Comparison of National Cultural Models Used in Management Studies

Year 2022, , 115 - 136, 01.01.2022

Onur Dirlik

https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.1017014

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the cultural models put forward by Hofstede, Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars, and Schwartz, which are prominent among the national culture model theories, and to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these models. The examination of the models and the criticisms were made by comparing three different cultural models. In this way, it is desired to create a theoretical thinking area for the studies carried out to understand the national differences and similarities, which have gained importance in recent years, especially in management studies. In the study, models were compared in terms of levels of analysis, empirical/theoretical background, analysis techniques, and potential to explain the change. As a result of the examination, an agenda was created for the readers in which areas the models needed improvement and contribution.

Keywords

Hofstede cultural model, Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars cultural model, Schwartz cultural model, national culture models, cross-cultural management

Yönetim Çalışmalarında Kullanılan Ulusal Kültür Modellerinin Karşılaştırılması

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı ulusal kültür modeli teorileri arasında ön plana çıkan Hofstede, Hampden-Turner ve Trompenaars ve Schwartz tarafından ortaya koyulan kültür modellerini derinlemesine incelemek ve bu modellerin üstün ve zayıf yanlarını tartışmaktır. Modellerin ve yöneltilen eleştirilerin incelenmesi, üç farklı kültür modelinin karşılaştırmaları yapılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu sayede, özellikle yönetim çalışmalarında son yıllarda önem kazanan ulusal farklılıkların ve benzerliklerin anlaşılmasına yönelik olarak yapılan çalışmalara kuramsal bir düşünme alanı yaratılmak istenmektedir. Çalışmada modeller analiz düzeyleri, amprik/teorik destek, analiz teknikleri ve değişimi açıklama potansiyeli boyutları üzerinden karşılaştırılmıştır. Yapılan inceleme sonucunda okuyuculara modellerin hangi alanlarda gelişime ve katkıya ihtiyaç duyduğuna yönelik olarak bir ajanda oluşturulmuştur.

Keywords

Hofstede kültür modeli, Hampden-Turner ve Trompenaars kültür modeli, Schwartz kültür modeli, ulusal kültür modelleri, farklı kültürlerde yönetim

References

• Basabe, N., & Ros, M. (2005). Cultural dimensions and social behavior correlates: Individualism-Collectivism and Power Distance. International Review of Social Psychology, 18(1), 189-225.
• Chanchani, S., & Theivananthampillai, P. (2009). Typologies of culture. Available at SSRN 1441609.
• Gooderham, P. N., & Nordhaug, O. (2003). International management: cross-boundary challenges. Blackwell.
• Gouveia, V. V., & Ros, M. (2000). Hofstede and Schwartz s models for classifying individualism at the cultural level: their relation to macro-social and macro-economic variables. Psicothema, 12(Su1), 25-33.
• Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture and organizations. International studies of management & organization, 10(4), 15-41.
• Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Sage publications.
• Hoft, N. (1999). Global issues, local concerns. Technical communication, 46(2), 145.
• Jacob, N. (2005). Cross‐cultural investigations: emerging concepts. Journal of Organizational Change Management.
• Kagitcibasi, C. (1997). Individualism and collectivism. Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, 3, 1-49.
• Kagitcibasi, C., & Berry, J. W. (1989). Cross-cultural psychology: Current research and trends. Annual review of psychology, 40(1), 493-531.
• Magnusson, P., Wilson, R. T., Zdravkovic, S., Zhou, J. X., & Westjohn, S. A. (2008). Breaking through the cultural clutter: A comparative assessment of multiple cultural and institutional frameworks. International Marketing Review.
• Nardon, L., & Steers, R. M. (2009). The culture theory jungle: Divergence and convergence in models of national culture. Cambridge handbook of culture, organizations, and work, 3-22.
• Ng, S. I., Lee, J. A., & Soutar, G. N. (2007). Tourists’ intention to visit a country: The impact of cultural distance. Tourism management, 28(6), 1497-1506.
• Schein, E. H. (1985). Defining organizational culture. Classics of organization theory, 3(1), 490-502.
• Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Beyond individualism/collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values.
• Schwartz, S. H. (2012). An overview of the Schwartz theory of basic values. Online readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 2307-0919.
• SIĞRI, Ü., Tabak, A., & Ercan, Ü. (2009). Kültürel değerlerin yönetsel kapsamda analizi: Türk bankacılık sektörü uygulaması. Organizasyon ve yönetim bilimleri dergisi, 1(2), 1-14.
• Trompenaars, F. (1996). Resolving international conflict: Culture and business strategy. Business strategy review, 7(3), 51-68.
• Trompenaars, F., & Hampden-Turner, C. (1995). The seven cultures of capitalism: Value systems for creating wealth in Britain, the United States, Germany, France, Japan, Sweden and the Netherlands. London: Judy Piatkus Publishers Ltd.