Research Article
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The relationship between food addiction in obesity and anxiety, impulsivity, depression, and emotion regulation difficulty

Year 2024, Volume: 41 Issue: 3, 583 - 589, 30.09.2024

Abstract

We aimed to develop interventions that can prevent obesity and food addiction in the early period by investigating the relationship between food addiction and impulsivity, anxiety, depression, difficulties in emotion regulation, sociodemographic characteristics, exercise and diet behaviors. We included 88 consecutive patients with BMI ≥30 and above, aged between 18-65 years, who applied to the Obesity outpatient clinic and psychiatry outpatient clinic of "---" in 2022 in our study sample. Sociodemographic and Clinical Information Form, Yale Food Addiction Scale(YFAS), Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Brief Form (DERS-16), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and Beck's Depression Inventory(BDI) were applied to the patients. It was determined that 45 of 88 patients included in our study had food addiction according to the YFAS score, and 43 did not have a food addiction. There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of age and education level. Mean scale scores for BAI, DERS-16, and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale were found to be significantly higher in the food addiction group than in the other group. The subscales of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale were evaluated separately, it was observed that the sub-scale scores of "motor impulsivity" and "attention impulsivity" were significantly higher in the food addiction group compared to the other group. Food addiction is seen at a higher rate in people with a lower average age and higher education level. Anxiety, impulsivity, and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation correlate with food addiction.

