Research Article
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Missing Subjects of Social and Economic Development: Women with Headscarves

Year 2023, Volume: 20 Issue: 52, 207 - 223, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1228040

Abstract

In Türkiye, mandatory education is provided by the state, and therefore, individuals with fragile socioeconomic indicators do not experience barriers of inequality to inclusion to education. However, in about 1997, the women with headscarves also acquired visibility in education and this led to certain social events in Türkiye. The practice widely known as “headscarf ban” that began in 1997 decreed the expulsion of women with headscarves from the higher education process. When it is considered that the mandatory education in Türkiye is 12 years and that the undergraduate education takes 4 years, the headscarf ban during the 1997-2013 corresponds to a period in which a person accumulates her human capital. This study is on how women who have been systematically cast out from education and employment perceive: a) their forfeited role in the development of Türkiye’s economy; b) their own assessment of their lack of employment due to the headscarf ban; and c) being barred from education, their individual losses and Türkiye’s economic prosperity.

References

  • Ahmed, S., & McGillivray, M. (2015). Human capital, discrimination, and the gender wage gap in Bangladesh. World Development, 67, 506-524.
  • Akboga, S. (2014). Turkish civil society divided by the headscarf ban. Democratization, 21(4), 610-633.
  • Akbulut, Z. (2015). Veiling as self-disciplining: Muslim women, Islamic discourses, and the headscarf ban in Turkey. Contemporary Islam, 9(3), 433-453.
  • Azak, U. (2008). Beyond the headscarf: Secularism and freedom of Religion in Türkiye. Turkish Policy, 11(4), 91-99.
  • Barras, A. (2009). A rights-based discourse to contest the boundaries of state secularism? The case of the headscarf bans in France and Turkey. Democratization, 16(6), 1237-1260, doi: 10.1080/13510340903271852.
  • Başak, S. (2009). Cam tavanlar [Glass ceilings]. KÖK Sosyal ve Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(2), 119-132.
  • Başkan, B. (2009). Başörtüsü sorunu ve meşrulaştırılamayan yasakçılık[The headscarf problem and illegal prohibition]. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, (55), 109-134.
  • Becker, G. S. (1991). A treatise on the family: Enlarged edition. Harvard University Press.
  • Çayır, K. (2012). Gruplararası ilişkiler bağlamında ayrımcılık. Ayrımcılık çok boyutlu yaklaşımlar [Discrimination in the context of intergroup relations]. in K. Çayır and M. A. Ceyhan (Ed.), Discrimination: Multidimensional Approaches. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi: İstanbul.
  • Cindoğlu, D. (2011). Headscarf ban and discrimination: Professional headscarved women in the labor market. Tesev Publications: İstanbul.
  • Corekcioglu, G. (2021). Unveiling the effects of a headscarf ban: Evidence from municipal jobs in Turkey. Journal of Comparative Economics, 49(2), 382-404.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2016). Qualitative research methods. (Tra. M. Bütün, S. M. Beşir). Ankara: Political Bookstore.
  • Doğan, A. (2005). Demokrasi ve ekonomik gelişme [Democracy and economic development]. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (25), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.18070/euiibfd.86565.
  • England, P. (1992). Comparable worth: Theories and evidence. New Brunswick.
