Research Article
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Examining The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Physical Fitness Level and Menopausal Symptoms

Year 2025, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 347 - 357, 20.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.1708130

Abstract

Although the impact of physical activity and fitness levels on mitigating menopausal symptoms that affect quality of life has been a growing area of interest, existing research remains limited. This study examined the effects of physical activity and fitness levels on menopausal symptoms in women undergoing the menopausal transition. The study involved 57 women in the perimenopausal and early postmenopausal stages with an average age of 50.79 ± 4.81 years. Physical activity levels were assessed by measuring daily step counts with a pedometer, while physical fitness levels were indirectly evaluated using the Astrand test to estimate maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂ max). Body composition was measured using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method and menopausal symptoms were evaluated with the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). Data were analysed using Pearson's correlation and chi-square tests. The results revealed no statistically significant correlations between MRS scores and physical activity level (r = 0.010), VO₂ max (r = 0.164), body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.187) or body fat percentage (r = 0.245) (p > 0.05). However, a significant association was observed between the number of childbirths and the severity of menopausal symptoms (χ² = 8.115, p < 0.01). These findings suggest that, although physical activity and fitness may not directly affect the severity of menopausal symptoms, personal characteristics such as parity may be more significant determinants.

Ethical Statement

Ethical approval for the research was obtained from the Dokuz Eylül University Ethics Committee on May 26, 2011, with decision number 2011/17-24.

