Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Hydrodynamic Model Analysis of an Idealized Bosphorus Case with respect to Switching Steady-State Solutions

Year 2019, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 1 - 17, 30.06.2019

Abstract


Hydrodynamics
of the Bosphorus Strait is examined with a three-dimensional ocean
model under the idealized conditions, while solving the full set of
the primitive equations for the simplified hydrography and geometry
of the strait. The response of the idealized model switching from
one steady-state to another, from a less frictional case to a more
frictional one or vice versa are investigated. The results show that
the model is successful in switching from a less frictional state to
a more frictional one, but has difficulties in the opposite
direction. Inconsistency between the reservoir stratification partly
defined by the initial condition and the maximal-exchange
characteristic of the steady-state solution of the restarted
simulation prevents a successful switch from a well-mixed case to a
reduced mixing solution. 

References

  • Altıok H, Sur H İ & Yüce H (2012). Variation of the cold intermediate water in the Black Sea exit of the Strait of İstanbul (Bosphorus) and its transfer through the strait. Oceanologia 54(2): 233
  • Altıok H, Sur H İ, Müftüoğlu A E & Yüce H (2010). Temperature, Salinity, and Flow Variations in the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus), in 2010-Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., vol. 39, p. 85, CIESM Congress (Venice 2010), CIESM: Mediterranean Science Commission, Monaco.
  • Andersen J J E C & Carmack E C (1984). Observations of Chemical and Physical Fine-structure in a Strong Pycnoline, Sea of Marmara. Deep-Sea Res., 2: 877-886.
  • Arakawa A & Lamb V R (1977). Methods of computational physics. New York: Academic Press 17: 173-265
  • Aydoğdu A, Pinardi N, Özsoy E, Danabasoglu G, Gürses Ö & Karspeck A (2018). Circulation of the Turkish Straits System under interannual atmospheric forcing. Ocean Science 14: 99-1019.
  • Beşiktepe Ş, Özsoy E, Latif M A & Oğuz T (2000). Marmara Denizi'nin hidrografisi ve Dolaşımı, (Hydrography and Circulation of the Marmara Sea). Marmara Sea 2000 Symposium, İstanbul, Nov. 11-12, 2000, 14 pp.
  • Beşiktepe Ş, Özsoy E & Ünlüata Ü (1993). Filling of the Marmara Sea by the Dardanelles lower layer inflow. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 40(9): 1815-1838.
  • Beşiktepe Ş T, Sur H İ, Özsoy E, Latif M A, Oǧuz T & Ünlüata Ü (1994). The circulation and hydrography of the Marmara Sea. Progress in Oceanography 34(4): 285-334.
  • Budgell W P (2005). Numerical simulation of ice-ocean variability in the Barents Sea region. Ocean Dynamics 55(3-4): 370-387.
  • Büyükay M (1989). The surface and internal oscillations in the Bosphorus, related to meteorological forces. M. Sc. Thesis, Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Erdemli, İçel, Turkey, 169s.
  • Çetin N (1999). Analysis of the exchange flow through the Bosphorus Strait. Diss. M. Sc. Thesis, Institute of Marine Sciences, METU, Erdemli, Mersin.Defant, A. (1961). Physical Oceanography. Pergamon Press, London, 1961. Vol. 1, pp. xvi + 729; Vol. 2, pp. Viii + 598.
  • Durski S M, Glenn S M & Haidvogel D B (2004). Vertical mixing schemes in the coastal ocean: Comparison of the level 2.5 Mellor‐Yamada scheme with an enhanced version of the K profile parameterization. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 109(C1).
  • Farmer D M & Armi L (1986). Maximal two-layer exchange over a sill and through the combination of a sill and contraction with barotropic flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 164:53-76.
  • Fennel K, Wilkin J, Levin J, Moisan J, O'Reilly J & Haidvogel D (2006). Nitrogen cycling in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Results from a three‐dimensional model and implications for the North Atlantic nitrogen budget. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 20(3).
  • Gregg M C & Özsoy E (2002). Flow, water mass changes, and hydraulics in the Bosphorus. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 107(C3).
  • Griffies S M & Hallberg R W (2000). Biharmonic friction with a Smagorinsky-like viscosity for use in large-scale eddy-permitting ocean models. Monthly Weather Review 128(8): 2935-2946.
  • Gunnerson C G & Özturgut E (1974). The Bosporus. In: The Black Sea-Geology, Chemistry, and Biology (eds. Degens, ET and Ross, DA). American Association of Petroleum Mem. 20: 99-115
  • Haidvogel DB, Arango HG, Hedström K, Beckmann A, Malanotte-Rizzoli P & Shchepetkin AF (2000). Model evaluation experiments in the North Atlantic Basin: simulations in nonlinear terrain-following coordinates. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 32(3): 239-281
  • Hedström K S (2009). DRAFT Technical Manual for a Coupled Sea-Ice. Ocean Circulation Model (Version 3), US Department of the Interior, Mineral Management Service, Anchorage, Alaska, Arctic Region Supercomputing Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Contract M07PC13368.
  • Jarosz E, Teague W J, Book J W & Beşiktepe Ş (2011). Observed volume fluxes in the Bosphorus Strait. Geophysical Research Letters 38(21)