  • Felix Jollevet II (2008) African American police executive careers: influences of human capital, social capital, and racial discrimination. Police, Practice And Research: An International Journal, 9(1), 17-30, doi: 10.1080/15614260801969904
  • Ferber, M. A., & Nelson, J. A. (Eds.). (2009). Beyond economic man: Feminist theory and economics. University of Chicago Press.
  • Genç, Ö. & İlhan, E. (2012). Başörtüsü yasağına ilişkin değerlendirme ve öneriler [Evaluation and suggestions on the headscarf ban]. İstanbul: TESEV Yayınları.
  • Gökarıksel, B. (2012). The intimate politics of secularism and the headscarf: The mall, the neighborhood, and the public square in Istanbul. Gender, Place & Culture, 19(1), 1-20.
  • Guveli, A. (2011). Social and economic impact of the headscarf ban on women in Turkey. European Societies, 13(2), 171-189.
  • Harding, S. (1995). Can feminist thought make economics more objective?. Feminist economics, 1(1), 7-32.
  • Human Development Report, (2020). The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene Briefing note for countries on the 2020 Human Development Report Türkiye, UNDP.
  • Hurst, M. (1997). The determinants of earnings differentials for indigenous Americans: Human capital, location, or discrimination?. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 37(4), 787-807.
  • Karaca, M. (2013). Muhafazakar sermayeye sahip işletmelerde çalışan uzman meslek sahibi başörtülü çalışanlar [Professional headscarved employees working in enterprises with conservative capital]. İnsan ve Toplum, 3(5), 111-133, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12658/human.society.3.5.M0011.
  • Khattab, N., Daoud, Y., Qaysiya, A., & Shaath, M. (2020). Human capital and labour market performance of muslim women in Australia. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 40(3), 410-428.
  • Kılıçbay, B., & Binark, M. (2002). Consumer culture, Islam and the politics of lifestyle: Fashion for veiling in contemporary Turkey. European Journal of Communication, 17(4), 495-511.
  • Kümbetoğlu, B. (2012). Sosyolojide ve antropolojide niteliksel yöntem ve ara ştırma [Qualitative method and research in sociology and anthropology]. İstanbul: Bağlam.
  • Madden, J. F. (1987). Gender differences in the cost of displacement: An empirical test of discrimination in the labor market. The American Economic Review, 77(2), 246-251.
  • Mincer, J. (1962). Labor force participation of married women: A study of labor supply. In Aspects of Labor Economics, 63-105, Princeton University Press.
  • Pfister, G. (2000). Doing sport in a headscarf? German sport and Turkish females. Journal of Sport History, 27(3), 497-524.
  • Rydgren, J. (2004). Mechanisms of exclusion: ethnic discrimination in the Swedish labour market. Journal of Ethnic and Migration studies, 30(4), 697-716.
  • Sedgley, N., & Elmslie, B. (2018). Discrimination, human capital, and life expectancy in a model of economic development. International Journal of Economic Theory, 14(3), 211-232.
  • Süral, N. (2013). Türkiye’de kadın istihdamı: Fırsatlar, engeller ve hukuki çerçeve [Women's employment in Türkiye: Opportunities, barriers and legal framework]. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 15, 279-310.
  • Weichselbaumer, D. (2020). Multiple discrimination against female immigrants wearing headscarves. ILR Review, 73(3), 600-627.
Year 2023, Volume: 20 Issue: 52, 207 - 223, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1228040

