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Psychosocial triggers associated with major depressive episodes in women applying to psychiatric outpatient clinic

Year 2020, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 151 - 158, 01.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.21601/ortadogutipdergisi.648700

Abstract

Aim: Factors such as personality traits, self-esteem, interpersonal relations and cognitive skills are considered among the risk factors of psychiatric disorders particularly for mood disorders. Presence of a single risk factor is not enough for the disease to emerge. The present study aimed to evaluate the presence of psychosocial triggering factors prior to the episodes of major depressive disorder (MDD) in female patients.
Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included a total of 62 female patients, who visited the psychiatry policlinic and have been diagnosed with MDD alone according to SCID-I. After the diagnostic evaluation of the patients, detailed clinical interview was conducted to assess the presence of triggering factors for depressive episode. All of the participants described triggering factors for major depressive disorder.
Results: Regarding the psychosocial factors as the potential triggers, 26 patients mentioned about the problem of communication and compliance with the spouse (42%), 10 mentioned about the presence of illness in the first-degree relatives (16%) and 10 mentioned about the conflict with the mother-in-law or other relatives (16%). When we collect “communication/compliance problem with the spouse” + “conflict with the mother-in-law/other family members” + “breaking up with the beloved one” + “husband’s cheating on her” stressor groups as a “relationship conflict” group, the mean of BDI and BAI scores of “relationship conflict” group were highest among the all groups.
Conclusions: In the light of these outcomes, it can be concluded that particularly psychosocial factors associated with interpersonal relations play significant role as the triggering factors for depressive episodes in female patients. Among these factors, the problem of communication and compliance with the spouse is particularly striking.

References

  • Assari S, Lankarani MM. Association between stressful life events and depression; intersection of race and gender. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 2016; 3(2): 349-56.
  • Beable S, Fulcher M, Lee AC, Hamilton B. SHARPSports mental Health Awareness Research Project: Prevalence and risk factors of depressive symptoms and life stress in elite athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2017; 20(12): 1047-52.
  • Hammen C, Kim EY, Eberhart NK, Brennan PA. Chronic and acute stress and the prediction of major depression in women. Depression and anxiety 2009; 26(8): 718-23.
  • Monroe SM, Harkness KL. Life stress, the “kindling” hypothesis, and the recurrence of depression: considerations from a life stress perspective. Psychological review 2005; 112(2): 417.
  • Ünal S, Küey L, Güleç C, Bekaroğlu M, Evlice YE, Kırlı S. Depresif bozukluklarda risk etkenleri. Klinik Psikiyatri 2002; 5(1): 8-15.
  • Teo AR, Choi H, Valenstein M. Social relationships and depression: ten-year follow-up from a nationally representative study. PloS one 2013; 8(4).
  • Foo SQ, Tam WW, Ho CS, et al. Prevalence of depression among migrants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health 2018; 15(9): 1986.
  • Paykel ES. Life events and affective disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2003; 108: 61-6.
  • Stroud CB, Davila J, Hammen C, Vrshek-Schallhorn S. Severe and nonsevere events in first onsets versus recurrences of depression: Evidence for stress sensitization. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2011; 120(1): 142.
  • Monroe SM, Slavich GM, Torres LD, Gotlib IH. Major life events and major chronic difficulties are differentially associated with history of major depressive episodes. Journal of abnormal psychology 2007; 116(1): 116.
  • First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JB. User’s guide for the Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders SCID-I: clinician version. American Psychiatric Pub. 1997.
  • Çorapçıoğlu A, Aydemir Ö, Yıldız M, Esen A, Köroğlu E. DSM-IV Eksen I Bozuklukları (SCID-I) için yapılandırılmış klinik görüşme, klinik versiyon. Ankara: Hekimler yayın birliği 1999.
  • Guy W. Clinical global impression. Assessment manual for Psychopharmacology 1976: 217-22.
  • Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of general psychiatry 1961; 4(6): 561-71.
  • Hisli N. Beck Depresyon Envanterinin gecerliligi uzerine bit calisma (A study on the validity of Beck Depression Inventory). Psikoloji Dergisi 1988; 6: 118-22.
  • Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 1988; 56(6): 893.
  • Ulusoy M, Sahin NH, Erkmen H. The Beck anxiety inventory: psychometric properties. Journal of cognitive psychotherapy 1998; 12(2): 163-72.
  • Endicott J, Spitzer RL, Fleiss JL, Cohen J. The Global Assessment Scale: A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance. Archives of general psychiatry 1976; 33(6): 766-71.
  • Kaur S, Kaur G, Rani C. Family environment in relation To mental health and marital adjustment among rural women of Punjab. Voice of Research 2015; 4(3): 3-37.
  • Leach LS, Butterworth P, Olesen SC, Mackinnon A. Relationship quality and levels of depression and anxiety in a large population-based survey. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 2013; 48(3): 417-25.
  • Hammen C. Stress and depression. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2005; 1: 293-319.
  • Pehlivan K. Psikiyatrik kadın hastalarda evlilik ve ebeveyn olma: Bir gözden geçirme. Düşünen Adam 2006; 19(3): 143-54.
  • Ergöl Ş, Kuzu A. The relation between marriage characteristics and depression and anxiety symptoms in married women aged 15-49 years 15-49 yaş evli kadınlarda depresyon ve anksiyete belirtileri ile evlilik özelliklerinin ilişkisi. Journal of Human Sciences 2016; 13(1): 1023-35.
  • Bjelland I, Krokstad S, Mykletun A, Dahl AA, Tell GS, Tambs K. Does a higher educational level protect against anxiety and depression? The HUNT study. Social science & medicine 2008; 66(6): 1334-45.
  • Koenen KC, Rudenstine S, Susser E, Galea S. A life course approach to mental disorders. Oxford University Press. 2013.
  • Cairney J, Boyle M, Offord DR, Racine Y. Stress, social support and depression in single and married mothers. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 2003; 38(8): 442-9.
  • Lin N, Dean A, Ensel WM. Social support, life events, and depression. Academic Press. 2013.

