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E7 Ülkelerinde Karbondioksit Emisyonu ile Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkisinin İncelenmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 309 - 324, 01.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.1392450

Abstract

Çevre kalitesinin sağlanması kapsamında yenilenebilir enerji tüketimine daha fazla önem verilmeye başlanmıştır. Özellikle gelişmiş ülkeler, karbon emisyonlarını azaltmak için bu konuda ekonomik ve politik yatırımlarına öncelik vermektedirler. Bu çalışmanın amacı gelişme hızının yüksek olduğu 7 ülke için karbondioksit emisyonları (CO2) ile yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi (REN) ve iktisadi büyüme (GDP) arasındaki etkileşimi incelemektir. Bu amaçla çalışmada panel veri yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Kullanılan yıllık veriler Türkiye, Rusya, Meksika Hindistan, Endonezya, Çin ve Brezilya için 1992-2021 dönemini kapsamaktadır. Öncelikle değişkenlerin yatay kesit bağımlılığı varlığını tespit etmek için Pesaran (2004) testiyle sınamaları yapılmıştır. Yatay kesit bağımlılığının varlığı tespit edilmesiyle CADF ikinci nesil birim kök testi ve Westerlund ikinci nesil panel eşbütünleşme testi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, ele alınan değişkenlerin E7 ülkelerinde uzun dönemde birlikte hareket etmediklerini görülmüştür. Bu sonuçlara ek olarak Dumitrescu-Hurlin nedensellik analizi ile yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminden karbondioksit emisyonuna doğru tek yönlü bir ilişkinin varlığı ortaya koyulmuştur.