References

  • Pelchat ML. Food addiction in humans. J Nutr. 2009;139(3):620-622.
  • Avena NM, Gold MS. Food and addiction- sugars, fats and hedonic overeating. Addiction. 2011;106(7):1214-1220.
  • Tuomisto T, Hetherington MM, Morris MF, Tuomisto MT, Turjanmaa V, Lappalainen R. Psychological and physiological characteristics of sweet food "addiction". Int J Eat Disord. 1999;25(2):169-175.
  • Gearhardt AN, Yokum S, Orr PT, Stice E, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Neural correlates of food addiction. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(8):808-816.
  • Hoebel BG, Avena NM, Bocarsly ME, Rada P. Natural addiction: a behavioral and circuit model based on sugar addiction in rats. J Addict Med. 2009;3(1):33-41.
  • Carrard I, Crépin C, Ceschi G, Golay A, Van der Linden M. Relations between pure dietary and dietary-negative affect subtypes and impulsivity and reinforcement sensitivity in binge eating individuals. Eat Behav. 2012;13(1):13-19.
  • Velázquez-Sánchez C, Ferragud A, Moore CF, Everitt BJ, Sabino V, Cottone P. High trait impulsivity predicts food addiction-like behavior in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014;39(10):2463-2472.
  • Frayn M, Knäuper B. Emotional eating and weight in adults: a review. Current Psychology. 2018; 37:924-933.
  • Hussenoeder FS, Conrad I, Engel C, et al. Analyzing the link between anxiety and eating behavior as a potential pathway to eating-related health outcomes. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):14717.
  • da Silva Júnior AE, de Lima Macena M, de Oliveira ADS, et al. Prevalence of food addiction and its association with anxiety, depression, and adherence to social distancing measures in Brazilian university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide study. Eat Weight Disord. 2022;27(6):2027-2035.
  • Aldao A, Nolen-Hoeksema S. Specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: a transdiagnostic examination. Behav Res Ther. 2010;48(10):974-983.
  • Sim L, Zeman J. Emotion awareness and identification skills in adolescent girls with bulimia nervosa. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2004;33(4):760-771.
  • Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Appetite. 2009;52(2):430-436.
  • Bayraktar F, Erkman FK. Adaptation study of Yale food addiction scale. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Blteni. 2012;22(1):38.
  • Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988;56(6):893-897.
  • Ulusoy M, Şahin N, Erkman H. Turkish version of The Beck Anxiety Inventory: psychometric properties. J Cogn Psychother: Int Quaterly. 1998; 12:28‐35.
  • Bjureberg J, Ljótsson B, Tull MT, et al. Development and Validation of a Brief Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: The DERS-16. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2016;38(2):284-296.
  • Yiğit İ, Guzey Yiğit M. Psychometric Properties of Turkish Version of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Brief Form (DERS-16). Curr Psychol. 2019;38(6):1503-1511.
  • Patton JH, Stanford MS, Barratt ES. Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. J Clin Psychol. 1995;51(6):768-774.
  • Güleç H, Tamam L, Güleç MY, et al. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Barratt impulsiveness scale-11. Klin Psikofarmakol Bul. 2008;18(4):251-258.
  • Beck AT, Steer RA. Internal consistencies of the original and revised Beck Depression Inventory. J Clin Psychol. 1984;40(6):1365-1367.
  • Hisli N. Beck Depresyon Envanterinin Üniversite Öğrencileri İçin Geçerliği, Güvenirliği. Psikol Derg. 1989;7(23):3-13.
  • Flint AJ, Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD, Field AE, Rimm EB. Food-addiction scale measurement in 2 cohorts of middle-aged and older women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(3):578-586.
  • Najem J, Saber M, Aoun C, El Osta N, Papazian T, Rabbaa Khabbaz L. Prevalence of food addiction and association with stress, sleep quality and chronotype: A cross-sectional survey among university students. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(2):533-539.
  • Devaux M, Sassi F, Church J, Cecchini M, Borgonovi F. Exploring the relationship between education and obesity. OECD J Econ Stud. 2011(1):1-40.
  • Berenson AB, Laz TH, Pohlmeier AM, Rahman M, Cunningham KA. Prevalence of Food Addiction Among Low-Income Reproductive-Aged Women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2015;24(9):740-744.
  • Tserne TA, Borisenkov MF, Popov SV, et al. Food addiction and weight in students with high academic performance. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24(18):6027-6033.
  • Tekin A, Yetkin A, Gürsoy Ç. Genç erişkinlerde yeme bağımlılığı ile dürtüsellik arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Online Türk Sağlık Bilim Derg. 2018;3(4):171-178.
  • Meule A, de Zwaan M, Müller A. Attentional and motor impulsivity interactively predict 'food addiction' in obese individuals. Compr Psychiatry. 2017; 72:83-87.
  • Burrows T, Kay-Lambkin F, Pursey K, Skinner J, Dayas C. Food addiction and associations with mental health symptoms: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2018;31(4):544-572.
  • Şanlier N, Türközü D, Toka O. Body Image, Food Addiction, Depression, and Body Mass Index in University Students. Ecol Food Nutr. 2016;55(6):491-507.
  • O'Brien KS, Latner JD, Puhl RM, et al. The relationship between weight stigma and eating behavior is explained by weight bias internalization and psychological distress. Appetite. 2016; 102:70-76.
  • Hussenoeder FS, Pabst A, Conrad I, et al. Anxiety and Food Addiction in Men and Women: Results From the Longitudinal LIFE-Adult-Study. Front Psychiatry. 2022; 13:914358.
  • Smith GT, Simmons JR, Flory K, Annus AM, Hill KK. Thinness and eating expectancies predict subsequent binge-eating and purging behavior among adolescent girls. J Abnorm Psychol. 2007;116(1):188-197.
  • Pivarunas B, Conner BT. Impulsivity and emotion dysregulation as predictors of food addiction. Eat Behav. 2015; 19:9-14.
  • Bayram Topal, C. The Relatıonshıp Between Emotıon Regulatıon Dıffıculty And Eatıng Addıctıon In Unıversıty Students (Master's Thesis, Halic University Institute Of Social Sciences).2019 Innamorati, M., Imperatori, C., Harnic, D., Erbuto, D., Patitucci, E., Janiri, L., …Fabbricatore, M. (2015). Emotion Regulation and Mentalization in People at Risk for Food Addiction. Behavioral Medicine, 43(1), 21–30.
Year 2024, Volume: 41 Issue: 3, 583 - 589, 30.09.2024

