Effect of Substrates Prepared with Different Ratios and Supplement Materials on Yield and Quality of Enoki (Flammulina velutipes)

Year 2024, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 121 - 140, 30.06.2024

Ahmet Faruk Karasoy , Aysun Pekşen

https://doi.org/10.54370/ordubtd.1381261

Abstract

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of substrates prepared by using supplement materials at different rates on the mushroom yield, quality and biological efficiency rate (BE) of Flammulina velutipes (Enoki). Wheat bran (WB), sunflower pulp (SP), corn cob (CC), tea waste (TW), soybean meal (SB) and rice bran (RB) were used as supplement materials. By adding of these supplement materials into poplar sawdust (PS) at a rate of 10% and 20%, 12 substrates were prepared. Some chemical and physical properties of the substrates were determined after sterilization. The effects of the substrates on mushroom yield, BE ratio, number of mushrooms, average mushroom weight, morphological characteristics, colors, protein ratios and mineral contents were determined. Although the effects of the supplement materials and the substrates prepared by adding of supplements at different rates on mushroom yield and BE rate were statistically significant, the supplement inclusion rate (10 and 20%) in the substrates was found insignificant. In terms of mushroom yield and BE ratio, 80PS+20WB (89.60 g/bottle and 40.03%, respectively) and 80PS+20RB (89.12 g/bottle and 39.49%, respectively) were the superior among all substrates. It has been determined that supplement materials also affect mushroom quality.

Keywords

Enoki, mushroom, yield, supplement materials, minerals

Değişik Oranlarda ve Farklı Katkı Materyalleri ile Hazırlanan Yetiştirme Ortamlarının Enoki (Flammulina velutipes) Mantarının Verim ve Kalitesine Etkisi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, farklı oranlarda kullanılan değişik katkı materyallerinden hazırlanan mantar yetiştirme ortamlarının Flammulina velutipes (Enoki)’in verim, kalite ve biyolojik etkinlik oranına (BE) etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Buğday kepeği (BK), ayçiçeği küspesi (AÇK), mısır koçanı (MK), çay atığı (ÇA), soya küspesi (SK) ve pirinç kepeği (PK) katkı materyalleri olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu katkı materyalleri, kavak talaşına (KT) %10 ve %20 oranında eklenerek 12 yetiştirme ortamı hazırlanmıştır. Yetiştirme ortamlarının sterilizasyon sonrasında kimyasal ve fiziksel özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Yetiştirme ortamlarının mantar verimi, BE oranı, mantar sayısı, ortalama mantar ağırlığı, mantarların morfolojik özellikleri, renkleri, protein oranları ve mineral madde içerikleri üzerine etkileri tespit edilmiştir. Katkı maddesi olarak kullanılan materyallerin ve farklı oranlarda katkı maddesi ilave edilerek hazırlanan ortamların mantar verimine ve BE oranına etkilerinin istatistiksel anlamda önemli olduğunun belirlenmesine karşılık, ortamlara katılma oranlarının (%10 ve 20) etkisi önemsiz bulunmuştur. Mantar verimi ve BE oranı bakımından, tüm ortamlar arasında 80KT+20BK (sırasıyla 89.60 g/şişe ve %40.03) ile 80KT+20PK (sırasıyla 89.12 g/şişe ve %39.49)’nin en yüksek değerleri verdiği tespit edilmiştir. Katkı materyallerinin mantar kalitesi üzerine de etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Enoki, mantar, verim, katkı materyalleri, mineral madde

Thanks

Bu çalışma, Aysun PEKŞEN danışmanlığında Ahmet Faruk KARASOY tarafından tamamlanan "Değişik Katkı Materyalleri ile Hazırlanan Yetiştirme Ortamlarının Flammulina velutipes Mantarının Verim ve Kalitesine Etkisi" başlıklı yüksek lisans tezinden üretilmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan doğadan izole edilen Flammulina velutipes mantar kültürünü temin ettiğimiz Prof. Dr. Mustafa YAMAÇ ve ekibine teşekkür ederiz.