Abstract

References

  • Ahmed, S., & McGillivray, M. (2015). Human capital, discrimination, and the gender wage gap in Bangladesh. World Development, 67, 506-524.
  • Akboga, S. (2014). Turkish civil society divided by the headscarf ban. Democratization, 21(4), 610-633.
  • Akbulut, Z. (2015). Veiling as self-disciplining: Muslim women, Islamic discourses, and the headscarf ban in Turkey. Contemporary Islam, 9(3), 433-453.
  • Azak, U. (2008). Beyond the headscarf: Secularism and freedom of Religion in Türkiye. Turkish Policy, 11(4), 91-99.
  • Barras, A. (2009). A rights-based discourse to contest the boundaries of state secularism? The case of the headscarf bans in France and Turkey. Democratization, 16(6), 1237-1260, doi: 10.1080/13510340903271852.
  • Başak, S. (2009). Cam tavanlar [Glass ceilings]. KÖK Sosyal ve Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(2), 119-132.
  • Başkan, B. (2009). Başörtüsü sorunu ve meşrulaştırılamayan yasakçılık[The headscarf problem and illegal prohibition]. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, (55), 109-134.
  • Becker, G. S. (1991). A treatise on the family: Enlarged edition. Harvard University Press.
  • Çayır, K. (2012). Gruplararası ilişkiler bağlamında ayrımcılık. Ayrımcılık çok boyutlu yaklaşımlar [Discrimination in the context of intergroup relations]. in K. Çayır and M. A. Ceyhan (Ed.), Discrimination: Multidimensional Approaches. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi: İstanbul.
  • Cindoğlu, D. (2011). Headscarf ban and discrimination: Professional headscarved women in the labor market. Tesev Publications: İstanbul.
  • Corekcioglu, G. (2021). Unveiling the effects of a headscarf ban: Evidence from municipal jobs in Turkey. Journal of Comparative Economics, 49(2), 382-404.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2016). Qualitative research methods. (Tra. M. Bütün, S. M. Beşir). Ankara: Political Bookstore.
  • Doğan, A. (2005). Demokrasi ve ekonomik gelişme [Democracy and economic development]. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (25), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.18070/euiibfd.86565.
  • England, P. (1992). Comparable worth: Theories and evidence. New Brunswick.
  • Felix Jollevet II (2008) African American police executive careers: influences of human capital, social capital, and racial discrimination. Police, Practice And Research: An International Journal, 9(1), 17-30, doi: 10.1080/15614260801969904
  • Ferber, M. A., & Nelson, J. A. (Eds.). (2009). Beyond economic man: Feminist theory and economics. University of Chicago Press.
  • Genç, Ö. & İlhan, E. (2012). Başörtüsü yasağına ilişkin değerlendirme ve öneriler [Evaluation and suggestions on the headscarf ban]. İstanbul: TESEV Yayınları.
  • Gökarıksel, B. (2012). The intimate politics of secularism and the headscarf: The mall, the neighborhood, and the public square in Istanbul. Gender, Place & Culture, 19(1), 1-20.
  • Guveli, A. (2011). Social and economic impact of the headscarf ban on women in Turkey. European Societies, 13(2), 171-189.
  • Harding, S. (1995). Can feminist thought make economics more objective?. Feminist economics, 1(1), 7-32.
  • Human Development Report, (2020). The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene Briefing note for countries on the 2020 Human Development Report Türkiye, UNDP.
  • Hurst, M. (1997). The determinants of earnings differentials for indigenous Americans: Human capital, location, or discrimination?. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 37(4), 787-807.
  • Karaca, M. (2013). Muhafazakar sermayeye sahip işletmelerde çalışan uzman meslek sahibi başörtülü çalışanlar [Professional headscarved employees working in enterprises with conservative capital]. İnsan ve Toplum, 3(5), 111-133, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12658/human.society.3.5.M0011.
  • Khattab, N., Daoud, Y., Qaysiya, A., & Shaath, M. (2020). Human capital and labour market performance of muslim women in Australia. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 40(3), 410-428.
  • Kılıçbay, B., & Binark, M. (2002). Consumer culture, Islam and the politics of lifestyle: Fashion for veiling in contemporary Turkey. European Journal of Communication, 17(4), 495-511.
  • Kümbetoğlu, B. (2012). Sosyolojide ve antropolojide niteliksel yöntem ve ara ştırma [Qualitative method and research in sociology and anthropology]. İstanbul: Bağlam.
  • Madden, J. F. (1987). Gender differences in the cost of displacement: An empirical test of discrimination in the labor market. The American Economic Review, 77(2), 246-251.
  • Mincer, J. (1962). Labor force participation of married women: A study of labor supply. In Aspects of Labor Economics, 63-105, Princeton University Press.
  • Pfister, G. (2000). Doing sport in a headscarf? German sport and Turkish females. Journal of Sport History, 27(3), 497-524.
  • Rydgren, J. (2004). Mechanisms of exclusion: ethnic discrimination in the Swedish labour market. Journal of Ethnic and Migration studies, 30(4), 697-716.
  • Sedgley, N., & Elmslie, B. (2018). Discrimination, human capital, and life expectancy in a model of economic development. International Journal of Economic Theory, 14(3), 211-232.
  • Süral, N. (2013). Türkiye’de kadın istihdamı: Fırsatlar, engeller ve hukuki çerçeve [Women's employment in Türkiye: Opportunities, barriers and legal framework]. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 15, 279-310.
  • Weichselbaumer, D. (2020). Multiple discrimination against female immigrants wearing headscarves. ILR Review, 73(3), 600-627.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Nergis Dama 0000-0002-8210-254X

Publication Date March 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 20 Issue: 52

Cite

APA Dama, N. (2023). Missing Subjects of Social and Economic Development: Women with Headscarves. OPUS Journal of Society Research, 20(52), 207-223. https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1228040