Abstract

References

  • Pelchat ML. Food addiction in humans. J Nutr. 2009;139(3):620-622.
  • Avena NM, Gold MS. Food and addiction- sugars, fats and hedonic overeating. Addiction. 2011;106(7):1214-1220.
  • Tuomisto T, Hetherington MM, Morris MF, Tuomisto MT, Turjanmaa V, Lappalainen R. Psychological and physiological characteristics of sweet food "addiction". Int J Eat Disord. 1999;25(2):169-175.
  • Gearhardt AN, Yokum S, Orr PT, Stice E, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Neural correlates of food addiction. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(8):808-816.
  • Hoebel BG, Avena NM, Bocarsly ME, Rada P. Natural addiction: a behavioral and circuit model based on sugar addiction in rats. J Addict Med. 2009;3(1):33-41.
  • Carrard I, Crépin C, Ceschi G, Golay A, Van der Linden M. Relations between pure dietary and dietary-negative affect subtypes and impulsivity and reinforcement sensitivity in binge eating individuals. Eat Behav. 2012;13(1):13-19.
  • Velázquez-Sánchez C, Ferragud A, Moore CF, Everitt BJ, Sabino V, Cottone P. High trait impulsivity predicts food addiction-like behavior in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014;39(10):2463-2472.
  • Frayn M, Knäuper B. Emotional eating and weight in adults: a review. Current Psychology. 2018; 37:924-933.
  • Hussenoeder FS, Conrad I, Engel C, et al. Analyzing the link between anxiety and eating behavior as a potential pathway to eating-related health outcomes. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):14717.
  • da Silva Júnior AE, de Lima Macena M, de Oliveira ADS, et al. Prevalence of food addiction and its association with anxiety, depression, and adherence to social distancing measures in Brazilian university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide study. Eat Weight Disord. 2022;27(6):2027-2035.
  • Aldao A, Nolen-Hoeksema S. Specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: a transdiagnostic examination. Behav Res Ther. 2010;48(10):974-983.
  • Sim L, Zeman J. Emotion awareness and identification skills in adolescent girls with bulimia nervosa. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2004;33(4):760-771.
  • Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Appetite. 2009;52(2):430-436.
  • Bayraktar F, Erkman FK. Adaptation study of Yale food addiction scale. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Blteni. 2012;22(1):38.
  • Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988;56(6):893-897.
  • Ulusoy M, Şahin N, Erkman H. Turkish version of The Beck Anxiety Inventory: psychometric properties. J Cogn Psychother: Int Quaterly. 1998; 12:28‐35.
  • Bjureberg J, Ljótsson B, Tull MT, et al. Development and Validation of a Brief Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: The DERS-16. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2016;38(2):284-296.
  • Yiğit İ, Guzey Yiğit M. Psychometric Properties of Turkish Version of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Brief Form (DERS-16). Curr Psychol. 2019;38(6):1503-1511.
  • Patton JH, Stanford MS, Barratt ES. Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. J Clin Psychol. 1995;51(6):768-774.
  • Güleç H, Tamam L, Güleç MY, et al. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Barratt impulsiveness scale-11. Klin Psikofarmakol Bul. 2008;18(4):251-258.
  • Beck AT, Steer RA. Internal consistencies of the original and revised Beck Depression Inventory. J Clin Psychol. 1984;40(6):1365-1367.
  • Hisli N. Beck Depresyon Envanterinin Üniversite Öğrencileri İçin Geçerliği, Güvenirliği. Psikol Derg. 1989;7(23):3-13.
  • Flint AJ, Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD, Field AE, Rimm EB. Food-addiction scale measurement in 2 cohorts of middle-aged and older women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(3):578-586.
  • Najem J, Saber M, Aoun C, El Osta N, Papazian T, Rabbaa Khabbaz L. Prevalence of food addiction and association with stress, sleep quality and chronotype: A cross-sectional survey among university students. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(2):533-539.
  • Devaux M, Sassi F, Church J, Cecchini M, Borgonovi F. Exploring the relationship between education and obesity. OECD J Econ Stud. 2011(1):1-40.
  • Berenson AB, Laz TH, Pohlmeier AM, Rahman M, Cunningham KA. Prevalence of Food Addiction Among Low-Income Reproductive-Aged Women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2015;24(9):740-744.
  • Tserne TA, Borisenkov MF, Popov SV, et al. Food addiction and weight in students with high academic performance. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24(18):6027-6033.
  • Tekin A, Yetkin A, Gürsoy Ç. Genç erişkinlerde yeme bağımlılığı ile dürtüsellik arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Online Türk Sağlık Bilim Derg. 2018;3(4):171-178.
  • Meule A, de Zwaan M, Müller A. Attentional and motor impulsivity interactively predict 'food addiction' in obese individuals. Compr Psychiatry. 2017; 72:83-87.
  • Burrows T, Kay-Lambkin F, Pursey K, Skinner J, Dayas C. Food addiction and associations with mental health symptoms: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2018;31(4):544-572.
  • Şanlier N, Türközü D, Toka O. Body Image, Food Addiction, Depression, and Body Mass Index in University Students. Ecol Food Nutr. 2016;55(6):491-507.
  • O'Brien KS, Latner JD, Puhl RM, et al. The relationship between weight stigma and eating behavior is explained by weight bias internalization and psychological distress. Appetite. 2016; 102:70-76.
  • Hussenoeder FS, Pabst A, Conrad I, et al. Anxiety and Food Addiction in Men and Women: Results From the Longitudinal LIFE-Adult-Study. Front Psychiatry. 2022; 13:914358.
  • Smith GT, Simmons JR, Flory K, Annus AM, Hill KK. Thinness and eating expectancies predict subsequent binge-eating and purging behavior among adolescent girls. J Abnorm Psychol. 2007;116(1):188-197.
  • Pivarunas B, Conner BT. Impulsivity and emotion dysregulation as predictors of food addiction. Eat Behav. 2015; 19:9-14.
  • Bayram Topal, C. The Relatıonshıp Between Emotıon Regulatıon Dıffıculty And Eatıng Addıctıon In Unıversıty Students (Master's Thesis, Halic University Institute Of Social Sciences).2019 Innamorati, M., Imperatori, C., Harnic, D., Erbuto, D., Patitucci, E., Janiri, L., …Fabbricatore, M. (2015). Emotion Regulation and Mentalization in People at Risk for Food Addiction. Behavioral Medicine, 43(1), 21–30.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychiatry
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Feride Uysal 0000-0003-2562-2597