  • Large W G, McWilliams J C & Doney S C (1994). Oceanic vertical mixing: A review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Reviews of Geophysics 32(4): 363-403.
  • Latif M A., Özsoy E, Oğuz T & Ünlüata Ü (1991). Observations of the Mediterranean inflow into the Black Sea. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 38: 711-723
  • Marsigli L F (1681). Osservazioni intorno al Bosforo Tracio overo Canale di Constantinopoli rappresentate in lettera all sacra real maesta di Cristina Regina di Svezia, Roma, 108p
  • Mellor G L & Yamada T (1982). Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Reviews of Geophysics 20(4): 851-875.
  • Oğuz T (2005). Hydraulic adjustments of the Bosphorus exchange flow. Geophysical research letters 32(6)
  • Orlanski I (1976). A simple boundary condition for unbounded hyperbolic flows. Journal of computational physics 21(3): 251-269
  • Ovchinnikov I M, Popov, Yu I (1991). Evolution of the Cold Intermediate Layer in the Black Sea. Oceanology 27: 555-560.
  • Özsoy E & Ünlüata Ü (1997). Oceanography of the Black Sea: a review of some recent results. Earth-Science Reviews 42(4): 231-272
  • Özsoy E, Di Iorio D, Gregg M C & Backhaus J O (2001). Mixing in the Bosphorus Strait and the Black Sea continental shelf: observations and a model of the dense water outflow. Journal of marine systems 31(1): 99-135
  • Özsoy E, Latif M A, Beşiktepe S, Çetin N, Gregg M C, Belokopytov Goryachkin Y & Diaconu V (1998). The Bosphorus Strait: Exchange Fluxes, Currents and Sea-Level Changes. NATO Science Series 2 Environmental Security 47(2): 1-28
  • Özsoy E, Latif M A, Sur H İ & Goryachkin Y (1996). A review of the exchange flow regime and mixing in the Bosphorus strait. Bulletin-Institut Oceanographique Monaco-Numero Special 187-204
  • Özsoy E, Oğuz T, Latif M A, Ünlüata Ü, Sur H İ & Beşiktepe Ş (1988). Oceanography of the Turkish Straits - Second Annual Report, Volume I. Physical Oceanography of the Turkish Straits, Institute of Marine Sciences, METU, Erdemli, İçel
  • Öztürk M, Ayat B, Aydoğan B & Yüksel Y (2012). 3D Numerical Modeling of Stratified Flows: Case Study of the Bosphorus Strait. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 138(5): 406-419
  • Peneva E, Stanev E, Belokopytov V & Le Traon P Y (2001). Water transport in the Bosphorus Straits estimated from hydro-meteorological and altimeter data: seasonal to decadal variability. Journal of Marine Systems 31(1): 21-33.
  • Pinardi N (2009). Misurare il mare: Luigi Ferdinando Marsili nell'Egeo e nel Bosforo, Bononia University Press 1679-1680
  • Raymond W H, Kuo H L (1984). A radiation boundary condition for multi‐dimensional flows. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 110(464): 535-551.
  • Sannino G, Sözer A & Özsoy E (2017). A high-resolution modelling study of the Turkish Straits System. Ocean Dynamics 67(3-4): 397-432.
  • Smagorinsky J (1963). General circulation experiments with the primitive equations: I. the basic experiment. Monthly weather review 91(3): 99-164
  • Smolarkiewicz P K (2006). Multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm: an overview. International journal for numerical methods in fluids 50(10): 1123-1144.
  • Soffientino B & Pilson M E Q (2005). The Bosphorus Strait. A Special Place in the History of Oceanography. Oceanography 18(2): 16-23
  • Song Y, & Haidvogel D (1994). A semi-implicit ocean circulation model using a generalized topography-following coordinate system. Journal of Computational Physics 115(1): 228-244.
  • Sözer A & Özsoy E (2002). A three-dimensional model of Bosphorus Strait dynamics. In The 2nd Meeting on the Physical Oceanography of Sea Straits, Villefranche, 15th (pp. 207-210)
  • Sözer A (2013). Numerical modeling of the bosphorus exchange flow dynamics (Doctoral dissertation, Ph. D. thesis, Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey).
  • Sözer A, Özsoy E (2017). Modeling of the Bosphorus exchange flow dynamics. Ocean dynamics 67(3-4): 321-343.
  • Stanev E V, Grashorn S & Zhang Y J (2017). Cascading ocean basins: numerical simulations of the circulation and interbasin exchange in the Azov-Black-Marmara-Mediterranean Seas system. Ocean Dynamics 67(8): 1003-1025.
  • Tolmazin D (1985). Changing coastal oceanography of the Black Sea II: Mediterranean effluent. Progress in oceanography 15(4): 277-316
  • Tuğrul S, Beşiktepe T & Salihoğlu I (2002). Nutrient exchange fluxes between the Aegean and Black Seas through the Marmara Sea. Mediterranean Marine Science 3(1): 33-42
  • Umlauf L & Burchard H (2003). A generic length-scale equation for geophysical turbulence models. Journal of Marine Research 61(2): 235-265.
  • Ünlüata Ü, Oğuz T, Latif M A & Özsoy E (1990). On the physical oceanography of the Turkish Straits. In The physical oceanography of sea straits (pp. 25-60). Springer Netherlands
  • Warner J C, Sherwood C R, Arango H G & Signell R P (2005). Performance of four turbulence closure models implemented using a generic length scale method. Ocean Modeling 8(1): 81-113
  • Wilkin J L, Arango H G, Haidvogel D B, Lichtenwalner C, Glenn S M & Hedström K S (2005). A regional ocean modeling system for the Long‐term Ecosystem Observatory. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 110(C6).

