From Belongingness to Phubbing Behavior among Adults: The Serial Multiple Mediational Role of Leisure Boredom and Smartphone Use

Müge Akbağ; Fuat Aydoğdu; Banu Sayıner

doi:10.26466/opusjsr.1709529

TR EN

Yetişkinlerde Aidiyet Duygusundan Sosyotelizm Davranışına: Boş Zaman Can Sıkıntısı ve Akıllı Telefon Kullanımının Sıralı Çoklu Aracılık Rolü

Abstract

Akıllı telefonlar yaşamı kolaylaştırmalarına rağmen aşırı ve kontrolsüz kullanım sonucu olumsuz davranış kalıplarına neden olabilmektedir. Bu davranış kalıplarından biri de sosyotelizmdir. Sosyotelizmin öncüllerinin belirlenmesi önleyici müdahaleler açısından önem taşımaktadır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, yetişkinlerde genel aidiyet duygusunun sosyotelizm ile ilişkisinde boş zaman can sıkıntısı ve akıllı telefon kullanımının sıralı çoklu aracılık rolünü sınamaktır. İlişkisel tarama modelinde yürütülen araştırmanın örneklemi 18-60 yaş arası 305 yetişkinden oluşmaktadır. Veriler Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Genel Sosyotelizm Ölçeği, Genel Aidiyet Ölçeği ve Boş Zaman Can Sıkıntısı Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Önerilen sıralı çoklu aracılık modeli Hayes’in PROCESS Macro programı (model 6) aracılığıyla regresyon temelli bootstrapping tekniği ile sınanmıştır. Bulgular, boş zaman can sıkıntısı ve akıllı telefon kullanımının genel aidiyet duygusu ve sosyotelizm arasındaki ilişkide sıralı çoklu aracılık rolünün olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu bulgu, yetişkinlerde genel aidiyet duygusu azaldıkça boş zaman can sıkıntısının arttığını, bunun da akıllı telefon kullanımına daha fazla odaklanmaya yol açarak sosyotelizm davranışını artırdığını göstermektedir. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular ileride yapılacak araştırmalara katkısı ve sosyotelizmin azaltılmasına yönelik müdahalelere ilişkin doğurguları açısından değerlendirilerek araştırmacılara ve uygulamacılara yönelik bazı öneriler getirilmiştir.

Keywords

sosyotelizm, genel aidiyet duygusu, boş zaman can sıkıntısı, akıllı telefon kullanımı, yetişkinler

From Belongingness to Phubbing Behavior among Adults: The Serial Multiple Mediational Role of Leisure Boredom and Smartphone Use

Abstract

Although smartphones can make life easier, their excessive and uncontrolled use can lead to negative behavioural patterns. One such pattern is 'phubbing'. It is important to identify the antecedents of phubbing in order to develop effective preventive interventions. This study examined the serial multiple mediating effects of leisure boredom and smartphone use on the relationship between general belongingness and phubbing among adults. A correlational survey design was employed to collect data from 305 adults aged 18–60 years using the Personal Information Form, the General Phubbing Scale, the General Belongingness Scale, and the Leisure Boredom Scale. The proposed serial multiple mediation model was tested using a regression-based bootstrapping technique via Hayes' PROCESS Macro (model 6). The findings revealed that leisure boredom and smartphone use significantly mediated the link between general belongingness and phubbing. As general belongingness decreased, leisure boredom increased, which in turn, led to greater smartphone use and subsequently higher levels of phubbing behaviour in adult sample. Contributions to future research and implications for potential interventions to reduce phubbing were discussed, along with suggestions for researchers and practitioners.

