A Study Comparing Intelligence Scores of Patients of Hypermetropia and Myopia in Children

Year 2022, Volume: 39 Issue: 3, 633 - 636, 30.08.2022

Nefise Demir Ömer Oğuztürk Tevfik Oğurel Reyhan Oğurel

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the association between intelligence and refractive error in children. Children with refractive error were consecutively enrolled from the outpatient eye disease clinic at the blinded for peer review. Seventy-six Turkish children were thirty-two female and Forty-four male, aged 6–16 years, participated in this study. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Revised was used for Intelligence quotient. Full Intelligence quotient score and verbal Intelligence quotient, picture completion, similarities comprehension, digit span subgroups in children with myopia were higher than that of hypermetropia group (p<0.05). Present study indicated cognitive ability in children with myopia is higher than that of hypermetropia children. The mechanisms of high cognitive ability in children with myopia should be described in further studies.

Keywords

Intelligence, children, hypermetropia, myopia

References

• Akrami A., Bakmohammadi N, Seyedabadi M, Nabipour I, Mirzaei Z, Farrokhi S, at al. The association between schoolchildren intelligence and refractive error. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 16, 908–911 (2012).
• B.A. Holden, T.R. Fricke, D.A. Wilson, M. Jong, K.S. Naidoo, P. Sankaridurg, T.Y. Wong, T.J. Naduvilath, S. Resnikoff. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology, 123 (2016), pp. 1036-1042
• Curtin, B., J, (1985). The Myopia’s, Harper&Row, Philadelphia, Pa, USA.
• Czepita, D., Lodygowska, E., Czepita, M., (2008). Are children with myopia more intelligent? A literature review. Ann Acad Med Stetin. 2008; 54(1):13-16.
• Dolezalová, V., Mottlová, D., (1995). [Relation between myopia and intelligence]. [Article in Czech] Cesk Slov Oftalmol.; 51(4):235-239.
• Ghaderpanah, M., Farrahi, F., Khataminia, G., Jahanbakhshi, A., Rezaei, L., Tashakori, A., Mahboubi, M, (2016). Comparing Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Among 3 to 7-Year-Old Strabismic and Nonstrabismic Children in an Iranian Population, Global Journal of Health Science; Vol. 8, No:3.
• Karlsson, J., L., (1976). Genetic factors in myopia. Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma). 1976; 25:292-294.
• Kaur, G., Koshy, J., Thomas, S., Kapoor, H., Zachariah, J., G., Bedi, S., (2016). Vision Screening of School Children by Teachers as a Community Based Strategy to Address the Challenges of Childhood Blindness. J Clin Diagn Res.; 10 (4):NC09-14.
• Megreli J., Barak A., Bez M, Bez D. Levine H., Association of Myopia with cognitive function among one million adolescents. BMC Public Health (2020) 20:647. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08765-8
• Miller, E., M., (1992) “On the correlation of myopia and intelligence,” Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, vol. 118, no.4, pp. 361–383.
• Mirshahi, A., Ponto, K. A., Hoehn, R., et al. (2014). Myopia and level of education. Ophthalmology, 121, 2047–2052.
• Mirshahi, A., Ponto, K., A., Laubert-Reh, D., Rahm, B., Lackner, K., J., Binder, H., Pfeiffer, N., Unterrainer, J., M., (2016). Myopia and Cognitive Performance: Results From the Gutenberg Health Study, IOVS October-2016 Vol. 57 No. 13 p:5230-5236
• Morgan I.G., French A.N., Ashby R.S., Guo X., Ding X., He M. at al. The epidemics of myopia: Aetiology and prevention. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 62 (2018) 134e149.
• Pan, C. W., Ramamurthy, D. & Saw, S. M. Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia. Ophthalmic & physiological optics: the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians 32, 3–16, doi: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00884.x (2012).
• Savasir I, Sahin N. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R) Manual (in Turkish). Ankara: Turkish Psychologists Society; 1995.
• Saw S., M., Shankar, A, Tan S., B, et all. (2006). A cohort study of incident myopia in Singaporean children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(5):1839-1844.
• Saw, S., M., Katz, J., Schein, O., D., Chew, S., J., Chan, T., K., (1996). Epidemiology of myopia. Epidemiol Rev. 1996;18:175–187.
• Saw, S., M., Cheng, A., Fong, A., Gazzard, G., Tan, D., T., Morgan, I., (2007). School grades and myopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt.; 27(2):126-129.
• Saw, S., M., Tan, S., B., Fung, D., Chia, K., S., Koh, D., Tan, D., T., Stone, R., A., (2004). IQ and the association with myopia in children. Invest Ophthalmology Vis Sci. 2004; 45(9):2943-2948.
• Sherwin, J. C., Reacher M.H, Keogh R.H, Khawaja A.P., Mackey D.A., Foster P.J. The association between time spent outdoors and myopia in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 119, 2141–2151, doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.04.020 (2012).
• Sorjonen, K., Farioli, A., Hemmingsson, T., Melin, B., (). Refractive state, intelligence, education, and Lord's paradox. Intelligence 61 (2017) 115–119.
• Sumru O, Toker E, Akıngol Z, Arslan G, , Ertan S, Turan C at al. Refractive Errors of Medical Students in Turkey: One Year Follow-Up of Refraction and Biometry Optometry and Vision Science: March2007 - Volume84 - Issue3 - p175-180. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0b013e3180335c52
• Verma, A., Verma, A., (2015). A Novel Review of the Evidence Linking Myopia and High Intelligence.
• Wechsler D. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Revised New York: The Psychological Corporation; 1974.
• Williams, C., Miller, L. L., Gazzard, G. & Saw, S. M. A comparison of measures of reading and intelligence as risk factors for the development of myopia in a UK cohort of children. The British journal of ophthalmology 92, 1117–1121, doi: 10.1136/bjo.2007.128256 (2008).
• Williams, K. M. et al. (2015). Increasing Prevalence of Myopia in Europe and the Impact of Education. Ophthalmology 122, 1489–1497, doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.03.018
• Williams, K. M., Venturini, C., Yonova, E., H., Hysi, P., G., Plomin, R., Hammond, C., J., (2015). Evidence for shared genetic factors between myopia and intelligence in the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS), Author Affiliations & Notes Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science June 2015, Vol.56, 907.
• Williams, K., M., Hysi, P., G., Yonova-Doing, E., Mahroo, O., A., Snieder, H., Hammond, C., J., (2017). Phenotypic and genotypic correlation between myopia and intelligence. Sci Rep.;6;7:45977.