Psikiyatri polikliniğine başvuran major depresyon tanılı kadın hastalardaki potansiyel tetikleyiciler olarak psikososyal stresörler

Year 2020, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 151 - 158, 01.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.21601/ortadogutipdergisi.648700

Abstract

Amaç: Kişilik özellikleri, öz-saygı, kişilerarası ilişkiler ve bilişsel beceriler gibi faktörler, özellikle duygudurum bozuklukları başta olmak üzere psikiyatrik bozuklukların risk faktörleri arasında sayılmaktadır. Hastalığın ortaya çıkması için tek bir risk faktörünün varlığı yeterli değildir. Genetik yapının olumsuz çevresel faktörlerle etkileşimi de önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, kadın hastalarda major depresyon epizodlarından önce psikososyal tetikleyici faktörlerin varlığını değerlendirmeyi amaçladık.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Psikiyatri polikliniğine başvuran ve SCID-1 ile major depresyon tanısı konulan toplam 62 kadın hasta retrospektif şekilde dizayn edilmiş olan çalışmaya alındı. Hastaların tanısal değerlendirmesinden sonra, depresif atak için tetikleyici faktörlerin varlığını değerlendirmek amacıyla ayrıntılı klinik görüşme yapıldı.
Bulgular: Potansiyel tetikleyiciler olarak psikososyal faktörlerle ilgili olarak, hastaların 26’sı eşi ile ilgili iletişim ve uyum hakkında (%42), 10’u birinci derece akrabalarda hastalık varlığından (%16), 10’u da kayınvalidesi ve veya başka akrabalarıyla olan anlaşmazlıktan bahsetmiş olup 8’i taşınmadan (%13), 6’sı sevgiliden ayrılmadan (%10) ve 2’si de eş aldatmasından bahsetmiştir (%3). “Eş ile iletişim / uyum sorunu”, “kayınvalidesiyle / diğer aile üyeleriyle anlaşmazlık”, “sevgilisinden ayrılmak” ve “eşi tarafından aldatılmak” stresörleri “ilişki çatışması” grubunda toplandığında bu grubun depresyon ve anksiyete skorlarının ortalaması tüm gruplar arasında en yüksek oranda bulunmuştur.
Sonuç: Bu bulgular ışığında, özellikle kadınlarda depresyon atakları için tetikleyici faktörler olarak kişilerarası ilişkilerle ilişkili psikososyal faktörlerin önemli rol oynadığı sonucuna varılabilir. Bu faktörler arasında eş ile iletişim ve uyum sorunu özellikle dikkat çekicidir.