Hydrodynamic Model Analysis of an Idealized Bosphorus Case with respect to Switching Steady-State Solutions

Year 2019, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 1 - 17, 30.06.2019

Abstract

Hydrodynamics of the Bosphorus Strait is examined with a three-dimensional ocean model under the idealized conditions, while solving the full set of the primitive equations for the simplified hydrography and geometry of the strait. The response of the idealized model switching from one steady-state to another, from a less frictional case to a more frictional one or vice versa are investigated. The results show that the model is successful in switching from a less frictional state to a more frictional one, but has difficulties in the opposite direction. Inconsistency between the reservoir stratification partly defined by the initial condition and the maximal-exchange characteristic of the steady-state solution of the restarted simulation prevents a successful switch from a wellmixed case to a reduced mixing solution. 

References

  • Altıok H, Sur H İ & Yüce H (2012). Variation of the cold intermediate water in the Black Sea exit of the Strait of İstanbul (Bosphorus) and its transfer through the strait. Oceanologia 54(2): 233
  • Altıok H, Sur H İ, Müftüoğlu A E & Yüce H (2010). Temperature, Salinity, and Flow Variations in the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus), in 2010-Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., vol. 39, p. 85, CIESM Congress (Venice 2010), CIESM: Mediterranean Science Commission, Monaco.
  • Andersen J J E C & Carmack E C (1984). Observations of Chemical and Physical Fine-structure in a Strong Pycnoline, Sea of Marmara. Deep-Sea Res., 2: 877-886.
  • Arakawa A & Lamb V R (1977). Methods of computational physics. New York: Academic Press 17: 173-265
  • Aydoğdu A, Pinardi N, Özsoy E, Danabasoglu G, Gürses Ö & Karspeck A (2018). Circulation of the Turkish Straits System under interannual atmospheric forcing. Ocean Science 14: 99-1019.
  • Beşiktepe Ş, Özsoy E, Latif M A & Oğuz T (2000). Marmara Denizi'nin hidrografisi ve Dolaşımı, (Hydrography and Circulation of the Marmara Sea). Marmara Sea 2000 Symposium, İstanbul, Nov. 11-12, 2000, 14 pp.
  • Beşiktepe Ş, Özsoy E & Ünlüata Ü (1993). Filling of the Marmara Sea by the Dardanelles lower layer inflow. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 40(9): 1815-1838.
  • Beşiktepe Ş T, Sur H İ, Özsoy E, Latif M A, Oǧuz T & Ünlüata Ü (1994). The circulation and hydrography of the Marmara Sea. Progress in Oceanography 34(4): 285-334.
  • Budgell W P (2005). Numerical simulation of ice-ocean variability in the Barents Sea region. Ocean Dynamics 55(3-4): 370-387.
  • Büyükay M (1989). The surface and internal oscillations in the Bosphorus, related to meteorological forces. M. Sc. Thesis, Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Erdemli, İçel, Turkey, 169s.
  • Çetin N (1999). Analysis of the exchange flow through the Bosphorus Strait. Diss. M. Sc. Thesis, Institute of Marine Sciences, METU, Erdemli, Mersin.Defant, A. (1961). Physical Oceanography. Pergamon Press, London, 1961. Vol. 1, pp. xvi + 729; Vol. 2, pp. Viii + 598.
  • Durski S M, Glenn S M & Haidvogel D B (2004). Vertical mixing schemes in the coastal ocean: Comparison of the level 2.5 Mellor‐Yamada scheme with an enhanced version of the K profile parameterization. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 109(C1).
  • Farmer D M & Armi L (1986). Maximal two-layer exchange over a sill and through the combination of a sill and contraction with barotropic flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 164:53-76.