References

  • Abdulnour, J., Doucet, É., Brochu, M., Lavoie, J. M., Strychar, I., Rabasa-Lhoret, R., ... et al. (2016). Influence of cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity levels on cardiometabolic risk factors during menopause transition: A MONET study. Preventive Medicine Reports, 4, 277–282.
  • Almeida, O. P., Khan, K. M., Hankey, G. J., Yeap, B. B., Golledge, J., & Flicker, L. (2014). 150 minutes of vigorous physical activity per week predicts survival and successful ageing: A population-based 11-year longitudinal study of 12,201 older Australian men. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(3), 220–225.
  • American College of Sports Medicine (Ed.). (2013). ACSM's health-related physical fitness assessment manual. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Bachmann, G. (2015). Exercise: Not a panacea. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 122(5), 576.
  • Canário, A. C., Cabral, P. U., Spyrides, M. H., Giraldo, P. C., & Gonçalves, A. K. (2012). The impact of physical activity on menopausal symptoms in middle-aged women. International Journal of Gynaecology & Obstetrics, 118(1), 34–36.
  • Cheng, M. H., Wang, S. J., Wang, P. H., & Fuh, J. L. (2009). Menopause and physical performance: A community-based cross-sectional study. Menopause, 16(5), 892–896.
  • Çoban, A., Akın, B., & Demirci, H. (2008). Klimakterik dönemdeki evli kadınların eş uyumları ve menopoza ilişkin tutumlarının menopozal yakınmalar üzerine etkisi. Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(6), 343–349.
  • Daley, A. J., Stokes-Lampard, H., Thomas, A., MacArthur, C., Rees, M., Coleman, S., ... & Roalfe, A. (2015). The effectiveness of exercise as treatment for vasomotor menopausal symptoms: Randomised controlled trial. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 122, 565–575.
  • Den Tonkelaar, I., Seidell, J. C., & Van Noord, P. A. H. (1996). Obesity and fat distribution in relation to hot flashes in Dutch women from the DOM-project. Maturitas, 23(3), 301–305.
  • Elavsky, S., & McAuley, E. (2009). Personality, menopausal symptoms, and physical activity outcomes in middle-aged women. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(2), 123–128.
  • Elavsky, S., Burda, M., Cipryan, L., Kutáč, P., Bužga, M., Jandačková, V., ... et al.. (2024). Physical activity and menopausal symptoms: evaluating the contribution of obesity, fitness, and ambient air pollution status. Menopause, 31(4), 310-319.
  • Elavsky, S., Molenaar, P. C., Gold, C. H., Williams, N. I., & Aronson, K. R. (2012). Daily physical activity and menopausal hot flashes: applying a novel within-person approach to demonstrate individual differences. Maturitas, 71(3), 287–293.
  • Ertüngealp, E., & Seyisoğlu, H. (1996). Temel Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Bilgisi Ankara: Güneş Kitabevi. Gast, G. C. M., Samsioe, G. N., Grobbee, D. E., Nilsson, P. M., & van der Schouw, Y. T. (2010). Vasomotor symptoms, estradiol levels and cardiovascular risk profile in women. Maturitas, 66(3), 285-290.
  • Gibson, C. J. (2014). Daily physical activity and hot flashes in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) Flashes Study. Fertility and Sterility, 101(4), 1110–1116.
  • Group, P. M. I. S. (2005). Factors associated with climacteric symptoms in women around menopause attending menopause clinics in Italy. Maturitas, 52(3–4), 181–189.
  • Heinemann, K., Ruebig, A., Potthoff, P., Schneider, H. P. G., Strelow, F., Heinemann, L. A. J., … et al. (2004). The Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) scale: A methodological review. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 2, 1–8.
  • Jensky-Squires, N. E., Dieli-Conwright, C. M., Rossuello, A., Erceg, D. N., McCauley, S., & Schroeder, E. T. (2008). Validity and reliability of body composition analysers in children and adults. British Journal of Nutrition, 100(4), 859-865.
  • Kim, M. J., Yim, G., & Nahm, S. (2014). Association between physical activity and menopausal symptoms in perimenopausal women. BMC Women's Health, 14, 122.
  • Kumari, M., Stafford, M., & Marmot, M. (2005). The menopausal transition was associated in a prospective study with decreased health functioning in women who report menopausal symptoms. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 58(7), 719-727.
  • Li, S., Holm, K., Gulanick, M., Lanuza, D., & Penckofer, S. (1999). The relationship between physical activity and perimenopause. Health Care for Women International, 20(2), 163–178.
  • Lindh-Åstrand, L., Nedstrand, E., Wyon, Y., & Hammar, M. (2004). Vasomotor symptoms and quality of life in previously sedentary postmenopausal women randomised to physical activity or estrogen therapy. Maturitas, 48(2), 97–105.
  • Lubans, D. R., Morgan, P. J., & Tudor-Locke, C. (2009). A systematic review of studies using pedometers to promote physical activity among youth. Preventive Medicine, 48(4), 307-315.
  • Moratalla-Cecilia, N., Coll-Risco, I., Camiletti-Moirón, D., Álvarez-Gallardo, I. C., & Aparicio, V. A. (2016). Association of physical fitness with health-related quality of life in early postmenopause. Quality of Life Research, 25, 2675–2681.
  • Nedstrand, E., Wijma, K., Wyon, Y., & Hammar, M. (2005). Applied relaxation and oral estradiol treatment of vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women. Maturitas, 51(2), 154–162.
  • Organization, W. H. (1996). Research on the menopause in the 1990s: Report of a WHO scientific group. World Health Organization.
  • Öc, G. (2005). Menopoz semptomları değerlendirme ölçeğinin Türkçe formunun güvenirlik ve geçerliliği. Hemşirelik Forumu Dergisi, 3, 30–35.
  • Romani, W. A., Gallicchio, L., & Flaws, J. A. (2009). The association between physical activity and hot flash severity, frequency, and duration in mid‐life women. American Journal of Human Biology: The Official Journal of the Human Biology Association, 21(1), 127-129.
  • Şahin, N. H., Kharbouch, S. B., & Şahin, N. H. (2007). Menopozal dönemlerdeki yaşam kalitesinin belirlenmesi. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(59), 82-90.
  • Tan, M. N. (2012). Vücut kütle indeksi ve fiziksel aktivitenin, menopozal semptomlar üzerine etkisi [Yüksek lisans tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi].
  • Tortumluoğlu, G. (2011). Asyalı ve Türk kadınlarında menopoz. Journal of Human Sciences, 8(1).
  • Waidyasekera, H., Wijewardena, K., Lindmark, G., & Naessen, T. (2009). Menopausal symptoms and quality of life during the menopausal transition in Sri Lankan women. Menopause, 16(1), 164-170.
  • Woods, N. F., & Mitchell, E. S. (2011). Symptom interference with work and relationships during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study. Menopause, 18(6), 654-661.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Hassa, H. (1996). Klinikte menopoz. Eskişehir: Gestet Basımevi.

Fiziksel Aktivite ve Fiziksel Uygunluk Düzeyleriyle Menopoz Belirtileri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 347 - 357, 20.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.1708130