References

  • Acaravcı, A. ve Erdoğan, S. (2018). Yenilenebilir enerji, çevre ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: seçilmiş ülkeler için ampirik bir analiz. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 13 (1) , 53-64. DOI:10.17153/oguiibf.359419. Erişim tarihi: 22.09.2023
  • Akay, E. Ç., Abdieva, R. & Oskonbaeva, Z. (2015). Yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi, iktisadi büyüme ve karbondioksit emisyonu arasındaki nedensel ilişki: Orta Doğu ve Kuzey Afrika ülkeleri örneği. International Conference On Eurasian Economies. 628-636.
  • Aydoğan, B. & Vardar, G. (2020). Evaluating the role of renewable energy, economic growth and agriculture on co2 emission in E7 countries. International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 39(4), 335-348. DOI:10.1080/14786451.2019.1686380 Erişim tarihi: 24.09.2023
  • Banday, U. J., & Aneja, R. (2020). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth and carbon emission in BRICS: evidence from bootstrap panel causality. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 14(1), 248-260.
  • Bekun, F. V., Adedoyin, F. F., Etokakpan, M. U., & Gyamfi, B. A. (2022). Exploring the tourism-CO2 emissions-real income nexus in E7 countries: accounting for the role of institutional quality. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 14(1), 1-19.
  • Bilan, Y., Streimikiene, D., Vasylieva, T., Lyulyov, O., Pimonenko, T., & Pavlyk, A. (2019). Linking between renewable energy, CO2 emissions, and economic growth: challenges for candidates and potential candidates for the eu membership. Sustainability, 11(6), 1528.
  • Chen, Y., Wang, Z., & Zhong, Z. (2019). CO2 emissions, economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energy production and foreign trade in China. Renewable Energy, 131, 208-216.
  • Cheng, B. 1995. “An investigation of cointegration and causality between energy consumption and economic growth”. Energy Dev, 21, p.73–84.
  • Çoban, O. ve Şahbaz Kılınç, N. (2015). Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi Karbon ve Emisyonu İlişkisi: TR Örneği. Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(38), 195-208.
  • De Souza Mendonça, A. K., Barni, G. D. A. C., Moro, M. F., Bornia, A. C., Kupek, E., & Fernandes, L. (2020). Hierarchical modeling of the 50 largest economies to verify the impact of GDP, population and renewable energy generation in CO2 emissions. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 22, 58-67.
  • Deka, A., Ozdeser, H. & Seraj, M. (2023). The effect of GDP, renewable energy and total energy supply on carbon emissions in the EU-27: new evidence from panel GMM. Environmental Science Pollution Research, 30, 28206-28216 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24188-x
  • Du, L., Jiang, H., Adebayo, T. S., Awosusi, Ab. A. & Razzaq, A. (2022). Asymmetric effects of high-tech industry and renewable energy on consumption-based carbon emissions in MINT countries. Renewable Energy, 196, 1269-1280.
  • Farhani, S. & Rejeb, J. B. (2012). Energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions: evidence from panel data for MENA Region. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2 (2) , 71-81. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijeeep/issue/31900/350669. Erişim tarihi:24.09.2023.
  • Farhani, S. & Shahbaz, M. (2014). What role of renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption and output is needed to initially mitigate CO2 emissions in MENA region?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, 40(C) 80-90.
  • Fatai K, Oxley L, Scrimgeour, F. 2002. “Energy consumption and employment in New Zealand: searching for causality”. Paper presented at NZAE conference, Wellington.
  • Gyamfi, B. A., Bein, M. A., & Bekun, F. V. (2020). Investigating the nexus between hydroelectricity energy, renewable energy, nonrenewable energy consumption on output: evidence from E7 countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 25327-25339.
  • Jeon, H. (2022). CO2 emissions, renewable energy and economic growth in the US. The Electricity Journal, 35(7), 107170.
  • Jobert, T. ve Karanfil, F. 2007. “Sectoral energy consumption by source and economic growth in Turkey”. Energy Policy, 35, p.5447–5456.
  • Hao, Y., & Chen, P. (2023). Do renewable energy consumption and green innovation help to curb CO2 emissions? Evidence from E7 countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(8), 21115-21131.
  • Hoyos, R. E. D., ve Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for cross-sectional dependence in panel data models. The Stata Journal, 6(4), 482-496.
  • Hussain, M., Mir, G. M., Usman, M., Ye, C., & Mansoor, S. (2022). Analysing the role of environment-related technologies and carbon emissions in emerging economies: a step towards sustainable development. Environmental Technology, 43(3), 367-375.
  • Hye, Q. M. A., Ul-Haq, J., Visas, H., & Rehan, R. (2023). The role of eco-innovation, renewable energy consumption, economic risks, globalization, and economic growth in achieving sustainable environment in emerging market economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(40), 92469-92481.
  • Karaaslan, A., & Çamkaya, S. (2022). The relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, health expenditure, and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption: Empirical evidence from Turkey. Renewable Energy, 190, 457-466.
  • Karimi Alavijeh, N., Ahmadi Shadmehri, M., Nazeer, N., Zangoei, S. & Dehdar, F. (2023). The role of renewable energy consumption on environmental degradation in EU countries: do institutional quality, technological innovation, and GDP matter?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 44607–44624 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25428-4
  • Kirikkaleli, D., Awosusi, A.A. & Adebayo, T.S. (2023). Enhancing environmental quality in Portugal: can CO2 intensity of GDP and renewable energy consumption be the solution?. Environmental Science Pollution Research, 30, 53796–53806 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26191-2.
  • Kraft, J. & Kraft, A., (1978). On the relationship between energy and GNP. J Energy Dev, 3, 401–403.
  • Li, B., & Haneklaus, N. (2022). Reducing CO2 emissions in G7 countries: The role of clean energy consumption, trade openness and urbanization. Energy Reports, 8, 704-713.
  • Mehmood, U., Tariq, S., Haq, Z.u. et al. (2023). Evaluating the role of renewable energy and technology innovations in lowering CO2 emission: a wavelet coherence approach. Environ Sci Pollut Researsch, 30, 44914–44927 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25379-w.
  • Menegaki, Angeliki N., (2011). Growth and renewable energy in Europe: A random effect model with evidence for neutrality hypothesis. Energy Economics, Elsevier, 33(2), 257-263.
  • Mukhtarov S, Aliyev F, Aliyev J, Ajayi R. (2023). Renewable Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions: Evidence from an Oil-Rich Economy. Sustainability. 15(1):134. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010134.
  • Nudrat, S., Amin, A. & Jalil, S. (2023). International Trade and Consumption-Based CO2 Emission: A Cross Country Analysis. Journal of Business and Management Research, 2(2), 681–705. Retrieved from https://jbmr.com.pk/index.php/Journal/article/view/62
  • Öztürk, E. (2018). Elektrik tüketimi ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi: üst orta gelir grubu ülkeler panel veri analizi. Uluslararası İşletme, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Perspektifleri Dergisi. 2, 1, 1-10.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Working Paper.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrıcs, 22, 265–312.
  • Pesaran, M. H. & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142, 50–93.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias-adjusted lm test of error cross-section independence. Econometrics Journal, 11, 105-127.
  • Salahodjaev, R., Sharipov, K., Rakhmanov, N. et al. Tourism, renewable energy and CO2 emissions: evidence from Europe and Central Asia. Environ Dev Sustain, 24, 13282–13293 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01993-x
  • Sancar Özkök, C. ve Atay Polat M (2018). CO2 emisyonu- enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi: G7 ülkeleri üzerine ekonometrik bir analiz. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 21, 33 - 46. 10.18092/ulikidince.263545.
  • Vasylieva, T., Lyulyov, O., Bilan, Y., & Streimikiene, D. (2019). Sustainable economic development and greenhouse gas emissions: The dynamic Impact of renewable energy consumption, GDP, and corruption. Energies, 12(17), 3289.
  • Westerlund J. & Edgerton D.L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economics Letters, Volume 97 (3), 185-190.
  • Yu, Y., Radulescu, M., Ifelunini, A. I., Ogwu, S. O., Onwe, J. C., & Jahanger, A. (2022). Achieving carbon neutrality pledge through clean energy transition: Linking the role of green innovation and environmental policy in E7 countries. Energies, 15(17), 6456.
  • https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/22/files/GCP_CarbonBudget_2022.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 13.11.2023).