  • Fennel K, Wilkin J, Levin J, Moisan J, O'Reilly J & Haidvogel D (2006). Nitrogen cycling in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Results from a three‐dimensional model and implications for the North Atlantic nitrogen budget. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 20(3).
  • Gregg M C & Özsoy E (2002). Flow, water mass changes, and hydraulics in the Bosphorus. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 107(C3).
  • Griffies S M & Hallberg R W (2000). Biharmonic friction with a Smagorinsky-like viscosity for use in large-scale eddy-permitting ocean models. Monthly Weather Review 128(8): 2935-2946.
  • Gunnerson C G & Özturgut E (1974). The Bosporus. In: The Black Sea-Geology, Chemistry, and Biology (eds. Degens, ET and Ross, DA). American Association of Petroleum Mem. 20: 99-115
  • Haidvogel DB, Arango HG, Hedström K, Beckmann A, Malanotte-Rizzoli P & Shchepetkin AF (2000). Model evaluation experiments in the North Atlantic Basin: simulations in nonlinear terrain-following coordinates. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 32(3): 239-281
  • Hedström K S (2009). DRAFT Technical Manual for a Coupled Sea-Ice. Ocean Circulation Model (Version 3), US Department of the Interior, Mineral Management Service, Anchorage, Alaska, Arctic Region Supercomputing Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Contract M07PC13368.
  • Jarosz E, Teague W J, Book J W & Beşiktepe Ş (2011). Observed volume fluxes in the Bosphorus Strait. Geophysical Research Letters 38(21)
  • Large W G, McWilliams J C & Doney S C (1994). Oceanic vertical mixing: A review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Reviews of Geophysics 32(4): 363-403.
  • Latif M A., Özsoy E, Oğuz T & Ünlüata Ü (1991). Observations of the Mediterranean inflow into the Black Sea. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 38: 711-723
  • Marsigli L F (1681). Osservazioni intorno al Bosforo Tracio overo Canale di Constantinopoli rappresentate in lettera all sacra real maesta di Cristina Regina di Svezia, Roma, 108p
  • Mellor G L & Yamada T (1982). Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Reviews of Geophysics 20(4): 851-875.
  • Oğuz T (2005). Hydraulic adjustments of the Bosphorus exchange flow. Geophysical research letters 32(6)
  • Orlanski I (1976). A simple boundary condition for unbounded hyperbolic flows. Journal of computational physics 21(3): 251-269
  • Ovchinnikov I M, Popov, Yu I (1991). Evolution of the Cold Intermediate Layer in the Black Sea. Oceanology 27: 555-560.
  • Özsoy E & Ünlüata Ü (1997). Oceanography of the Black Sea: a review of some recent results. Earth-Science Reviews 42(4): 231-272
  • Özsoy E, Di Iorio D, Gregg M C & Backhaus J O (2001). Mixing in the Bosphorus Strait and the Black Sea continental shelf: observations and a model of the dense water outflow. Journal of marine systems 31(1): 99-135
  • Özsoy E, Latif M A, Beşiktepe S, Çetin N, Gregg M C, Belokopytov Goryachkin Y & Diaconu V (1998). The Bosphorus Strait: Exchange Fluxes, Currents and Sea-Level Changes. NATO Science Series 2 Environmental Security 47(2): 1-28
  • Özsoy E, Latif M A, Sur H İ & Goryachkin Y (1996). A review of the exchange flow regime and mixing in the Bosphorus strait. Bulletin-Institut Oceanographique Monaco-Numero Special 187-204
  • Özsoy E, Oğuz T, Latif M A, Ünlüata Ü, Sur H İ & Beşiktepe Ş (1988). Oceanography of the Turkish Straits - Second Annual Report, Volume I. Physical Oceanography of the Turkish Straits, Institute of Marine Sciences, METU, Erdemli, İçel
