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Making Disinformation Visible Through Media in the Age of Crises: An Examination of the Russia-Ukraine War

Year 2025, Issue: Special Issue: Crisis Entangled – Reimagining the Social in Turbulent Times, 53 - 68, 30.10.2025

Abstract

The broadcasting practices produced by the media with the aim of directing people towards specific goals have constituted a social reality from past to present. Especially during times of war, the media reproduces state narratives, legitimizes official policies, and frames conflicts through selective representations. In this context, the media has been used as a tool to persuade broad segments of society and to legitimize the parties involved. With the proliferation of new communication technologies, disinformation content disseminated through the digital media also has a profound impact on society. This study examines disinformation content originating from Russia during the first 100 days of the war, following the escalation of the Russia-Ukraine conflict into a full-scale military war in February 2022. The data source for the research is EUvsDisinfo. Russian-sourced disinformation content was examined through quantitative and qualitative content analysis. According to the findings of the study, the categories of Russian-sourced disinformation that stood out included anti-NATO/anti-Western sentiment, rhetoric about Nazis and genocide rhetoric, social unrest in Europe, and claims about biological laboratories/chemical weapons. Russian media has intensively produced disinformation within the framework of these themes. The study shows that disinformation is not just the circulation of false information; it is also a strategic tool used to build legitimacy, mobilize the domestic public, and weaken the opposing side. Making these mechanisms visible, identifying the central role of the media in contemporary conflicts, and developing social awareness against disinformation are emerging as crucial issues for today's societies.

