ADOLESAN BASKETBOLCULARDA BİYOLOJİK OLGUNLAŞMA DÜZEYİ VE ANTROPOMETRİK, FİZYOLOJİK ÖZELLİKLERDE YAŞA BAĞLI FARKLILIKLAR

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı çocukluk ve adolesan dönemdeki 12-14 yaş arası basketbolcu gençlerin yaşa bağlı antropometrik, fizyolojik, biyolojik olgunlaşma karakteristiğini incelemek ve olası farkları belirlemektir. Araştırma iyi antrene olmuş 48 katılımcıyla gerçekleştirildi (U13, n=15; U14, n=15; U15, n=18). Katılımcıların antropometrik parametreleri (boy uzunluğu, vücut ağırlığı, deri kıvrım kalınlığı, vücut çevre ve ekstremite uzunlukları) ölçüldü ve 20 m sprint süresi, dikey sıçrama, durarak uzun atlama değerleri ve otur-eriş test sonuçları kaydedildi. Zirve boy hızı yaşı hesaplanarak biyolojik olgunlaşma düzeyleri tespit edildi. Fizyolojik, antropometrik ön ve son-test verileri, biyolojik olgunlaşma düzeyi gruplar arası yaşa bağlı olarak istatiksel bakımdan farklıydı (U15>U14>U13; p<0,05). Performans düzeyleri daha iyi olan sporcuların diğerlerinden daha uzun, daha fazla vücut ağırlığına sahip olduklarının yanı sıra kulaç, bacak ve kol uzunluklarının da daha fazla olduğu gözlemlendi. Antropometrik, fizyolojik parametrelerde grup içi ön ve son test verileri arasında ise istatistiki anlamlı fark tespit edildi (p<0,05); biyolojik olgunlaşma durumu ise homojendi (p>0,05). Esneklik dışında tüm değişkenler biyolojik olgunlaşma düzeyi ile korelasyona sahipti ve bu ilişki 20 m sprint hariç (ön test r=-0,36; son test r=-0,31) pozitifti (r=0,29-0,64). Daha yüksek biyolojik olgunlaşma düzeyine sahip olanların antropometrik verileri ve fizyolojik test sonuçları daha iyiydi. Sonuç olarak, genç basketbolcularda antropometrik ve fizyolojik farkların düzenli antrenmanın yanı sıra biyolojik olgunlaşma düzeyiyle ilişkili olabileceği; puberte dönemde kronolojik yaş ve biyolojik olgunlaşma düzeyine bağlı fiziksel ve fizyolojik parametrelerin basketbolda başarı için önemli olduğu söylenebilir. 

Keywords

• basketbol,biyolojik olgunlaşma,büyüme,kronolojik yaş

MATURITY OFFSET IN ADOLESCENT BASKETBALL PLAYERS AND AGE-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN ANTHROPOMETRIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate anthropometric, physiological and maturational characteristics in adolescent basketball players aged between 12-14, and to determine possible differences connected with their age. The research was conducted on well-trained 48 participants (U13, n=15; U14, n=15; U15, n=18). Anthropometric parameters of the participants (height, body weight, skin fold thickness, body circumference and extremity lengths) were measured and 20 m sprint, vertical jump, standing long jump values and sit and reach test results were recorded. Biological maturation offset was estimated using age at peak height velocity. Physiological, anthropometric pre- and post-test data, and the maturation offset were statistically different between groups in terms of age (U15>U14>U13; p<0.05). It was observed that athletes with better performance levels were taller and heavier with greater arm span and leg and arm length than others. There were statistically significant differences in the pre- and post-test outputs within groups in anthropometric and physiological parameters (p<0.05). Maturation offset values were homogeneous (p>0.05). All variables, except flexibility, were correlated with the maturation offset and this relationship was positive (r=0.29-0.64) except for 20 m sprint time (pre-test r=-0.36; post-test r=-0.31). Anthropometric values and physiological test results were better for those with higher levels of maturation offset. In conclusion, it can be said that anthropometric and physiological differences in young basketball players may be related to maturation as well as regular training and also around puberty, physical and physiological parameters associated with maturation offset and chronologic age are important for success in basketball.