  • Öztürk M, Ayat B, Aydoğan B & Yüksel Y (2012). 3D Numerical Modeling of Stratified Flows: Case Study of the Bosphorus Strait. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 138(5): 406-419
  • Peneva E, Stanev E, Belokopytov V & Le Traon P Y (2001). Water transport in the Bosphorus Straits estimated from hydro-meteorological and altimeter data: seasonal to decadal variability. Journal of Marine Systems 31(1): 21-33.
  • Pinardi N (2009). Misurare il mare: Luigi Ferdinando Marsili nell'Egeo e nel Bosforo, Bononia University Press 1679-1680
  • Raymond W H, Kuo H L (1984). A radiation boundary condition for multi‐dimensional flows. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 110(464): 535-551.
  • Sannino G, Sözer A & Özsoy E (2017). A high-resolution modelling study of the Turkish Straits System. Ocean Dynamics 67(3-4): 397-432.
  • Smagorinsky J (1963). General circulation experiments with the primitive equations: I. the basic experiment. Monthly weather review 91(3): 99-164
  • Smolarkiewicz P K (2006). Multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm: an overview. International journal for numerical methods in fluids 50(10): 1123-1144.
  • Soffientino B & Pilson M E Q (2005). The Bosphorus Strait. A Special Place in the History of Oceanography. Oceanography 18(2): 16-23
  • Song Y, & Haidvogel D (1994). A semi-implicit ocean circulation model using a generalized topography-following coordinate system. Journal of Computational Physics 115(1): 228-244.
  • Sözer A & Özsoy E (2002). A three-dimensional model of Bosphorus Strait dynamics. In The 2nd Meeting on the Physical Oceanography of Sea Straits, Villefranche, 15th (pp. 207-210)
  • Sözer A (2013). Numerical modeling of the bosphorus exchange flow dynamics (Doctoral dissertation, Ph. D. thesis, Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey).
  • Sözer A, Özsoy E (2017). Modeling of the Bosphorus exchange flow dynamics. Ocean dynamics 67(3-4): 321-343.
  • Stanev E V, Grashorn S & Zhang Y J (2017). Cascading ocean basins: numerical simulations of the circulation and interbasin exchange in the Azov-Black-Marmara-Mediterranean Seas system. Ocean Dynamics 67(8): 1003-1025.
  • Tolmazin D (1985). Changing coastal oceanography of the Black Sea II: Mediterranean effluent. Progress in oceanography 15(4): 277-316
  • Tuğrul S, Beşiktepe T & Salihoğlu I (2002). Nutrient exchange fluxes between the Aegean and Black Seas through the Marmara Sea. Mediterranean Marine Science 3(1): 33-42
  • Umlauf L & Burchard H (2003). A generic length-scale equation for geophysical turbulence models. Journal of Marine Research 61(2): 235-265.
  • Ünlüata Ü, Oğuz T, Latif M A & Özsoy E (1990). On the physical oceanography of the Turkish Straits. In The physical oceanography of sea straits (pp. 25-60). Springer Netherlands
  • Warner J C, Sherwood C R, Arango H G & Signell R P (2005). Performance of four turbulence closure models implemented using a generic length scale method. Ocean Modeling 8(1): 81-113
  • Wilkin J L, Arango H G, Haidvogel D B, Lichtenwalner C, Glenn S M & Hedström K S (2005). A regional ocean modeling system for the Long‐term Ecosystem Observatory. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 110(C6).
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Adil Sözer 0000-0002-8674-1461

Emin Özsoy 0000-0002-1519-0471

Publication Date June 30, 2019
Submission Date May 13, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sözer, A., & Özsoy, E. (2019). Hydrodynamic Model Analysis of an Idealized Bosphorus Case with respect to Switching Steady-State Solutions. Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 9(1), 1-17.