References

• Akindahunsi, A. A. ve Oyetayo, F. L. (2006). Nutrient and antinutrient distribution of edible mushroom, Pleurotus tuber-regium (Fries) Singer. LWT-Food Science and Technology 39(5), 548-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2005.04.005
• Bakar, C. ve Baba, A. (2009). Metaller ve insan sağlığı: yirminci yüzyıldan bugüne ve geleceğe miras kalan çevre sağlığı sorunu [Sözlü sunum]. 1. Tıbbi Jeoloji Çalıştayı, Ürgüp, Nevşehir.
• Bilgir, B. ve Boztok, K. (1983). Kültür mantarı (Agaricus bisporus L. Sing)’nın besin değeri üzerine araştırma. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(1), 9-17.
• Chang, S. T. ve Miles, P. G. (2004). Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect and Environmental Impact. Chemical Rubber Company Press.
• Chen, J. Z., Xang, D. Y. ve Ran, J. S. (2008a). Study on the cultivation of Flammulina velutipes by using mulberry branch powder as medium. Hubei Agricultural Science, 8, 933-935.
• Chen, J. Z., Wang, H. C. ve Tan, Y. Z. (2008b). Experiment of cultivating Flammulina velutipes with jizhi molasses herb residue. Edible Fungi of China, 27(5), 31-32.
• Cormican, T. ve Staunton, L. (1991, Ekim, 1-6). Factors in mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) compost productivity [Sözlü sunum]. Mushroom Science XIII. Volume 1. Proceedings of the 13th international congress on the science and cultivation of edible fungi, Dublin, Irish Republic.
• Doğan, H. ve Pekşen, A. (2003). Çay atıklarından hazırlanan yetiştirme ortamları ve dezenfeksiyon yöntemlerinin Pleurotus sajor-caju'nun verim ve kalitesine etkisi. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 18, 39-48.
• Eren, E. ve Pekşen, A. (2019). Türkiye’de kültür mantarı üretimi ve teknolojik gelişmeler. Mantar Dergisi, 10(3), 225-233. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/mantar/issue/50932/649141
• FAO, 2023. Value of agricultural production. https://www.fao.org/faostat adresinden 10.08.2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Girmay, Z., Gorems, W., Birhanu, G. ve Zewdie, S. (2016). Growth and yield performance of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. Fr.) Kumm (oyster mushroom) on different substrates. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Express, 6(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-016-0265-1
• Guan, Q. L., Gong, M. F., Lin, T. X. ve Xu, C. H. (2020). Effect of bamboo waste replacing cottonseed husk on cultivation of Flammulina velutipes. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2252, 020004. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0020302
• Harith, N., Abdullah, N. ve Sabaratnam, V. (2014). Cultivation of Flammulina velutipes mushroom using various agro-residues as a fruiting substrate. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 49(3), 181-188. http://seer.sct.embrapa.br/index.php/pab
• Hiramori, C., Koh, K., Kurata, S., Ueno, Y., Gamage, S., Huang, P. ve Ohga, S. (2017). Cultivation of Flammulina velutipes on modified substrate using fermented apple pomace. Advances in Microbiology, 7(11), 719-728. https://doi.org/10.4236/aim.2017.711057
• Ji, H., Wang, Q., Wang, H., Chen, W. J., Zhu, Z. H., Hou, H. ve Zhang, W. (2001). Preliminary research on flammulina velutipes and ganoderma lucidum cultivation using maize straw. Edible Fungi of China, 20(6), 11-12.
• Julshamn, K., Maage, A., Norli, H. S., Grobecker, K. H., Jorhem, L. ve Fecher, P. (2007). Determination of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead by inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry in foods after pressure digestion: NMKL interlaboratory study. Journal of AOAC International 90(3), 844-856. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17580639/
• Jung, K. J., Choi, D. S., Bang, G. P. ve Chung, K. C. (2009). Optimum mixing rate of used media for saving the production cost of Flammulina velutipes. Journal of Mushroom, 7(1), 22-26. https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO200914364644956.page