References

  • Assari S, Lankarani MM. Association between stressful life events and depression; intersection of race and gender. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 2016; 3(2): 349-56.
  • Beable S, Fulcher M, Lee AC, Hamilton B. SHARPSports mental Health Awareness Research Project: Prevalence and risk factors of depressive symptoms and life stress in elite athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2017; 20(12): 1047-52.
  • Hammen C, Kim EY, Eberhart NK, Brennan PA. Chronic and acute stress and the prediction of major depression in women. Depression and anxiety 2009; 26(8): 718-23.
  • Monroe SM, Harkness KL. Life stress, the “kindling” hypothesis, and the recurrence of depression: considerations from a life stress perspective. Psychological review 2005; 112(2): 417.
  • Ünal S, Küey L, Güleç C, Bekaroğlu M, Evlice YE, Kırlı S. Depresif bozukluklarda risk etkenleri. Klinik Psikiyatri 2002; 5(1): 8-15.
  • Teo AR, Choi H, Valenstein M. Social relationships and depression: ten-year follow-up from a nationally representative study. PloS one 2013; 8(4).
  • Foo SQ, Tam WW, Ho CS, et al. Prevalence of depression among migrants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health 2018; 15(9): 1986.
  • Paykel ES. Life events and affective disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2003; 108: 61-6.
  • Stroud CB, Davila J, Hammen C, Vrshek-Schallhorn S. Severe and nonsevere events in first onsets versus recurrences of depression: Evidence for stress sensitization. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2011; 120(1): 142.
  • Monroe SM, Slavich GM, Torres LD, Gotlib IH. Major life events and major chronic difficulties are differentially associated with history of major depressive episodes. Journal of abnormal psychology 2007; 116(1): 116.
  • First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JB. User’s guide for the Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders SCID-I: clinician version. American Psychiatric Pub. 1997.
  • Çorapçıoğlu A, Aydemir Ö, Yıldız M, Esen A, Köroğlu E. DSM-IV Eksen I Bozuklukları (SCID-I) için yapılandırılmış klinik görüşme, klinik versiyon. Ankara: Hekimler yayın birliği 1999.
  • Guy W. Clinical global impression. Assessment manual for Psychopharmacology 1976: 217-22.
  • Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of general psychiatry 1961; 4(6): 561-71.
  • Hisli N. Beck Depresyon Envanterinin gecerliligi uzerine bit calisma (A study on the validity of Beck Depression Inventory). Psikoloji Dergisi 1988; 6: 118-22.
  • Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 1988; 56(6): 893.
  • Ulusoy M, Sahin NH, Erkmen H. The Beck anxiety inventory: psychometric properties. Journal of cognitive psychotherapy 1998; 12(2): 163-72.
  • Endicott J, Spitzer RL, Fleiss JL, Cohen J. The Global Assessment Scale: A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance. Archives of general psychiatry 1976; 33(6): 766-71.
  • Kaur S, Kaur G, Rani C. Family environment in relation To mental health and marital adjustment among rural women of Punjab. Voice of Research 2015; 4(3): 3-37.
  • Leach LS, Butterworth P, Olesen SC, Mackinnon A. Relationship quality and levels of depression and anxiety in a large population-based survey. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 2013; 48(3): 417-25.
  • Hammen C. Stress and depression. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2005; 1: 293-319.
  • Pehlivan K. Psikiyatrik kadın hastalarda evlilik ve ebeveyn olma: Bir gözden geçirme. Düşünen Adam 2006; 19(3): 143-54.
  • Ergöl Ş, Kuzu A. The relation between marriage characteristics and depression and anxiety symptoms in married women aged 15-49 years 15-49 yaş evli kadınlarda depresyon ve anksiyete belirtileri ile evlilik özelliklerinin ilişkisi. Journal of Human Sciences 2016; 13(1): 1023-35.
  • Bjelland I, Krokstad S, Mykletun A, Dahl AA, Tell GS, Tambs K. Does a higher educational level protect against anxiety and depression? The HUNT study. Social science & medicine 2008; 66(6): 1334-45.
  • Koenen KC, Rudenstine S, Susser E, Galea S. A life course approach to mental disorders. Oxford University Press. 2013.
  • Cairney J, Boyle M, Offord DR, Racine Y. Stress, social support and depression in single and married mothers. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 2003; 38(8): 442-9.
  • Lin N, Dean A, Ensel WM. Social support, life events, and depression. Academic Press. 2013.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Original article
Authors

Tonguç Berkol 0000-0003-4341-6826

Hasan Mervan Aytaç 0000-0002-1053-6808

Publication Date June 1, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 12 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Berkol T, Aytaç HM. Psychosocial triggers associated with major depressive episodes in women applying to psychiatric outpatient clinic. omj. 12(2):151-8.

e-ISSN: 2548-0251

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