Keywords

phubbing, general belongingness, leisure boredom, smartphone use, adults

References

Akbağ, M., & Sayıner, B. (2021). Dijital teknolojinin yansımaları: Ebeveyn teknoferansı ve sosyotelizmi. Humanistic Perspective, 3(3), 753-778. https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.996220
Akinci, H., & Durmuş, A. (2024). Does smartphone addiction impact happiness? exploring the mediating roles of belongingness and fear of missing out: a cross-sectional survey from Turkey. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2024.2447008
Al-Saggaf, Y. (2021). Phubbing, fear of missing out and boredom. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science, 6(2), 352-357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41347-020-00148-5 Al‐Saggaf, Y., & O'Donnell, S. B. (2019). Phubbing: Perceptions, reasons behind, predictors, and impacts. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1(2), 132-140. https://doi.org/10.-1002/hbe2.137
Al-Saggaf, Y., MacCulloch, R., & Wiener, K. (2019). Trait boredom is a predictor of phubbing frequency? Journal of Technology Behavioral Science, 4, 245-252. https://doi.org/10.1007/-s41347-018-0080-4
Alabri, A. (2022). Fear of missing out (FOMO): The effects of the need to belong, perceived centrality, and fear of social exclusion. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2022(1), 4824256.https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4824256
Allen, K., Kern, M. L., Vella-Brodrick, D., Hattie, J., & Waters, L. (2016). What schools need to know about fostering school belonging: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 30(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-016-9389-8
Alhazmi, A. A., Alzahrani, S. H., Baig, M., Salawati, E. M. , & Alkatheri, A. (2018). Prevalence and factors associated with smartphone addiction among medical students at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 34(4), 984-988. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.344. 15294.
Alt, D., & Boniel-Nissim, M. (2018). Parent–adolescent communication and problematic Internet use: The mediating role of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO). Journal of Family Issues, 39(13), 3391–3409. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0192513X18783493
An, J., Payne, L. L., Lee, M., & Janke, M. C. (2023). Understanding boredom and leisure in later life: A systematic review. Innovation in Aging, 7(8). 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1093-/geroni/igad109
Atalay, H. (2023). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyotelizm davranışı, sosyal medya bağımlılığı ile ilişki doyumu düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Unpublished Master's Thesis), Lokman Hekim University.