• Kacar, B. ve İnal, A. (2008). Bitki Analizleri. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. Karasoy, A. F., Okuyucu, H. ve Pekşen, A. (2019). Flammulina velutipes mantarı. Mantar Dergisi, 10(3), 152-162. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/mantar/issue/50932/646083
• Kim, D., Kim, K. J., Kim, S. G. ve Park, H. S. (2020). Growth and storage characteristics of fruiting body by nitrogen content of sawdust media and restriction stage temperature during Flammulina velutipes cultivation. Journal of Mushroom, 18(4), 311-316. https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO202007636554687.page
• Kuo, M. 2013. Flammulina velutipes. https://www.mushroomexpert.com/flammulina_velutipes.html adresinden 14 Aralık 2021 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Lee, C. Y., Park, J. E., Kim, B. B., Kim, S. M. ve Ro, H. S. (2009). Determination of mineral components in the cultivation substrates of edible mushrooms and their uptake into fruiting bodies. Mycobiology, 37(2), 109-113. https://doi.org/10.4489/MYCO.2009.37.2.109
• Leifa, F., Pandey, A. ve Soccol, C. R. (2001). Production of Flammulina velutipes on coffee husk and coffee spent-ground. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 44(2), 205-212. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132001000200015
• Liao, Q., Zhao, Z., Cui, R., Gong, M., Xu, C., ve Tu, S. (2019). Effect of rape straw on the growth of Flammulina velutipes. AIP Conference Proceedings içinde (Vol. 2079, No. 1). AIP Publishing.
• Liu, X. B., Li, J. ve Yang, Z. L. (2018). Genetic diversity and structure of core collection of winter mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) developed by genomic SSR markers. Hereditas, 155, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41065-017-0038-0
• Mahfuz, S. U., Hui, S. ve Zhongjun, L. (2017). Improved production performance and health status with winter mushroom stem (Flammulina velutipes) in laying chicken: Review. International Journal of Poultry Science, 16(4), 112-117.
• Miao, R., Zhou, J., Tan, W., Peng, W., Gan, B., Tang, L. ve Huang, Z. (2014). A preliminary screening of alternative substrate for cultivation of Flammulina velutipes. Mycosystema, 33(2), 411-424. http://journals.im.ac.cn/jwxtcn/ch/reader/advance_query.aspx
• Nakaya, M. (1998). Recycling of the waste substrate for mushroom cultivation. II Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus and Flammulina velutipes using the sawdust from waste Shiitake bed logs. Mushroom Science and Biotechnology, 6, 95-99. http://journals.im.ac.cn/jwxtcn/ch/reader/advance_query.aspx
• Naraian, R., Sahu, R. K., Kumar, S., Garg, S. K., Singh, C. S. ve Kanaujia, R. S. (2009). Influence of different nitrogen rich supplements during cultivation of Pleurotus florida on corn cob substrate. Environmentalist, 29, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-008-9174-4
• Okuyucu, H. (2021). Farklı yetiştirme ortamlarının Flammulina velutipes mantarının verim ve kalitesi üzerine etkisi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi.
• Özçelik, E. ve Pekşen, A. (2007). Hazelnut husk as a substrate for the cultivation of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes). Bioresource Technology, 98(14), 2652-2658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.09.020
• Rezaeian, S. ve Pourianfar, H. R. (2017). A comparative study on bioconversion of different agro wastes by wild and cultivated strains of Flammulina velutipes. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 8(8), 2631-2642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9698-7
• Rezaeian, S., Pourianfar, H. R. ve Attaran Dowom, S. (2021). Quantitative changes in the biochemical and mineral composition of the substrate in solid-state cultivation of Enoki mushroom. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 12, 4463-4474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01340-7
• Royse, D. J. (2014). A global perspective on the high five: Agaricus, Pleurotus, Lentinula, Auricularia and Flammulina. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products (ICMBMP8) (1-6). https://mushroomsociety.in/ICMBMP_ProceedingsPart_1_2014.pdf#page=10