Elif Küçük 0000-0002-7567-5323

Özgür Özkalaycı 0000-0002-0486-5306

Nihal Taştekin 0000-0001-7737-552X

Kübra Tetik Albayrak 0009-0008-3686-2485

Merih Altıntaş 0000-0001-7045-3046

Müjgan Tuna 0000-0001-8603-9333

Publication Date September 30, 2024
Submission Date November 2, 2023
Acceptance Date July 3, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 41 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Uysal, F., Küçük, E., Özkalaycı, Ö., Taştekin, N., et al. (2024). The relationship between food addiction in obesity and anxiety, impulsivity, depression, and emotion regulation difficulty. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 41(3), 583-589.
AMA Uysal F, Küçük E, Özkalaycı Ö, Taştekin N, Tetik Albayrak K, Altıntaş M, Tuna M. The relationship between food addiction in obesity and anxiety, impulsivity, depression, and emotion regulation difficulty. J. Exp. Clin. Med. September 2024;41(3):583-589.
Chicago Uysal, Feride, Elif Küçük, Özgür Özkalaycı, Nihal Taştekin, Kübra Tetik Albayrak, Merih Altıntaş, and Müjgan Tuna. “The Relationship Between Food Addiction in Obesity and Anxiety, Impulsivity, Depression, and Emotion Regulation Difficulty”. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 41, no. 3 (September 2024): 583-89.
EndNote Uysal F, Küçük E, Özkalaycı Ö, Taştekin N, Tetik Albayrak K, Altıntaş M, Tuna M (September 1, 2024) The relationship between food addiction in obesity and anxiety, impulsivity, depression, and emotion regulation difficulty. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 41 3 583–589.
IEEE F. Uysal, E. Küçük, Ö. Özkalaycı, N. Taştekin, K. Tetik Albayrak, M. Altıntaş, and M. Tuna, “The relationship between food addiction in obesity and anxiety, impulsivity, depression, and emotion regulation difficulty”, J. Exp. Clin. Med., vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 583–589, 2024.
ISNAD Uysal, Feride et al. “The Relationship Between Food Addiction in Obesity and Anxiety, Impulsivity, Depression, and Emotion Regulation Difficulty”. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 41/3 (September 2024), 583-589.
JAMA Uysal F, Küçük E, Özkalaycı Ö, Taştekin N, Tetik Albayrak K, Altıntaş M, Tuna M. The relationship between food addiction in obesity and anxiety, impulsivity, depression, and emotion regulation difficulty. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2024;41:583–589.
MLA Uysal, Feride et al. “The Relationship Between Food Addiction in Obesity and Anxiety, Impulsivity, Depression, and Emotion Regulation Difficulty”. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, vol. 41, no. 3, 2024, pp. 583-9.
Vancouver Uysal F, Küçük E, Özkalaycı Ö, Taştekin N, Tetik Albayrak K, Altıntaş M, Tuna M. The relationship between food addiction in obesity and anxiety, impulsivity, depression, and emotion regulation difficulty. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2024;41(3):583-9.