Aydoğdu, F. & Koçtürk, N. (2023). Ebeveyn sosyotelizminin ergenlerdeki olumsuz yansımaları: Sistematik bir derleme. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.4274/-tjcamh.galenos.2022.05925
Bakır, V., & Di̇lmaç, B. (2023). Examining the relationship between phubbing and mental health among university students: A mixed study. Research on Education and Psychology, 7(3), 602–621. https://doi.org/10.54535/rep. 1331114
Balta, S., Emirtekin, E., Kircaburun, K. et al. (2020). Neuroticism, trait fear of missing out, and phubbing: the mediating role of state fear of missing out and problematic ınstagram use. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 18, 628–639 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9959-8
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/ 0033-2909.117.3.497
Baumeister, R. F. (1990). Suicide as escape from self. Psychological Review, 97(1), 90–113. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.97.1.90
Biolcati, R., Mancini, G., & Trombini, E. (2018). Proneness to boredom and risk behaviors during adolescents' free time. Psychological Reports, 121(2), 303-323. https://doi.org/10.1177-/0033294117724447 .
Błachnio, A., & Przepiorka, A. (2019). “Be aware! If you start using facebook problematically you will feel lonely: Phubbing, loneliness, self-esteem, and facebook ıntrusion. A cross-sectional study. Social Science Computer Review, 37(2), 270–278.
Błachnio, A., Przepiorka, A., & Pantic, I. (2016). Internet addiction and phubbing: The mediating role of social skills. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 501–507.
Browne, V., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen., & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing Structural Equation Models (pp. 136-162). Sage.
Bulut, S. & Nazir, T. (2020). Phubbing phenomenon: A wild fire, which invades our social communication and life. Open Journal of Medical Psychology, 9(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojmp. 2020.91001
Butt, A. K., Arshad, T. (2021). The relationship between basic psychological needs and phubbing: Fear of missing out as the mediator. PsyCh Journal, 10(6), 916-925. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.483.
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2021). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: istatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum. Pegema Yayıncılık.
Caldwell, L. L., Darling, N., Payne, L. L., & Dowdy, B. (1999). “Why are you bored?”: An examination of psychological and social control causes of boredom among adolescents. Journal of Leisure Research, 31(2), 103-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1999.11949853
Chotpitayasunondh, V., & Douglas, K. M. (2016). How “phubbing” becomes the norm: The antecedents and consequences of snubbing via smartphone. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb. 2016. 05.018
Chotpitayasunondh, V., & Douglas, K. M. (2018a). Measuring phone snubbing behavior: Development and validation of the generic scale of phubbing (GSP) and the generic scale of being phubbed (GSBP). Computers in Human Behavior, 88, 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.chb.2018.06.020
Chotpitayasunondh, V., & Douglas, K. M. (2018b). The effects of “phubbing” on social interaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48(6), 304-316. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12506
Creswell, J. W. (2017). Nicel veri toplama (H. Ekşi, Ed.), Eğitim araştırmaları nicel ve nitel araştırmanın planlanması, yürütülmesi ve değerlendirilmesi (M. Kaya Başman, Çev.) içinde (s.187-227). Edam Yayıncılık.
Çizmeci, E. (2017). Disconnected, though satisfied: Phubbing behavior and relationship satisfaction. The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication, 7(2), 364-375. https://doi.org/10.7456/10702 100/018
Davey, S., Davey, A., & Lal, S. (2018). Smartphone addiction and its association with phubbing among young adults. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 16(4), 1018–1032.
David, M. E., & Roberts, J. A. (2021a). Investigating the impact of partner phubbing on romantic jealousy and relationship satisfaction: The moderating role of attachment anxiety. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(12), 3590–3609. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0265407 521996454
David, M. E., & Roberts, J. A. (2021b). Smartphone use during the COVID-19 pandemic: Social versus physical distancing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1034. https://doi.org/10.3390-/ijerph18031034
David, M. E., & Roberts, J. A. (2017). Phubbed and alone: Phone snubbing, perceived social exclusion, and attachment to social media. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 2(2), 155–163
Ding, H., & Si, S. (2024). Boredom proneness and phubbing: Fear of missing out as a mediator. Social Behavior and Personality: An international journal, 52(4), e13000. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.13000
Duarte, F. (2025, February). Time spent using smartphones (2025 statistics). Exploding Topics. https://explodingtopics.com/blog/smartphone-usage-stats
Duradoni, M., Raimondi, T., Buttà, F., & Guazzini, A. (2023). Moving beyond an addiction framework for phubbing: Unraveling the infuence of intrinsic motivation, boredom, and online vigilance. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1, e6653652. https://doi.org/10.1155-/2023/ 6653652
Duru, E. (2015). Genel aidiyet ölçeğinin psikometrik özellikleri: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(44), 37-47.
Eastwood, J. D., Frischen, A., Fenske, M. J., & Smilek, D. (2012). The unengaged mind: Defining boredom in terms of attention. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(5), 482–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456 91612456044
Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2017). Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad. 2016.08.030
Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2016). Fear of missing out, need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 509–516. https://doi.org/10.-1016/j.chb. 2016.05.079
Ergün, N., Göksu, İ., & Sakız, H. (2019). Effects of phubbing: Relationships with psychodemographic variables. Psychological Reports, 123(5), 1578–1613. https://doi.org/10.1177-/0033294119889581
Fancourt, D., Aughterson, H., Finn, S., Walker, E., & Steptoe, A. (2021). How leisure activities affect health: a narrative review and multi-level theoretical framework of mechanisms of action. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(4), 329-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30384-9
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149-1160. https://doi.org/10.-3758/BRM.41.4.1149
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power Software Version 3. https://www.psychologie.hhu.de/arbeitsgruppen/allge me ine-psychologie-und-arbeitspsychologie/gpower
Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (6th ed.). Sage.
Gao B., Liu Y., Shen Q., Fu C., Li W., Li X. (2023). Why cannot I stop phubbing? Boredom proneness and phubbing: A multiple mediation model. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16(1), 3727–3738. https://doi.org/10.-2147/PRBM.S423371
Geng, J., Lei, L., Ouyang, M., Nie, J., & Wang, P. (2021). The influence of perceived parental phubbing on adolescents’ problematic smartphone use: A two-wave multiple mediation model. Addictive behaviors, 121, 106995. https://doi.org/10.101 6/j.addbeh.2021.106995
Guazzini, A., Raimondi, T., Biagini, B., Bagnoli, F., & Duradoni, M. (2021). Phubber’s emotional activations: The association between panas and phubbing behavior. Future Internet, 13(12), 1-12. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/fi13120311
Gupta, N., Nagar, K. (2024). Why do individuals engage in phubbing? An empirical study integrating fear of missing out, boredom proneness, smartphone use. European Economic Letters (EEL), 14(1), 2008–2021. https://doi.org-/10.52783/eel.v14i1.1133
Gürbüz, B., Demirel, M., & Yalçın, C. (2023, May). Disconnected in the digital age: Understanding phubbing, perception of leisure boredom and fear of missing out. Paper presented at the International Recreation and Spor Management Congress, Antalya, Türkiye. Abstract retrived from https://rekcad.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/rekcad_4_book_abstract.pdf
Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. C. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Pearson Prentice.
Haslam, S. A., Powell, C., & Turner, J. (2000). Social identity, self‐categorization, and work motivation: rethinking the contribution of the group to positive and sustainable organisational outcomes. Applied Psychology, 49(3), 319-339. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00018
Hasanuddin, S., Koanda, N., & Saudi, A. N. A. (2024). Pengaruh Leisure Boredom terhadap Perilaku Phubbing pada Remaja Akhir di Kota Makassar. Jurnal Psikologi Karakter, 4(2), 601-609. https://doi.org/10.56326/jpk.v4i2.5451
Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (Vol. 3). The Guilford Press.
Heatherton, T. F., & Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Binge eating as escape from self-awareness. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 86-108. https://doi.org/10.1037/ 0033-2909.110.1.86
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 0705519909540118
Huang, H. (2014). Social media generation in urban China: A study of social media use and addiction among adolescents. Springer-Verlag Publishing/Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.-1007/978-3-642-45441-7
Iso-Ahola, S. E., & Baumeister, R. F. (2023). Leisure and meaning in life. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg. 2023.107 4649
Iso-Ahola, S. E., & Weissinger, E. (1990). Perceptions of boredom in leisure: Conceptualization, reliability and validity of the leisure boredom scale. Journal of Leisure Research, 22(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216. 1990.11969811
Iso-Ahola, S.E. (1980). The social psychology of leisure and recreation. W.C. Brown.
Ivanova, A., Gorbaniuk, O., Błachnio, A., Przepiórka, A., Mraka, N., Polishchuk, V., & Gorbaniuk, J. (2020). Mobile phone addiction, phubbing, and depression among men and women: A moderated mediation analysis. Psychiatric Quarterly, 91, 655-668. https://doi.org/10.-1007/s11126-020-09723-8
Jiang, Q., Li, Y., & Shypenka, V. (2018). Loneliness, individualism, and smartphone addiction among international students in China. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21(11), 711-718. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber. 2018.0115
Lepp, A., Yim, B., & Barkley, J. E. (2025). Smartphone hookup app use (eg tinder) and college student’s risky sexual behavior: A model including leisure boredom, sensation seeking, and the moderating role of gender. Computers in Human Behavior, 166 108581. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chb.2025.108581
Kang, H. (2021). Sample size determination and power analysis using the G*Power software. Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions, 18 (17), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2021.18.17
Kara , F. M., & Gürbüz, B. (2022). Perception of boredom in leisure: Relationship with ınternet addiction and perceived social competence. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(2), 200–216. https://doi.org/10.-33468/sbsebd.282
Kara, F. M., Gürbüz, B., Kiliç, S. K., & Öncü, E. (2018). An investigation of physical education pre-service teachers’ leisure boredom, life satisfaction and social connectedness. Journal of Computer and Education Research, 6(12), 342–357. https://doi.org/10.18009/jcer. 466740