Examining the Relationship between Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in E7 Countries

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 309 - 324, 01.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.1392450

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the interaction between renewable energy consumption (REN), economic growth (GDP) and carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) for 7 countries with high development rates. For this purpose, panel data approach was used in the study. The annual data used covers the period 1992-2021 for Brazil, China, Indonesia, India, Mexico, Russia and Turkey. First of all, the variables were tested with the Pesaran (2004) test to determine the existence of cross-sectional dependence. By detecting the presence of cross-sectional dependence, CADF second generation unit root test and Westerlund second generation panel cointegration test were used. The findings showed that the variables considered did not move together in the long term in the E7 countries. He then examined the causal relationship between the variables. Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality analysis revealed the existence of a one-way relationship only from renewable energy consumption to carbon dioxide emissions.

References

  • Acaravcı, A. ve Erdoğan, S. (2018). Yenilenebilir enerji, çevre ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: seçilmiş ülkeler için ampirik bir analiz. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 13 (1) , 53-64. DOI:10.17153/oguiibf.359419. Erişim tarihi: 22.09.2023
  • Akay, E. Ç., Abdieva, R. & Oskonbaeva, Z. (2015). Yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi, iktisadi büyüme ve karbondioksit emisyonu arasındaki nedensel ilişki: Orta Doğu ve Kuzey Afrika ülkeleri örneği. International Conference On Eurasian Economies. 628-636.
  • Aydoğan, B. & Vardar, G. (2020). Evaluating the role of renewable energy, economic growth and agriculture on co2 emission in E7 countries. International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 39(4), 335-348. DOI:10.1080/14786451.2019.1686380 Erişim tarihi: 24.09.2023
  • Banday, U. J., & Aneja, R. (2020). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth and carbon emission in BRICS: evidence from bootstrap panel causality. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 14(1), 248-260.
  • Bekun, F. V., Adedoyin, F. F., Etokakpan, M. U., & Gyamfi, B. A. (2022). Exploring the tourism-CO2 emissions-real income nexus in E7 countries: accounting for the role of institutional quality. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 14(1), 1-19.
  • Bilan, Y., Streimikiene, D., Vasylieva, T., Lyulyov, O., Pimonenko, T., & Pavlyk, A. (2019). Linking between renewable energy, CO2 emissions, and economic growth: challenges for candidates and potential candidates for the eu membership. Sustainability, 11(6), 1528.
  • Chen, Y., Wang, Z., & Zhong, Z. (2019). CO2 emissions, economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energy production and foreign trade in China. Renewable Energy, 131, 208-216.
  • Cheng, B. 1995. “An investigation of cointegration and causality between energy consumption and economic growth”. Energy Dev, 21, p.73–84.
  • Çoban, O. ve Şahbaz Kılınç, N. (2015). Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi Karbon ve Emisyonu İlişkisi: TR Örneği. Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(38), 195-208.
  • De Souza Mendonça, A. K., Barni, G. D. A. C., Moro, M. F., Bornia, A. C., Kupek, E., & Fernandes, L. (2020). Hierarchical modeling of the 50 largest economies to verify the impact of GDP, population and renewable energy generation in CO2 emissions. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 22, 58-67.
  • Deka, A., Ozdeser, H. & Seraj, M. (2023). The effect of GDP, renewable energy and total energy supply on carbon emissions in the EU-27: new evidence from panel GMM. Environmental Science Pollution Research, 30, 28206-28216 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24188-x
  • Du, L., Jiang, H., Adebayo, T. S., Awosusi, Ab. A. & Razzaq, A. (2022). Asymmetric effects of high-tech industry and renewable energy on consumption-based carbon emissions in MINT countries. Renewable Energy, 196, 1269-1280.
  • Farhani, S. & Rejeb, J. B. (2012). Energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions: evidence from panel data for MENA Region. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2 (2) , 71-81. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijeeep/issue/31900/350669. Erişim tarihi:24.09.2023.
  • Farhani, S. & Shahbaz, M. (2014). What role of renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption and output is needed to initially mitigate CO2 emissions in MENA region?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, 40(C) 80-90.
  • Fatai K, Oxley L, Scrimgeour, F. 2002. “Energy consumption and employment in New Zealand: searching for causality”. Paper presented at NZAE conference, Wellington.
  • Gyamfi, B. A., Bein, M. A., & Bekun, F. V. (2020). Investigating the nexus between hydroelectricity energy, renewable energy, nonrenewable energy consumption on output: evidence from E7 countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 25327-25339.
  • Jeon, H. (2022). CO2 emissions, renewable energy and economic growth in the US. The Electricity Journal, 35(7), 107170.