Keywords

• basketball,chronological age,growth,maturation

References

1. 1. Trninic S, Dizdar D. System of the performance evaluation criteria weighted per positions in the basketball game. Coll Antropol. 2000; 24 (1): 217-34.
2. 2. Carvalho HM, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Goncalves CE, Philippaerts RM, Castagna C, Malina RM. Age-related variation of anaerobic power after controlling for size and maturation in adolescent basketball players. Ann Hum Biol. 2011; 38 (6): 721-7.
3. 3. Açıkada C, Ergen E, Bilim ve Spor, Ankara: Büro-tek ofset Matbaacılık, 1990.
4. 4. Ekblom B. Effect of physical training in adolescent boys. J Appl Physiol. 1969; 27 (3): 350-5.
5. 5. Parizkova J, Spynarova S. Longitudinal study of the changes in body composition, body build and aerobic capacity in boys of different physical activity from 11 to 15 years. Ergebnisse der Ergometrie. Perimed, Erlangen. 1975.
6. 6. Rowland TW. Aerobic response to endurance training in prepubescent children: a critical analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1985; 17 (5): 493-7.
7. 7. Đorđević A, Jakovljević S, Pajić Z, Nikolić A. Speed-strength abilities and morphological characteristics of basketball players aged 10 and 11. Fizička kultura. 2016; 70 (1): 46-54.
8. 8. Bompa TO, Total Training for Young Champions, USA: Human Kinetics, 2000.