References

  • Althusser, L. (2014). On the reproduction of capitalism: Ideology and ideological state apparatuses. Verso.
  • Amber, R., Malik, S., & Zakariya, B. (2022). The ideological media representation of Putin and Zelensky in BBC profiles: A multimodal critical discourse analysis. Pakistan Journal of Media Science, 3(2), 148–168.
  • Amer, M. M. (2022). BBC and New York Times’ coverage of the May 2021 Israeli onslaught on Gaza: A critical discourse analysis. International Journal of English Linguistics, 12(5), 1–18.
  • Barbaro, F., & Skumanich, A. (2023a). EUvsDisinfo dataset [Data set]. Mendeley Data, V3. https://doi.org/10.17632/yhdtkszvgp.3
  • Barbaro, F., & Skumanich, A. (2023b). Addressing socially destructive disinformation on the web with advanced AI tools: Russia as a case study. In Proceedings of the 2023 ACM International Conference on Information Technology for Social Good (GoodIT ’23) (pp. 25–29). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3543873.3587348
  • BBC. (n.d.). BBC World Service. https://www-.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/whatwedo-/worldservice/
  • Broder, A. (1997). On the resemblance and containment of documents. In Proceedings of the Compression and Complexity of Sequences. https://doi.org/10.1109/SEQUEN.1997.666900
  • Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.-1177/001316446002000104
  • Connell, I. (1991). Television news and the social contract. In S. Hall, D. Hobson, A. Lowe, & P. Willis (Eds.), Culture, media, language: Working papers in cultural studies, 1972–79 (pp. 134–146). Routledge.
  • Davies, D. L., & Bouldin, D. W. (1979). A cluster separation measure. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, (2), 224–227. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1979.4766909
  • Dikmen, E. Ş. (2017). Türkiye'de televizyon yayıncılığının dönüşümü: Sosyal TV yayıncılığı. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 425–448.
  • Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58.
  • Fallis, D. (2015). What is disinformation? Library Trends, 63(3), 401–426.
  • Floridi, L. (2011). The philosophy of information. Oxford University Press.
  • Gunter, B. (2009). The public and media coverage of the war on Iraq. Globalizations, 6(1), 41–60.
  • Hashish, Y. Y., Ismail, A. A., & Abusaada, H. A. (2023). BBC coverage of the aggression on Gaza 2021: Critical discourse analysis of Arabic and English versions. Komunikator, 15(1), 54–67.
  • Henzinger, M. R. (2006, August). Finding near-duplicate web pages: A large-scale evaluation of algorithms. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR ’06) (pp. 284–291). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.-1145/1148170.1148222
  • Herman, E., & Chomsky, N. (2012). Rızanın imalatı. bsgt Yayınları.
  • İbrahim, D. (2009). The Middle East in American media. The International Communication Gazette, 71(6), 511–524.
  • İşleyen, F. (2023, November 2). Mezenformasyon / Yanlış bilgi (Misinformation). İletişim Ansiklopedisi. https://iletisimansiklopedisi.com/2023/11/02/mezenformasyon-yanlis-bilgi-misinformation/
  • Kaya, R. (2016). İktidar yumağı. İmge.
  • Kejanlıoğlu, B. (2004). Türkiye'de medyanın dönüşümü. İmge.
  • Koç, H. (2017). “Habercilik ama” toplumun doğru, eksiksiz ve serbestçe haber alma hakkı. TRT Akademi, 2(3), 302–319.
  • Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159–174. https://doi.-org/10.2307/2529310
  • Manning, C. D., Raghavan, P., & Schütze, H. (2008). Introduction to information retrieval. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org-/10.1017/CBO9780511809071
  • Marushchak, A., Petrov, S., & Khoperiya, A. (2025). Countering AI-powered disinformation through national regulation: Learning from the case of Ukraine. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 7, 1474034.
  • McQuail, D. (2006). On the mediatization of the war. The International Communication Gazette, 68(2), 107–118.
  • Mejias, U. A., & Vokuev, N. E. (2017). Disinformation and the media: The case of Russia and Ukraine. Media, Culture & Society, 39(7), 1027–1042.
  • Mert, N. (2022). Batı İslamı çok sevmişti. İletişim.
  • Noor, H., & Abdul, W. J. (2016). Portrayal of Islam and Muslims in the talk shows of CNN and BBC. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Media Studies (pp. 267–273).
  • Pew Research Center. (2025, April). Free expression seen as important globally, but not everyone thinks their country has press, speech and internet freedoms. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2025/04/24/free-expression-seen-as-important-globally-but-not-everyone-thinks-their-country-has-press-speech-and-internet-freedoms/
  • Richardson, J. E., & Barkho, L. (2009). Reporting Israel/Palestine. Journalism Studies, 10(5), 594–622.
  • Rousseeuw, P. J. (1987). Silhouettes: A graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 20, 53–65. https://doi.org-/10.1016/0377-0427(87)90125-7
  • Said, E. (2007). Medyada İslam. Metis.
  • Sese, J. (2025, April 10). The evolution of Russian and Chinese disinformation tactics and the threat they pose to the U.S. cybersecurity (Undergraduate research project). Old Dominion University.
  • Spangenberg, J. (1997). The BBC in transition: Reasons, results and consequences. Springer. Stevenson, N. (2008). Medya kültürleri. Ütopya.
  • UNESCO. (2021). Journalism is a public good: World trends in freedom of expression and media development, global report 2021/2022. UNESCO. https://www.unesco.org/en/world-media-trends
  • Vartanova, E., & Smirnov, S. (2011). Contemporary structure of the Russian media industry. In A. Rosenholm, K. Nordenstreng, & E. Trubina (Eds.), Russian mass media and changing values (pp. 21–40). Routledge.
  • Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking (DGI(2017)09). Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-researc/168076277c
  • Yusha’u, M. J. (2015). Extremism or terrorism: Communicating Islamophobia on YouTube in the Norwegian attacks. Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research, 8(2), 171–191.

Krizler Çağında Medya Yoluyla Üretilen Dezenformasyonu Görünür Kılmak: Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Year 2025, Issue: Special Issue: Crisis Entangled – Reimagining the Social in Turbulent Times, 53 - 68, 30.10.2025