• Royse, D. J., Baars, J. ve Tan, Q. (2017). Current overview of mushroom production in the world. Diego, C. Z. and Pardo-Gimenez, A. (Eds.), Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms: Technology and Applications (s. 5-13) içinde. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
• Rowell, D. L. (1996). Soil science methods & applications. Wesley Longman Limited.
• Sangkaew, M. ve Koh, K. (2017). The cultivation of Flammulina velutipes by using sunflower residues as mushroom substrate. Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies, 4(2), 140-144. https://www.joaat.com/uploadfile/2017/0704/20170704100836390.pdf
• Sesli, E. ve Denchev, C. M. (2014). Checklists of the myxomycetes, larger ascomycetes, and larger basidiomycetes in Turkey. Mycotaxon Checklists Online.
• Shi, M., Yang, Y., Guan, D., Zhang, Y. ve Zhang, Z. (2012). Bioactivity of the crude polysaccharides from fermented soybean curd residue by Flammulina velutipes. Carbohydrate Polymers, 89(4), 1268-1276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.04.047
• Smiderle, F. R., Carbonero, E. R., Sassaki, G. L., Gorin, P. A. ve Iacomini, M. (2008). Characterization of a heterogalactan: Some nutritional values of the edible mushroom Flammulina velutipes. Food Chemistry, 108(1), 329-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.10.029
• Song, C. H., Lee, C. H., Huh, T. L., Ahn, J. H. ve Yang, H. C. (1993). Development of substrates for the production of basidiocarps of Flammulina velutipes. The Korean Journal of Mycology, 21(3), 212-216. https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO199303040100453.page
• Tonomura, H. (1978). Flammulina velutipes. Chang, S. T. ve Hayes, W. A. (Eds.). The Biology and Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms. Academic Press (s. 409-421) içinde. Academic Press.
• Turfan, N., Pekşen, A., Kibar, B. ve Ünal, S. (2018). Determination of nutritional and bioactıve properties in some selected wild growing and cultivated mushrooms from Turkey. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum-Hortorum Cultus, 17(3), 57-72. https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2018.3.6
• Thuy, Q. H. B. ve Suzuki, A. (2019). Technology of mushroom cultivation. Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology, 57(3), 265. https://doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/57/3/12954 Wang, N. L. (1995). Edible fungi cyclopedia of China. Agriculture Printing House.
• Woo, S. I., Kong, W. S., Kim, E. S., Shin, P. G., Oh, Y. L., Nam, Y. K. ve Kim, K. S. (2015). Analysis of phenotypic characterization of segregation population developed by crossing in Flammulina velutipes. Journal of Mushroom, 13(3), 217-222. https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO201534853187585.page
• Xie, C., Gong, W., Yan, L., Zhu, Z., Hu, Z. ve Peng, Y. (2017). Biodegradation of ramie stalk by Flammulina velutipes: mushroom production and substrate utilization. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Express, 7(1), 171. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-017-0480-4
• Yang, W., Guo, F. ve Wan, Z. (2013). Yield and size of oyster mushroom grown on rice/wheat straw basal substrate supplemented with cotton seed hull. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 20(4), 333-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2013.02.00
• Yılmaz, F. (2002). Flammulina velutipes (Curt.:Fr.) Karst. türünün misel gelişiminin araştırılması (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Muğla Üniversitesi.
• Zhang, W., Liu, S., Su, G. ve Ma, L. (2019). Camellia oleifera seed shell: an effective substrate for producing Flammulina velutipes fruit bodies with improved nutritional value. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 21(5), 989-996. http://www.fspublishers.org/view_pdf_issue.php?file=published_papers/23374_10%20doi%2015.0984%20IJAB-18-0690%20(8)%20989-996.pdf