العامل الإسرائيلي في العلاقات الاستراتيجية المتطورة بين الهند والولايات المتحدة الأمريكية

Year 2020, , 391 - 407, 15.11.2020

Sadia Khanum , Muhammad Moiz

https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.720705

Abstract

تشهد العلاقات الاستراتيجية بين الهند وإسرائيل نموا متسارعا خلال السنوات القليلة الماضية، وهذا النمو يثير معه الاهتمامات والقلق في الأوساط الأكاديمية، إضافة لصانعي السياسة. كان للهند في عهد نهرو موقف صارم جدا ضد السياسات الإسرائيلية تجاه فلسطين. كما أن نهرو الذي كان جزءا من حركة عدم الانحياز ورئيسا لها انتقد المواقف غير العادلة تجاه فلسطين والدور الأمريكي الداعم لدولة إسرائيل. ينظر إلى تقارب الهند مع إسرائيل بداية من تسعينات القرن الماضي على أنه انحراف كبير عن السياسة التي وضعها مؤسسو الدولة. الروابط الدبلوماسية والدفاعية الوثيقة، كشفت الاحتياجات الجيوستراتيجية لكلا البلدين بشكل من الأشكال وضرورات الوقت الذي تحققت فيه التغيرات المنهجية في حقبة ما بعد الحرب الباردة. لم يترك تفكك الاتحاد السوفييتي للهند خيارا سوى اتباع سياسة أكثر براغماتية تجاه هيمنة الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية وحلفائها. قدم اللوبي اليهودي في الكونغرس الأمريكي دعما كبيرا لأجندة الهند ولكشف المعارضين المناهضين لها، فيما استجابت الهند لدبلوماسية النوايا الحسنة هذه من خلال تعزيز علاقاتها مع إسرائيل. العلاقات الاستراتيجية بين الهند والولايات المتحدة التي نمت بعد الحرب الباردة، لها العديد من الأبعاد الإقليمية والعالمية والمصالح المكتسبة. هذه المصالح تتحقق في اتفاق غير رسمي في إطار التعاون الجيوستراتيجي مع إسرائيل أو على أساس المصالح المتبادلة، وبين الدول الثلاث (المثلث الهندي الأمريكي الإسرائيلي من أجل موازنة التهديدات في آسيا). الروابط الحميمة بين إسرائيل والولايات المتحدة تسهّل للهند نقل أجندتها الإقليمية والعالمية عبر منصة الصداقة. هذه الدراسة التي انبثقت من هذه النقطة تهدف إلى تناول الروابط ثلاثية الأطراف، بناء على موازنة التهديدات في المنطقة وكيفية مصدر التقارب للدول الثلاث. وفي هذا السياق، فإن هدف الدراسة هو فهم أساس نمو العلاقات الهندية الإسرائيلية والدور الذي لعبته هذه الشراكة الاستراتيجية في تسهيل العلاقات الحميمة بين الولايات المتحدة والهند في فترة ما بعد الحرب الباردة.

Keywords

الهند، إسرائيل, الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية, الشراكة الاستراتيجية, فلسطين, ما بعد الحرب الباردة, باكستان

Gelişen Hindistan-ABD Stratejik İlişkisinde İsrail Faktörü

Abstract

Hint-İsrail stratejik ilişkileri son birkaç yılda büyük bir hızla büyümekte ve bu büyüme, politika yapıcıların yanı sıra akademide de ilgi ve endişeleri beraberinde getirmektedir. Nehru yönetimindeki Hindistan, İsrail’in Filistin politikasına karşı çok katı bir duruş sergilemiş ve Bağlantısızlar Hareketi’nin bir parçası ve lideri olan Nehru Filistinlilere yapılan adaletsiz tutumu ve ABD’nin İsrail devletini destekleyici rolünü eleştirmiştir. Hindistan’ın 1990’lardan başlayarak İsrail’le olan yakınlığı ülkenin kurucularının belirlediği politikadan büyük bir sapma olarak görülmektedir. Yakın diplomatik ve savunma bağları bir şekilde her iki ülkenin jeostratejik ihtiyaçlarını ve Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde sistematik değişikliklerin gerçekleştiği zamanın gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır. Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılması Hindistan’a Amerika Birleşik Devletleri hegemonyası ve müttefiklerine karşı daha pragmatik bir politika izlemekten başka bir seçenek bırakmamıştır. ABD Kongresi'ndeki Yahudi lobisi Hindistan’ın gündemini ve karşıt muhaliflerini ortaya koymak için büyük destek sağlamış ve Hindistan İsrail ile ilişkilerini güçlendirerek bu iyi niyet diplomasisine karşılık vermiştir. Soğuk Savaş sonrası büyüyen Hint-ABD stratejik ilişkileri birçok bölgesel, küresel boyuta ve kazanılmış çıkarlara sahiptir. Bu çıkarlar İsrail ile jeostratejik iş birliğinde veya karşılıklı menfaat temelli gayri resmi bir ittifakta (Asya'daki tehdidi dengelemek için Hint-ABD-İsrail üçgeni) ve üç ülke arasında gerçekleşmektedir. İsrail ve ABD arasındaki samimi bağlar Hindistan'ın bölgesel ve küresel gündemini dostluk platformundan iletmesini kolaylaştırmaktadır. Bu noktadan hareketle ortaya çıkan bu araştırma bölgedeki tehdidi dengelemeye ve bunların üçü için yakınsama kaynağının nasıl olduğuna dayanan üç taraflı bağı incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, araştırmanın amacı Hint-İsrail ilişkilerinde büyümenin temelini ve bu stratejik ortaklığın Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde ABD ile Hindistan arasındaki samimi bağları kolaylaştırmada oynadığı rolü anlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Keywords

Hindistan, İsrail, ABD, Stratejik Ortaklık, Filistin, Soğuk Savaş Sonrası, Pakistan

The Israel Factor in Growing Indo-US Strategic Ties

Abstract

Indo-Israel strategic ties have been growing at a great pace in the last few decades and this growth is stimulating interests and concerns among foreign policymakers as well as in academia. India under Nehru maintained a very strict stance vis-à-vis Israel’s Palestine policy. Being a part of and the leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, Nehru was critical of injustice done to Palestinians and the US role in consolidating the state of Israel. India’s growing intimacy with Israel, starting from the 1990s, is seen as a major divergence from the policy set by the country’s founding fathers. Close diplomatic and defense ties somehow exhibit the geostrategic needs of both the countries as well as the requirement of time where systematic changes have taken place in the post-Cold War period. The disintegration of the Soviet Union left no option for India but to pursue a more pragmatic policy towards the United States, the new hegemon, and its allies. The Jewish lobby in the US Congress was of great support to put forward India’s agendas and to counter opponents. India reciprocated for that goodwill diplomacy by strengthening its ties with Israel. Post-Cold War growth of Indo-US strategic relations has many regional and global dimensions and vested interests. These interests are better served in geostrategic collaboration with Israel or making a mutual interest-based informal alliance (Indo-US-Israel triangle for balancing the threat in Asia) between three countries. The cordial ties between Israel and the US facilitate India forwarding its regional and global agendas from the very platform of friendship. Therefore, the research problem at hand is to dissect and understand the trilateral bond based on its balancing the threat in the region and how it is the source of convergence for all three of them. In brief, this paper is an attempt to understand the very basis of growing Indo-Israel relations and the role that this strategic partnership plays in facilitating the cordial ties between the US and India in the post-Cold War era.

Keywords

India, Israel, US, Strategic Partnership, Palestine, Post-Cold War, Pakistan

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