Karadağ, E., Tosuntaş, Ş. B., Erzen, E., Duru, P., Bostan, N., Şahin, B. M., Çulha, İ., ve Babadağ, B. (2016). The virtual world’s current addiction: phubbing. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 3(2). 223-269. https://doi.org10.15805/ addicta. 2016.3. 0013
Karadağ, E., Tosuntaş, Ş. B., Erzen, E., Duru, P., Bostan, N., & Şahin, B. K. (2015). Determinants of phubbing, which is the modern type of social interaction: A structural equation model. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1(3), 208–216. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.20-15.005
Karaman, H. B., & Arslan, C. (2024). The mediating role of social media addiction and phubbing in basic psychological needs in relationships and relationship satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg. 2024.1291638
Karasar, N. (2000). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi: Kavramlar, ilkeler ve teknikler (10. basım). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
Kepios. (2025, February). Digital 2025: Global overview report. DataReportal. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2025-april-global-statshot
Khan, M. N., Shahzad, K., & Bartels, J. (2022). Examining boss phubbing and employee outcomes through the lens of affective events theory. Aslib Journal of Information Management, 74(5), 877-900. https://doi.org/10.1108-/AJIM-07-2021-0198
Kil, N., Kim, J., Park, J., & Lee, C. (2021). Leisure boredom, leisure challenge, smartphone use, and emotional distress among U.S. college students: Are they interrelated? Leisure Studies, 40(6), 779–792. https://doi.org/10.1080-/02614367.202 1.1931414
Kim, J., Park, S., Kim, M., Kim, Y., & Kim, J. (2021). A qualitative investigation of leisure engagement and health benefits among North Korean adolescent refugees. Journal of Adolescent Research, 39(3), 667–689. https://doi.org/10.-1177/07435584211 046260
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). The Guilford Press.
Kumar, N. (2025, April 7). Smartphone usage statistics 2025 (Worlwide data). Demandsage. https://www.demandsage.com/smartphone-usage-statistics/
Larsen, H., Wiers, R. W., Su, S., & Cousijn, J. (2023). Excessive smartphone use and addiction: When harms start outweighing benefits. Addiction, 118(4), 586-588. https://doi.org/10.-1111/add.16060
Lee, R. M. & Robbins, S. B. (2000). Understanding social con-nectedness in college women and men. Journal of Counseling and Development, 78, 484-491.
Lee, R. M., & Robbins, S. B. (1998). The relationship between social connectedness and anxiety, self-esteem, and social identity [Editorial]. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(3), 338–345. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.45.3.338
Mahar, A. L., Cobigo, V., & Stuart, H. (2013). Conceptualizing belonging. Disability and Rehabilitation, 35, 1026–1032. https://doi.org/10. 3109/09638288.2012. 717584
Malone, G. P., Pillow, D. R., & Osman, A. (2012). The general belongingness scale (GBS): Assessing achieved belongingness. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 311–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid. 2011.10.027
Marino, C., Canale, N., Melodia, F., Spada, M. M., & Vieno, A.(2021). The overlap between problematic smartphone use and problematic social media use: A systematic review. Current Addiction Reports, 8, 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-021-00398-0
Marshall, C. A., Davidson, L., Li, A., Gewurtz, R., Roy, L., Barbic, S., ... & Lysaght, R. (2019). Boredom and meaningful activity in adults experiencing homelessness: A mixed-methods study. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 86(5), 357-370. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008417419833402
Mir, R. Z. (2020). Phubbing behavior and romantic relationshıp: Mechanism of mental health among married couples. Foundation University Journal of Psychology, 4(1), 103–137. https://doi.org/10.33897/ fujp.v4i1.70
Nagarajappa, R., Naik, D., & Ramesh, G. (2020). Emerging consequences of phubbing among adults. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 14(4), 8132-8136. https://doi.org/-10.37506/ijfmt.v14i4. 12936 Nuñez, T. R., & Radtke, T. (2023). Is socially disruptive smartphone use detrimental to well-being? A systematic meta-analytic review on being phubbed. Behaviour & Information Technology, 43(7), 1283–1311. https://doi.org/10.-1080/0144929X.2023.2209213
Orhan-Göksün, D. (2019). Sosyotelist olma ve sosyotelizme maruz kalma ölçeklerinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(3), 657-671. https://doi.org/10.32709/ akusosbil.505642
Özteke Kozan, H. İ., Kavaklı, M., Ak, M., & Kesici, Ş. (2019). The associations among smartphone addiction, general belongingness and happiness: A structural equation modelling. Turkısh Journal Clınıcal Psychıatry, 22(4), 436-444. https://dx.doi.org/10.5505/kpd.2019.87587
Öztekin, G. G., & Yıldırım, M. (2025). The relationship between phubbing and social relationships among Turkish college students: mediating roles of self-control and empathy. Australian Psychologist, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050067.2025.2499625
Parmaksız, İ. (2021). Predictive effect of phubbing and life satisfaction on depression symptoms in adults. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 22(3), 236–247. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.888038
Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in human behavior, 29(4), 1841-1848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb. 2013.02.014
Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2020). The social media party: Fear of missing out (FoMO), social media intensity, connection, and well-being. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 36(4), 386-392. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2 019.1646517
Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2016). My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 134–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.058