  • Jobert, T. ve Karanfil, F. 2007. “Sectoral energy consumption by source and economic growth in Turkey”. Energy Policy, 35, p.5447–5456.
  • Hao, Y., & Chen, P. (2023). Do renewable energy consumption and green innovation help to curb CO2 emissions? Evidence from E7 countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(8), 21115-21131.
  • Hoyos, R. E. D., ve Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for cross-sectional dependence in panel data models. The Stata Journal, 6(4), 482-496.
  • Hussain, M., Mir, G. M., Usman, M., Ye, C., & Mansoor, S. (2022). Analysing the role of environment-related technologies and carbon emissions in emerging economies: a step towards sustainable development. Environmental Technology, 43(3), 367-375.
  • Hye, Q. M. A., Ul-Haq, J., Visas, H., & Rehan, R. (2023). The role of eco-innovation, renewable energy consumption, economic risks, globalization, and economic growth in achieving sustainable environment in emerging market economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(40), 92469-92481.
  • Karaaslan, A., & Çamkaya, S. (2022). The relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, health expenditure, and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption: Empirical evidence from Turkey. Renewable Energy, 190, 457-466.
  • Karimi Alavijeh, N., Ahmadi Shadmehri, M., Nazeer, N., Zangoei, S. & Dehdar, F. (2023). The role of renewable energy consumption on environmental degradation in EU countries: do institutional quality, technological innovation, and GDP matter?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 44607–44624 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25428-4
  • Kirikkaleli, D., Awosusi, A.A. & Adebayo, T.S. (2023). Enhancing environmental quality in Portugal: can CO2 intensity of GDP and renewable energy consumption be the solution?. Environmental Science Pollution Research, 30, 53796–53806 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26191-2.
  • Kraft, J. & Kraft, A., (1978). On the relationship between energy and GNP. J Energy Dev, 3, 401–403.
  • Li, B., & Haneklaus, N. (2022). Reducing CO2 emissions in G7 countries: The role of clean energy consumption, trade openness and urbanization. Energy Reports, 8, 704-713.
  • Mehmood, U., Tariq, S., Haq, Z.u. et al. (2023). Evaluating the role of renewable energy and technology innovations in lowering CO2 emission: a wavelet coherence approach. Environ Sci Pollut Researsch, 30, 44914–44927 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25379-w.
  • Menegaki, Angeliki N., (2011). Growth and renewable energy in Europe: A random effect model with evidence for neutrality hypothesis. Energy Economics, Elsevier, 33(2), 257-263.
  • Mukhtarov S, Aliyev F, Aliyev J, Ajayi R. (2023). Renewable Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions: Evidence from an Oil-Rich Economy. Sustainability. 15(1):134. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010134.
  • Nudrat, S., Amin, A. & Jalil, S. (2023). International Trade and Consumption-Based CO2 Emission: A Cross Country Analysis. Journal of Business and Management Research, 2(2), 681–705. Retrieved from https://jbmr.com.pk/index.php/Journal/article/view/62
  • Öztürk, E. (2018). Elektrik tüketimi ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi: üst orta gelir grubu ülkeler panel veri analizi. Uluslararası İşletme, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Perspektifleri Dergisi. 2, 1, 1-10.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Working Paper.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrıcs, 22, 265–312.
  • Pesaran, M. H. & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142, 50–93.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias-adjusted lm test of error cross-section independence. Econometrics Journal, 11, 105-127.
  • Salahodjaev, R., Sharipov, K., Rakhmanov, N. et al. Tourism, renewable energy and CO2 emissions: evidence from Europe and Central Asia. Environ Dev Sustain, 24, 13282–13293 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01993-x
  • Sancar Özkök, C. ve Atay Polat M (2018). CO2 emisyonu- enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi: G7 ülkeleri üzerine ekonometrik bir analiz. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 21, 33 - 46. 10.18092/ulikidince.263545.
  • Vasylieva, T., Lyulyov, O., Bilan, Y., & Streimikiene, D. (2019). Sustainable economic development and greenhouse gas emissions: The dynamic Impact of renewable energy consumption, GDP, and corruption. Energies, 12(17), 3289.
  • Westerlund J. & Edgerton D.L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economics Letters, Volume 97 (3), 185-190.
  • Yu, Y., Radulescu, M., Ifelunini, A. I., Ogwu, S. O., Onwe, J. C., & Jahanger, A. (2022). Achieving carbon neutrality pledge through clean energy transition: Linking the role of green innovation and environmental policy in E7 countries. Energies, 15(17), 6456.
  • https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/22/files/GCP_CarbonBudget_2022.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 13.11.2023).
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Econometric and Statistical Methods, Panel Data Analysis
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Halime Arslan Gürdal 0000-0003-0166-643X