Abstract

Medya yoluyla üretilen ve insanları belirli hedefler doğrultusunda yönlendirmeyi hedefleyen yayıncılık pratikleri geçmişten günümüze değin bir gerçeklik olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Özellikle savaş dönemlerinde medya, devlet söylemlerini yeniden üretir, resmi politikaları meşrulaştırır ve çatışmaları seçici temsiller aracılığı ile çerçeveler. Bu bağlamda medya geniş toplum kesimlerini ikna etmek, tarafların kendilerini meşru kılmak amacıyla bir araç olarak kullanılmıştır. Yeni iletişim teknolojilerinin yaygınlaşmasıyla birlikte dijital medya yoluyla dezenformatif içerikler de toplum üzerinde yoğun etkiler yaratmaktadır. Bu çalışmada 2022 Şubat ayında Rusya-Ukrayna çatışmasının geniş çaplı bir askeri savaşa dönüşmesiyle birlikte savaşın ilk yüz günü boyunca Rusya kaynaklı dezenformatif içerikler ele alınmıştır. Araştırmanın veri kaynağı EUvsDisinfo’dur. Nicel ve nitel içerik analizi ile Rusya kaynaklı dezenformatik içerikler incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın bulgularına göre, Rusya kaynaklı dezenformasyon kategorileri arasında NATO/Batı karşıtlığı, Naziler ve soykırım söylemleri, Avrupa’daki toplumsal huzursuzluk ile biyolaboratuvar/kimyasal silah iddiaları ön plana çıkmıştır. Rusya medyası, bu temalar çerçevesinde yoğun bir şekilde dezenformasyon üretmiştir. Çalışma, dezenformasyonun sadece yanlış bilginin dolaşımı olmadığı; aynı zamanda meşruiyet inşası, iç kamuoyunu seferber etme ve karşı tarafı zayıflatma amacıyla kullanılan stratejik bir araç olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu mekanizmaların nasıl üretildiğini görünür kılmak, çağdaş çatışmalarda medyanın merkezi yerini tespit etmek ve dezenformasyona karşı toplumsal farkındalığı geliştirmek günümüz toplumları açısından oldukça önemli bir sorun alanı olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.