Sayıner, B., & Akbağ, M. (2023). Sosyotelizm: Farklı bağlamlarda bir değerlendirme. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 10(21), 80-115. https://doi.org/-10.58884/ akademik-hassasiyetler.1224292
Serdar, E., Demirel, M., & Demirel, D. H. (2022). The relationship between leisure boredom, leisure satisfaction, and smartphone addiction: A study on university students. International Journal of Technology in Education, 5(1), 30–42. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijte.235
Sha, P., Sariyska, R., Riedl, R., Lachmann, B., & Montag, C. (2019). Linking internet communication and smartphone use disorder by taking a closer look at the Facebook and WhatsApp applications. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 9, 100148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018. 100148
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research, 8(2), 23–74.
Shen, X., & Xie, X. (2024). How parental phubbing decreases adolescent core self-evaluation through basic psychological need satisfaction: Evidence from longitudinal mediation analysis and longitudinal network analysis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 41(10), 3031-3060. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654 075241262536
Soper, D. S. (2025). A-priori sample size calculator for hierarchical multiple regression [software]. Available from https://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc
Soylu, Y., ve Siyez, D. M. (2014). Boş zaman can sıkıntısı ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 15(1), 85-95. https://doi.org/10. 12984/eed.63750
Stevens, J. P. (2009). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (5th ed.). Routledge.
Sun, J., & Wong, N. (2024). “I can’t believe I phubbed up our friendship!”: Examining relationships between loneliness, problematic smartphone use, friend phubbing, and life satisfaction. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2024 (1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/ 2024/5558587
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (7th ed.). Pearson.
Tam, K.Y.Y., & Inzlicht, M. (2024). People are increasingly bored in our digital age. Communications Psychology, 2, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.-1038/s44271-024-00155-9
T’ng, S. T., Ho, K.H., & Low, S. K. (2018). Are you “phubbing” me? The determinants of phubbing behavior and assessment of measurement ınvariance across sex differences. International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2), 159-190. https://doi.org/-10.17583/rimcis. 2018.3318
Toker, B. & Tuncay, N. (2020). Phubber-phubbee model: An analysis of phubbing behaviours. Journal of Educational and Instructional Studies in the World, 10(2), 19-27.
van Tilburg, W. A. P., & Igou, E. R. (2017). Can boredom help? Increased prosocial intentions in response to boredom. Self and Identity, 16(1), 82–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.-2016.1218925
van Tilburg, W. A. P., & Igou, E. R. (2012). On boredom: Lack of challenge and meaning as distinct boredom experiences. Motivation and Emotion, 36, 181–194. https://doi.org/10.1007-/s11031-011-9234-9
Verma, S., Kumar, R. & Yadav, S. K. (2019). The determinants of phubbing behaviour: A millenials perspective. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering. 8(12S), 806-812. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.L1184. 10812S19
Wang, Y., Yang, H., Montag, C., & Elhai, J. D. (2022). Boredom proneness and rumination mediate relationships between depression and anxiety with problematic smartphone use severity. Current Psychology, 41, 5287–5297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01052-0
Wang, Z., Yang, X., & Zhang, X. (2020). Relationships among boredom proneness, sensation seeking and smartphone addiction among Chinese college students: Mediating roles of pastime, flow experience and self-regulation. Technology in Society, 62, 101319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020. 101319
Wazkia, H., & Primanita, R. Y. (2023). Pengaruh leisure boredom terhadap. Journal of Social Science Research, 3 (4), 4689-4698. https://j-innovative.org/index.php/ Innovative
We Are Social. (2024, Şubat). Dijital 2024 Türkiye raporu: Türkiye’nin nüfus, internet, sosyal medya, mobil, e-ticaret ve dijital pazarlama göstergeleri. İnternet Araştırmaları Koordinatörlüğü (çev.) https://www.guvenliweb.org.tr/ dokuman-detay/we-are-social-subat-2024-raporu.
Weybright, E. H., Caldwell, L. L., Ram, N., Smith, E. A., & Wegner, L. (2015). Boredom prone or nothing to do? Distinguishing between state and trait leisure boredom and its association with substance use in South African adolescents. Leisure Sciences 37(4), 311-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2015.1014530
Wegner, L. (2011). Through the lens of a peer: Understanding leisure boredom and risk behaviour in adolescence. South African Journal of Occupational Therapy, 41(1), 19-23.
Uncu, U., Güneş, D., Kılınç, N. Ö. & Güneş, M. E. (2024). A study evaluating the relationship between phubbing levels and empathic attitudes of college students. Health Sciences Quarterly, 4(1), 53-60. https://doi.org/10.26900/hsq.2180
Yam, F. C., ve İlhan, T. (2020). Modern çağın bütünsel teknolojik bağımlılığı: Phubbing. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 12(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.55129
Zhan, S., Shrestha, S., & Zhong, N. (2022). Romantic relationship satisfaction and phubbing: The role of loneliness and empathy. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/-psyg.2022. 9673 39
Zhang, Y., Li, S. & Yu, G. (2022). The longitudinal relationship between boredom proneness and mobile phone addiction: Evidence from a cross-lagged model. Current Psychology, 41, 8821–8828. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/-10.1007/s12144-020-01333-8