9. 9. Borsboom G, Van Pelt W, Quanjer PH. Interindividual variation in pubertal growth patterns of ventilatory function, standing height, and weight. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1996; 153 (3): 1182-86.
10. 10. Coelho MES, Moreira HC, Gonçalves C, Figueiredo A, Elferink-Gemser M, Philippaerts R, et al. Growth, maturation, functional capacities and sport-specific skills in 12-13 year-old-basketball players. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness. 2010; 50 (2): 174-81.
11. 11. Malina RM, Bouchard C, Bar-Or O, Growth, maturation, and physical activity: Human kinetics, 2004.
12. 12. Sickles R, Lombardo J. The adolescent basketball player. Clinics in sports medicine. 1993; 12 (2): 207-19. 13. Armstrong N, Welsman J. Peak oxygen uptake in relation to growth and maturation in 11-to 17–year-old humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001; 85 (6): 546-51.
13. 14. Malina RM, Eisenmann JC, Cumming SP, Ribeiro B, Aroso J. Maturity-associated variation in the growth and functional capacities of youth football (soccer) players 13–15 years. European journal of applied physiology. 2004; 91 (5-6): 555-62.
14. 15. Carter J, Ackland T, Kerr D, Stapff A. Somatotype and size of elite female basketball players. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2005; 23 (10): 1057-63.
15. 16. Carter JL, Carter JL, Heath BH, Somatotyping: development and applications: Cambridge university press, 1990.
16. 17. Claessens A, Veer F, Stijnen V, Lefevre J, Maes H, Steens G, et al. Anthropometric characteristics of outstanding male and female gymnasts. Journal of Sports Sciences. 1991; 9 (1): 53-74.
17. 18. Hoare DG. Predicting success in junior elite basketball players-the contribution of anthropometic and physiological attributes. J Sci Med Sport. 2000; 3 (4): 391-405.
18. 19. Slaughter MH, Lohman TG, Boileau R, Horswill C, Stillman R, Van Loan M, et al. Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Human biology. 1988: 709-23.
19. 20. Freedman DS, Horlick M, Berenson GS. A comparison of the Slaughter skinfold-thickness equations and BMI in predicting body fatness and cardiovascular disease risk factor levels in children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013; 98 (6): 1417-24.
20. 21. Slaughter MH, Lohman TG, Boileau RA, Horswill CA, Stillman RJ, Van Loan MD, et al. Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Hum Biol. 1988; 60 (5): 709-23.
21. 22. Rocha M. Peso ósseo do brasileiro de ambos os sexos de 17 a 25 años [Bone weigth of the brazilian of both sexes between the ages of 17 and 25]. Arquivos de anatomía e antropología. 1975; 1: 445-51.
22. 23. Mendez-Villanueva A, Buchheit M, Kuitunen S, Douglas A, Peltola E, Bourdon P. Age-related differences in acceleration, maximum running speed, and repeated-sprint performance in young soccer players. Journal of sports sciences. 2011; 29 (5): 477-84.
23. 24. Mirwald RL, Baxter-Jones AD, Bailey DA, Beunen GP. An assessment of maturity from anthropometric measurements. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002; 34 (4): 689-94.
24. 25. Ackland TR, Elliott B, Bloomfield J, Applied anatomy and biomechanics in sport: Human Kinetics, 2009.
25. 26. Sayers SP, Harackiewicz DV, Harman EA, Frykman PN, Rosenstein MT. Cross-validation of three jump power equations. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1999; 31 (4): 572-77.
26. 27. Altmann S, Hoffmann M, Kurz G, Neumann R, Woll A, Haertel S. Different starting distances affect 5-m sprint times. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2015; 29 (8): 2361-6.
27. 28. Abdelkrim NB, Castagna C, El Fazaa S, El Ati J. The effect of players' standard and tactical strategy on game demands in men's basketball. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2010; 24 (10): 2652-62.
28. 29. Cormery B, Marcil M, Bouvard M. Rule change incidence on physiological characteristics of elite basketball players: a 10-year-period investigation. British journal of sports medicine. 2008; 42 (1): 25-30.
29. 30. Karalejic M, Jakovljevic S, Macura M. Anthropometric characteristics and technical skills of 12 and 14 year old basketball players. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness. 2011; 51 (1): 103-10.
30. 31. Latin RW, Berg K, Baechle T. Physical and performance characteristics of NCAA division I male basketball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 1994; 8 (4): 214-18.
31. 32. Torres-Unda J, Zarrazquin I, Gil J, Ruiz F, Irazusta A, Kortajarena M, et al. Anthropometric, physiological and maturational characteristics in selected elite and non-elite male adolescent basketball players. Journal of sports sciences. 2013; 31 (2): 196-203.
32. 33. Bailey DA, Malina RM, Mirwald RL. Physical activity and growth of the child, Postnatal Growth Neurobiology: Springer; 1986. p 147-70.
33. 34. Weineck J, Optimales training: Leistungsphysiologische trainingslehre unter besonderer berücksichtigung des kinder-und jugendtrainings: Spitta Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2004.
34. 35. Cumming SP, Lloyd RS, Oliver JL, Eisenmann JC, Malina RM. Bio-banding in sport: applications to competition, talent identification, and strength and conditioning of youth athletes. Strength & Conditioning Journal. 2017; 39 (2): 34-47.
35. 36. Carvalho HM, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Eisenmann JC, Malina RM. Aerobic fitness, maturation, and training experience in youth basketball. International journal of sports physiology and performance. 2013; 8 (4): 428-34.
36. 37. Myburgh GK, Cumming SP, Silva MCE, Cooke K, Malina RM. Maturity-associated variation in functional characteristics of elite youth tennis players. Pediatric exercise science. 2016; 28 (4): 542-52.
37. 38. Shephard RJ. Biology and medicine of soccer: an update. Journal of Sports Sciences. 1999; 17 (10): 757-86.
38. 39. Beunen G, Malina R, Growth and Biological Maturation: Relevance to Athletic Performance, Bar-Or O (ed) child and adolescent athlete ed, Blackwell, Oxford1996.
39. 40. Gil S, Ruiz F, Irazusta A, Gil J, Irazusta J. Selection of young soccer players in terms of anthropometric and physiological factors. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2007; 47 (1): 25.
40. 41. Delorme N, Raspaud M. The relative age effect in young French basketball players: a study on the whole population. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2009; 19 (2): 235-42.
41. 42. Delorme N, Chalabaev A, Raspaud M. Relative age is associated with sport dropout: evidence from youth categories of French basketball. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2011; 21 (1): 120-28.
42. 43. Grondin S, Deshaies P, Nault L-P. Trimestre de naissance et participation au hockey et au volleyball. 1984.
43. 44. Till K, Cobley S, Wattie N, O'hara J, Cooke C, Chapman C. The prevalence, influential factors and mechanisms of relative age effects in UK Rugby League. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2010; 20 (2): 320-29.
44. 45. Veale JP, Pearce AJ, Buttifant D, Carlson JS. Anthropometric profiling of elite junior and senior Australian football players. International journal of sports physiology and performance. 2010; 5 (4): 509-20.
45. 46. Söğüt M. Sporda biyo-gruplama. Spor Hekimliği Dergisi. 2019; 54: 1-5.