Abstract

Menopoz dönemindeki kadınların yaşam kalitesini etkileyen semptomların azaltılmasında fiziksel aktivite ve fiziksel uygunluk düzeylerinin etkisi üzerine araştırmalar sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, menopoz dönemindeki kadınlarda fiziksel aktivite ve fiziksel uygunluk düzeylerinin menopozal semptomlar üzerindeki etkisini ölçmek ve değerlendirmektir. Araştırma, perimenopozal ve erken postmenopozal dönemde olan 57 kadın üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 50,79±4,81 yıldır. Fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri günlük adım sayıları (pedometre) ile belirlenmiş, fiziksel uygunluk düzeyleri ise Astrand testiyle belirlenen maksimum oksijen tüketim kapasiteleri (VO₂maks) ile dolaylı yoldan değerlendirilmiştir. Vücut kompozisyonu biyoelektrik empedans (BE) yöntemiyle ölçülmüş, menopozal semptomlar ise Menopozal Semptomları Değerlendirme Ölçeği (MRS) kullanılarak puanlanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Pearson korelasyon ve ki-kare testi uygulanmıştır. Çalışmamızda fiziksel aktivite düzeyi (r=0.010), VO₂maks (r=0.164), beden kütle indeksi (r=0.187) ve yağ oranı (r=0.245) ile Menopozal Semptomları Değerlendirme Ölçeği puanları arasında anlamlı bir ilişkiye rastlanmamıştır (p>0.05). Bununla birlikte, doğum sayısının menopozal semptomların şiddeti ile anlamlı ilişkili (χ²=8.115) olduğu tespit edilmiştir (p<0.01). Bu çalışmanın bulguları, menopoz dönemindeki kadınlarda fiziksel aktivite ve fiziksel uygunluk düzeylerinin menopozal semptomların şiddeti üzerinde doğrudan etkili olmadığını; buna karşın doğum sayısı gibi bireysel özelliklerin semptomların belirleyicisi olabileceğini açıkça ortaya koymuştur.

Ethical Statement

Araştırma için Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu’ndan 26.05.2011 tarihli ve 2011/17-24 karar sayısı ile etik kurul izni alınmıştır.