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Applied and Developmental Psychology (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Müge Akbağ ^*
0000-0003-0507-9072
Türkiye

Fuat Aydoğdu
0000-0002-5986-5645
Türkiye

Banu Sayıner
0000-0002-4842-0712
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

July 31, 2025

Publication Date

August 4, 2025

Submission Date

June 17, 2025

Acceptance Date

July 31, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 22 Number: 4

DOI

https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1709529

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA33SE66GZ

APA

Akbağ, M., Aydoğdu, F., & Sayıner, B. (2025). From Belongingness to Phubbing Behavior among Adults: The Serial Multiple Mediational Role of Leisure Boredom and Smartphone Use. OPUS Journal of Society Research, 22(4), 779-797. https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1709529

AMA

1.Akbağ M, Aydoğdu F, Sayıner B. From Belongingness to Phubbing Behavior among Adults: The Serial Multiple Mediational Role of Leisure Boredom and Smartphone Use. OPUS JSR. 2025;22(4):779-797. doi:10.26466/opusjsr.1709529

Chicago

Akbağ, Müge, Fuat Aydoğdu, and Banu Sayıner. 2025. “From Belongingness to Phubbing Behavior Among Adults: The Serial Multiple Mediational Role of Leisure Boredom and Smartphone Use”. OPUS Journal of Society Research 22 (4): 779-97. https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1709529.

EndNote

Akbağ M, Aydoğdu F, Sayıner B (August 1, 2025) From Belongingness to Phubbing Behavior among Adults: The Serial Multiple Mediational Role of Leisure Boredom and Smartphone Use. OPUS Journal of Society Research 22 4 779–797.

IEEE

[1]M. Akbağ, F. Aydoğdu, and B. Sayıner, “From Belongingness to Phubbing Behavior among Adults: The Serial Multiple Mediational Role of Leisure Boredom and Smartphone Use”, OPUS JSR, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 779–797, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.26466/opusjsr.1709529.

ISNAD

Akbağ, Müge - Aydoğdu, Fuat - Sayıner, Banu. “From Belongingness to Phubbing Behavior Among Adults: The Serial Multiple Mediational Role of Leisure Boredom and Smartphone Use”. OPUS Journal of Society Research 22/4 (August 1, 2025): 779-797. https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1709529.

JAMA

1.Akbağ M, Aydoğdu F, Sayıner B. From Belongingness to Phubbing Behavior among Adults: The Serial Multiple Mediational Role of Leisure Boredom and Smartphone Use. OPUS JSR. 2025;22:779–797.

MLA

Akbağ, Müge, et al. “From Belongingness to Phubbing Behavior Among Adults: The Serial Multiple Mediational Role of Leisure Boredom and Smartphone Use”. OPUS Journal of Society Research, vol. 22, no. 4, Aug. 2025, pp. 779-97, doi:10.26466/opusjsr.1709529.

Vancouver

1.Müge Akbağ, Fuat Aydoğdu, Banu Sayıner. From Belongingness to Phubbing Behavior among Adults: The Serial Multiple Mediational Role of Leisure Boredom and Smartphone Use. OPUS JSR. 2025 Aug. 1;22(4):779-97. doi:10.26466/opusjsr.1709529

Yetişkinlerde Aidiyet Duygusundan Sosyotelizm Davranışına: Boş Zaman Can Sıkıntısı ve Akıllı Telefon Kullanımının Sıralı Çoklu Aracılık Rolü

Abstract

Keywords

From Belongingness to Phubbing Behavior among Adults: The Serial Multiple Mediational Role of Leisure Boredom and Smartphone Use

Abstract

Keywords

References

Details

Primary Language

Subjects

Journal Section

Authors

Early Pub Date

Publication Date

Submission Date

Acceptance Date

Published in Issue

DOI

IZ

Cite