p=0.352, respectively). The Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale was significantly better (p=0.000) in the post-quarantine period than in the early stages of the pandemic when there were strict quarantine regulations. In conclusion, Sleep quality and postpartum depression remained unchanged with regard to the severity of the quarantine among women who gave birth during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemics. The breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers was found as improved in the post-quarantine period.

Keywords

Breastfeeding, postpartum depression, quarantina effects, sleep quality.

References

• 1. Achraf A, Michael B, Khaled T, Hamdi C, Omar B, Liwa M, et al. Effects of COVID-19 home confinement on eating behaviour and physical activity: results of the ECLB-COVID19 inter- national online survey.2020. Nutrients. 12,1583.
• 2. Ağargün YM, Kara H, Anlar Ö. The Validity and Reliability of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry. 1996; 7, 107-115.
• 3. Alvaro PK, Roberts RM, Harris JK. A Systematic Review Assessing Bidirectionality between Sleep Disturbances, Anxiety, and Depression. Sleep. 2013; 36,1059-1068.
• 4. Archana B, Hannah HK, Rebecca B. A cross-national study of factors associated with women's perinatal mental health and wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One. 2021; 16(4):e0249780.
• 5. Barrio L, Burt V. Depression in pregnancy: strategies for primary care management. Dealing with an underdiagnosed undertreated problem. Womens Health Prim Care. 2000; 3,490-498.
• 6. Brockway M, Benzies K, Hayden KA. Interventions to Improve Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy and Resultant Breastfeeding Rates: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Hum Lact. 2017; 33(3): 486-499.
• 7. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The lancet. 2020; 395(10227), 912-920.
• 8. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. J Psychiat Res. 1989; 28,193-213.
• 9. Casagrande M, Favieri F, Tambelli R, Forte G, et al. The enemy who sealed the world: effects quarantine due to the COVID-19 on sleep quality, anxiety, and psy- chological distress in the Italian population. Sleep Med. 2020; 75,12e20.
• 10. Cooper PJ, Tomlinson M, Swartz L, Woolgar M, Murray L, Molteno C. Post-partum depression and the mother-infant relationship in a South African peri-urban settlement. Br J Psychiatry.1999; 175,554-558.
• 11. Dennis CL. Breastfeeding initiation and duration: A 1990-2000 literature review. Journal Of Obstetrics Gynecologic And Neonatal Nursing. 2002; 3,12-32.
• 12. Durankus F, Aksu E. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety and depressive symptoms in pregnant women: a preliminary study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020; 18,1-7.
• 13. Ellemarije A, Chiara B, Colin AE, Jason E, Dimitri G, Brigitte H, et al. Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak: practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT-I Academy. J Sleep Res. 2020; 29(4):e13052.
• 14. Figueiredo B, Canário C, Field T. Breastfeeding is negatively affected by prenatal depression and reduces postpartum depression. Psychological Medicine. 2014; 44,927-936.
• 15. Giorgi G, Lecca LI, Alessio F, Finstad GL, Bondanini G, Lulli LG, et al. COVID-19-Related Mental Health Effects in the Workplace: A Narrative Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17(21):7857.
• 16. Karaçam Z, Kitiş Y. The Postpartum Depression Screening Scale: Its Reliability and Validity for the Turkish Population. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry. 2007; 18, 3-9.
• 17. Lawson A, Murphy KE, Sloan E, Uleryk E, Dalfen A. The relationship between sleep and postpartum mental disorders: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2015; 176, 65-77.
• 18. Nicklas JM, Miller LJ, Zera CA, Davis RB, Levkoff SE, Seely EW. Factors associated with depressive symptoms in the early postpartum period among women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus. Maternal & Child Health Journal. 2013; 17(9),1665-1672.
• 19. Nishioka E, Haruna M, Ota E, Matsuzaki M, Murayama R, Yoshimura K, et al. Prospective study of the relationship between breastfeeding and postpartum depressive symptoms appearing at 1-5 months after delivery. J. A ect. Disord. 2011; 133,553-559.
• 20. Rasmussen SA, Smulian JC, Lednicky JA, Wen TS, Jamieson DJ. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: what obste- tricians need to know. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020; 5,415-426.
• 21. Sisk PM, Lovelady CA, Dillard RG, Gruber KJ. Lactation counseling for mothers of very low birth weight infants: E ect on maternal anxiety and infant intake of human milk. Pediatrics. 2006; 117, e67-e75.
• 22. Slomian J, Honvo G, Emonts P, Reginster JY, Bruyère O. Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes. Womens Health (Lond). 2019; 15:1745506519844044.
• 23. Sohrab I, Gholam RK, Ahmad E, Motahar H, Mohammad RM. Association between sleep quality and postpartum depression. J Res Med. 2016; 2,110.
• 24. Stocky A, Lynch J. Acute psychiatric disturbance in pregnancy and puerperium. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2000; 14,73-87.
• 25. T.R. Ministry of Health Covid-19 Information Platform. Available from: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66935/genel-koronavirus-tablosu.html., 2021.
• 26. Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJ, Franca GV, Horton S, Krasevec J., et al. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong e ect. Lancet. 2016; 387,475-490.
• 27. Victoria JP, Alison JD. Stress in early pregnancy: maternal neuro-endocrine-immune responses and effects. J. Reprod. Immunol. 2010; 85, 86-92.
• 28. Yassa M, Yassa A, Yirmibes C, Pınar B, Umur G, Arzu BT. Anxiety levels and obsessive compulsion symptoms of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Turk J Obstet Gynecol. 2020; 17,155-60.
• 29. Yourkavitch J, Chetwynd EM. Toward Consistency: Updating Lactation and Breastfeeding Terminology for Population Health Research. J. Hum. Lact. 2019; 35, 418-423.