References

  • Abdulnour, J., Doucet, É., Brochu, M., Lavoie, J. M., Strychar, I., Rabasa-Lhoret, R., ... et al. (2016). Influence of cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity levels on cardiometabolic risk factors during menopause transition: A MONET study. Preventive Medicine Reports, 4, 277–282.
  • Almeida, O. P., Khan, K. M., Hankey, G. J., Yeap, B. B., Golledge, J., & Flicker, L. (2014). 150 minutes of vigorous physical activity per week predicts survival and successful ageing: A population-based 11-year longitudinal study of 12,201 older Australian men. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(3), 220–225.
  • American College of Sports Medicine (Ed.). (2013). ACSM's health-related physical fitness assessment manual. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Bachmann, G. (2015). Exercise: Not a panacea. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 122(5), 576.
  • Canário, A. C., Cabral, P. U., Spyrides, M. H., Giraldo, P. C., & Gonçalves, A. K. (2012). The impact of physical activity on menopausal symptoms in middle-aged women. International Journal of Gynaecology & Obstetrics, 118(1), 34–36.
  • Cheng, M. H., Wang, S. J., Wang, P. H., & Fuh, J. L. (2009). Menopause and physical performance: A community-based cross-sectional study. Menopause, 16(5), 892–896.
  • Çoban, A., Akın, B., & Demirci, H. (2008). Klimakterik dönemdeki evli kadınların eş uyumları ve menopoza ilişkin tutumlarının menopozal yakınmalar üzerine etkisi. Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(6), 343–349.
  • Daley, A. J., Stokes-Lampard, H., Thomas, A., MacArthur, C., Rees, M., Coleman, S., ... & Roalfe, A. (2015). The effectiveness of exercise as treatment for vasomotor menopausal symptoms: Randomised controlled trial. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 122, 565–575.
  • Den Tonkelaar, I., Seidell, J. C., & Van Noord, P. A. H. (1996). Obesity and fat distribution in relation to hot flashes in Dutch women from the DOM-project. Maturitas, 23(3), 301–305.
  • Elavsky, S., & McAuley, E. (2009). Personality, menopausal symptoms, and physical activity outcomes in middle-aged women. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(2), 123–128.
  • Elavsky, S., Burda, M., Cipryan, L., Kutáč, P., Bužga, M., Jandačková, V., ... et al.. (2024). Physical activity and menopausal symptoms: evaluating the contribution of obesity, fitness, and ambient air pollution status. Menopause, 31(4), 310-319.
  • Elavsky, S., Molenaar, P. C., Gold, C. H., Williams, N. I., & Aronson, K. R. (2012). Daily physical activity and menopausal hot flashes: applying a novel within-person approach to demonstrate individual differences. Maturitas, 71(3), 287–293.
  • Ertüngealp, E., & Seyisoğlu, H. (1996). Temel Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Bilgisi Ankara: Güneş Kitabevi. Gast, G. C. M., Samsioe, G. N., Grobbee, D. E., Nilsson, P. M., & van der Schouw, Y. T. (2010). Vasomotor symptoms, estradiol levels and cardiovascular risk profile in women. Maturitas, 66(3), 285-290.
  • Gibson, C. J. (2014). Daily physical activity and hot flashes in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) Flashes Study. Fertility and Sterility, 101(4), 1110–1116.
  • Group, P. M. I. S. (2005). Factors associated with climacteric symptoms in women around menopause attending menopause clinics in Italy. Maturitas, 52(3–4), 181–189.
  • Heinemann, K., Ruebig, A., Potthoff, P., Schneider, H. P. G., Strelow, F., Heinemann, L. A. J., … et al. (2004). The Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) scale: A methodological review. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 2, 1–8.
  • Jensky-Squires, N. E., Dieli-Conwright, C. M., Rossuello, A., Erceg, D. N., McCauley, S., & Schroeder, E. T. (2008). Validity and reliability of body composition analysers in children and adults. British Journal of Nutrition, 100(4), 859-865.
  • Kim, M. J., Yim, G., & Nahm, S. (2014). Association between physical activity and menopausal symptoms in perimenopausal women. BMC Women's Health, 14, 122.
  • Kumari, M., Stafford, M., & Marmot, M. (2005). The menopausal transition was associated in a prospective study with decreased health functioning in women who report menopausal symptoms. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 58(7), 719-727.
  • Li, S., Holm, K., Gulanick, M., Lanuza, D., & Penckofer, S. (1999). The relationship between physical activity and perimenopause. Health Care for Women International, 20(2), 163–178.
  • Lindh-Åstrand, L., Nedstrand, E., Wyon, Y., & Hammar, M. (2004). Vasomotor symptoms and quality of life in previously sedentary postmenopausal women randomised to physical activity or estrogen therapy. Maturitas, 48(2), 97–105.
  • Lubans, D. R., Morgan, P. J., & Tudor-Locke, C. (2009). A systematic review of studies using pedometers to promote physical activity among youth. Preventive Medicine, 48(4), 307-315.
  • Moratalla-Cecilia, N., Coll-Risco, I., Camiletti-Moirón, D., Álvarez-Gallardo, I. C., & Aparicio, V. A. (2016). Association of physical fitness with health-related quality of life in early postmenopause. Quality of Life Research, 25, 2675–2681.
  • Nedstrand, E., Wijma, K., Wyon, Y., & Hammar, M. (2005). Applied relaxation and oral estradiol treatment of vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women. Maturitas, 51(2), 154–162.
  • Organization, W. H. (1996). Research on the menopause in the 1990s: Report of a WHO scientific group. World Health Organization.
  • Öc, G. (2005). Menopoz semptomları değerlendirme ölçeğinin Türkçe formunun güvenirlik ve geçerliliği. Hemşirelik Forumu Dergisi, 3, 30–35.
  • Romani, W. A., Gallicchio, L., & Flaws, J. A. (2009). The association between physical activity and hot flash severity, frequency, and duration in mid‐life women. American Journal of Human Biology: The Official Journal of the Human Biology Association, 21(1), 127-129.
  • Şahin, N. H., Kharbouch, S. B., & Şahin, N. H. (2007). Menopozal dönemlerdeki yaşam kalitesinin belirlenmesi. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(59), 82-90.
  • Tan, M. N. (2012). Vücut kütle indeksi ve fiziksel aktivitenin, menopozal semptomlar üzerine etkisi [Yüksek lisans tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi].
  • Tortumluoğlu, G. (2011). Asyalı ve Türk kadınlarında menopoz. Journal of Human Sciences, 8(1).
  • Waidyasekera, H., Wijewardena, K., Lindmark, G., & Naessen, T. (2009). Menopausal symptoms and quality of life during the menopausal transition in Sri Lankan women. Menopause, 16(1), 164-170.
  • Woods, N. F., & Mitchell, E. S. (2011). Symptom interference with work and relationships during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study. Menopause, 18(6), 654-661.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Hassa, H. (1996). Klinikte menopoz. Eskişehir: Gestet Basımevi.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Exercise Physiology, Physical Activity and Health, Physical Fitness
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Derya Acar Bozkurt 0000-0003-2068-5193

Mert Tunar 0000-0002-8972-2258

Caner Çetinkaya 0000-0002-5642-6794

Osman Açıkgöz 0000-0003-1444-5847

Early Pub Date August 20, 2025
Publication Date August 20, 2025
Submission Date May 28, 2025
Acceptance Date July 26, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 16 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Acar Bozkurt, D., Tunar, M., Çetinkaya, C., Açıkgöz, O. (2025). Fiziksel Aktivite ve Fiziksel Uygunluk Düzeyleriyle Menopoz Belirtileri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Spor Ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16(2), 347-357. https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.1708130