Publication Date July 1, 2024
Submission Date November 17, 2023
Acceptance Date March 5, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Arslan Gürdal, H. (2024). E7 Ülkelerinde Karbondioksit Emisyonu ile Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkisinin İncelenmesi. Optimum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 309-324. https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.1392450
AMA Arslan Gürdal H. E7 Ülkelerinde Karbondioksit Emisyonu ile Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkisinin İncelenmesi. OJEMS. July 2024;11(2):309-324. doi:10.17541/optimum.1392450
Chicago Arslan Gürdal, Halime. “E7 Ülkelerinde Karbondioksit Emisyonu Ile Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi Ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkisinin İncelenmesi”. Optimum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi 11, no. 2 (July 2024): 309-24. https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.1392450.
EndNote Arslan Gürdal H (July 1, 2024) E7 Ülkelerinde Karbondioksit Emisyonu ile Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkisinin İncelenmesi. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi 11 2 309–324.
IEEE H. Arslan Gürdal, “E7 Ülkelerinde Karbondioksit Emisyonu ile Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkisinin İncelenmesi”, OJEMS, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 309–324, 2024, doi: 10.17541/optimum.1392450.
ISNAD Arslan Gürdal, Halime. “E7 Ülkelerinde Karbondioksit Emisyonu Ile Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi Ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkisinin İncelenmesi”. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi 11/2 (July 2024), 309-324. https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.1392450.
JAMA Arslan Gürdal H. E7 Ülkelerinde Karbondioksit Emisyonu ile Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkisinin İncelenmesi. OJEMS. 2024;11:309–324.
MLA Arslan Gürdal, Halime. “E7 Ülkelerinde Karbondioksit Emisyonu Ile Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi Ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkisinin İncelenmesi”. Optimum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 11, no. 2, 2024, pp. 309-24, doi:10.17541/optimum.1392450.
Vancouver Arslan Gürdal H. E7 Ülkelerinde Karbondioksit Emisyonu ile Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkisinin İncelenmesi. OJEMS. 2024;11(2):309-24.

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