References

  • Althusser, L. (2014). On the reproduction of capitalism: Ideology and ideological state apparatuses. Verso.
  • Amber, R., Malik, S., & Zakariya, B. (2022). The ideological media representation of Putin and Zelensky in BBC profiles: A multimodal critical discourse analysis. Pakistan Journal of Media Science, 3(2), 148–168.
  • Amer, M. M. (2022). BBC and New York Times’ coverage of the May 2021 Israeli onslaught on Gaza: A critical discourse analysis. International Journal of English Linguistics, 12(5), 1–18.
  • Barbaro, F., & Skumanich, A. (2023a). EUvsDisinfo dataset [Data set]. Mendeley Data, V3. https://doi.org/10.17632/yhdtkszvgp.3
  • Barbaro, F., & Skumanich, A. (2023b). Addressing socially destructive disinformation on the web with advanced AI tools: Russia as a case study. In Proceedings of the 2023 ACM International Conference on Information Technology for Social Good (GoodIT ’23) (pp. 25–29). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3543873.3587348
  • BBC. (n.d.). BBC World Service. https://www-.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/whatwedo-/worldservice/
  • Broder, A. (1997). On the resemblance and containment of documents. In Proceedings of the Compression and Complexity of Sequences. https://doi.org/10.1109/SEQUEN.1997.666900
  • Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.-1177/001316446002000104
  • Connell, I. (1991). Television news and the social contract. In S. Hall, D. Hobson, A. Lowe, & P. Willis (Eds.), Culture, media, language: Working papers in cultural studies, 1972–79 (pp. 134–146). Routledge.
  • Davies, D. L., & Bouldin, D. W. (1979). A cluster separation measure. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, (2), 224–227. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1979.4766909
  • Dikmen, E. Ş. (2017). Türkiye'de televizyon yayıncılığının dönüşümü: Sosyal TV yayıncılığı. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 425–448.
  • Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58.
  • Fallis, D. (2015). What is disinformation? Library Trends, 63(3), 401–426.
  • Floridi, L. (2011). The philosophy of information. Oxford University Press.
  • Gunter, B. (2009). The public and media coverage of the war on Iraq. Globalizations, 6(1), 41–60.
  • Hashish, Y. Y., Ismail, A. A., & Abusaada, H. A. (2023). BBC coverage of the aggression on Gaza 2021: Critical discourse analysis of Arabic and English versions. Komunikator, 15(1), 54–67.
  • Henzinger, M. R. (2006, August). Finding near-duplicate web pages: A large-scale evaluation of algorithms. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR ’06) (pp. 284–291). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.-1145/1148170.1148222
  • Herman, E., & Chomsky, N. (2012). Rızanın imalatı. bsgt Yayınları.
  • İbrahim, D. (2009). The Middle East in American media. The International Communication Gazette, 71(6), 511–524.
  • İşleyen, F. (2023, November 2). Mezenformasyon / Yanlış bilgi (Misinformation). İletişim Ansiklopedisi. https://iletisimansiklopedisi.com/2023/11/02/mezenformasyon-yanlis-bilgi-misinformation/
  • Kaya, R. (2016). İktidar yumağı. İmge.
  • Kejanlıoğlu, B. (2004). Türkiye'de medyanın dönüşümü. İmge.
  • Koç, H. (2017). “Habercilik ama” toplumun doğru, eksiksiz ve serbestçe haber alma hakkı. TRT Akademi, 2(3), 302–319.
  • Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159–174. https://doi.-org/10.2307/2529310
  • Manning, C. D., Raghavan, P., & Schütze, H. (2008). Introduction to information retrieval. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org-/10.1017/CBO9780511809071
  • Marushchak, A., Petrov, S., & Khoperiya, A. (2025). Countering AI-powered disinformation through national regulation: Learning from the case of Ukraine. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 7, 1474034.
  • McQuail, D. (2006). On the mediatization of the war. The International Communication Gazette, 68(2), 107–118.
  • Mejias, U. A., & Vokuev, N. E. (2017). Disinformation and the media: The case of Russia and Ukraine. Media, Culture & Society, 39(7), 1027–1042.
  • Mert, N. (2022). Batı İslamı çok sevmişti. İletişim.
  • Noor, H., & Abdul, W. J. (2016). Portrayal of Islam and Muslims in the talk shows of CNN and BBC. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Media Studies (pp. 267–273).
  • Pew Research Center. (2025, April). Free expression seen as important globally, but not everyone thinks their country has press, speech and internet freedoms. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2025/04/24/free-expression-seen-as-important-globally-but-not-everyone-thinks-their-country-has-press-speech-and-internet-freedoms/
  • Richardson, J. E., & Barkho, L. (2009). Reporting Israel/Palestine. Journalism Studies, 10(5), 594–622.
  • Rousseeuw, P. J. (1987). Silhouettes: A graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 20, 53–65. https://doi.org-/10.1016/0377-0427(87)90125-7
  • Said, E. (2007). Medyada İslam. Metis.
  • Sese, J. (2025, April 10). The evolution of Russian and Chinese disinformation tactics and the threat they pose to the U.S. cybersecurity (Undergraduate research project). Old Dominion University.
  • Spangenberg, J. (1997). The BBC in transition: Reasons, results and consequences. Springer. Stevenson, N. (2008). Medya kültürleri. Ütopya.
  • UNESCO. (2021). Journalism is a public good: World trends in freedom of expression and media development, global report 2021/2022. UNESCO. https://www.unesco.org/en/world-media-trends
  • Vartanova, E., & Smirnov, S. (2011). Contemporary structure of the Russian media industry. In A. Rosenholm, K. Nordenstreng, & E. Trubina (Eds.), Russian mass media and changing values (pp. 21–40). Routledge.
  • Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking (DGI(2017)09). Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-researc/168076277c
  • Yusha’u, M. J. (2015). Extremism or terrorism: Communicating Islamophobia on YouTube in the Norwegian attacks. Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research, 8(2), 171–191.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Journalism Studies, Communication and Media Studies (Other), Political Communication
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Nazmi Ekin Vural 0000-0003-4198-0407

Selçuk Çetin 0000-0002-2110-0874

Early Pub Date October 27, 2025
Publication Date October 30, 2025
Submission Date September 14, 2025
Acceptance Date October 6, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: Special Issue: Crisis Entangled – Reimagining the Social in Turbulent Times

Cite

APA Vural, N. E., & Çetin, S. (2025). Making Disinformation Visible Through Media in the Age of Crises: An Examination of the Russia-Ukraine War. OPUS Journal of Society Research(Special Issue: Crisis Entangled – Reimagining the Social in Turbulent Times), 53-68. https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1783950