تقييم الحزب القومي التركي وبرنامجه: مساهمة في أبحاث تاريخ الديمقراطية التركية

Year 2021, , 233 - 254, 30.04.2021

Yenal Ünal

https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.874462

Abstract

تأسس الحزب القومي التركي في إسطنبول في 9 ديسمبر/ كانون الأول 1919. هذا الحزب يهدف إلى مواصلة سياسات الحزب القومي الدستوري والحركة التركية داخل بيئة احتلالية وتركيبة غير متجانسة في عهد الهدنة. تأسس الحزب قبل انتخابات عام 1919. وشارك الحزب في الفعاليات قبل الانتخابات ثم شارك في الانتخابات، وبذلك بدأ بإسماع صوته ولو قليلا. كان هناك في الحزب القومي اختلافات في الرأي مع الأحزاب الأخرى. وفي الانتخابات التي دخلها بقائمة مستقلة تم انتخاب عبد الحق عدنان (أديوار) وحمد الله صبحي (طانروفر) ومحمد أمين (أريشيرغيل) وأحمد فريد (تك) أعضاء في البرلمان. في الحقيقة، إن فوز حزب أنشئ حديثا ويتبنى القومية التركية كأيديولوجية رسمية بمقعد برلماني في عهد الهدنة بإسطنبول، يعد بمثابة إحدى البيانات المهمة لفهم سياسي أكثر وضوحا للعاصمة التي تتمتع بتعددية غير متجانسة. الحزب القومي التركي لم يستطع فتح فرع في أي مكان آخر غير إسطنبول. حاول أن يعرّف بنفسه للناس من خلال صحيفة إفهام. أرسل الحزب أحمد حكمت وحمد الله صبحي إلى المؤتمر الوطني كأعضاء. ونظرا لأنه لم يتخذ موقفا متشددا ضد حركة الأناضول، فقد شهد صراعات مع المنظمات السياسية الأخرى. الحزب تعرض لانتقادات شديدة من قبل دوائر حزب الحرية والائتلاف لدعمه حركة الدفاع عن الحقوق بقيادة مصطفى كمال باشا وتأييده إنشاء مركز مقاومة في الأناضول. وبعد مداهمة مجلس المبعوثان وحله، أصبح الحزب في حالة لا تسمح له بالعمل في إسطنبول. وعلى إثر ذلك، توجه بعض مؤسسي وأعضاء الحزب أحمد فريد ود. عدنان أديوار وحمد الله صبحي إلى أنقرة وانضموا إلى مجلس الأمة التركي الكبير. وبذلك انتهت الحياة السياسية للحزب القومي التركي.

Keywords

الحزب القومي التركي, القومية التركية, برنامج الحزب, عهد الهدنة, أحمد فريد (تك)

Türk Demokrasi Tarihi Araştırmalarına Bir Katkı: Milli Türk Fırkası ve Parti Programının Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Millî Türk Fırkası, 9 Aralık 1919 tarihinde, İstanbul’da kuruldu. Bir bakıma Millî Meşrutiyet Fırkası’nın politikalarını ve Türkçülük akımını, mütarekenin işgalci ve kozmopolit iklimi içinde sürdürmek amacında olan fırka, 1919 seçiminden önce kurulmuştur. Fırka seçim öncesi çalışmalarına ve seçimlere katılmış, adından az da olsa söz ettirmiştir. Millî Kongre’de diğer fırkalarla fikir ayrılıkları yaşamıştır. Bağımsız bir listeyle girdiği seçimlerde, gösterdiği adaylardan Abdülhak Adnan (Adıvar), Hamdullah Suphi (Tanrıöver), Mehmet Emin (Erişirgil) ve Ahmet Ferit (Tek) mebus seçilmiştir. Yeni kurulmuş ve Türk milliyetçiliğini resmî ideoloji olarak benimsemiş bir fırkanın, mütareke İstanbul’unda bir mebus çıkarabilmesi, kozmopolit bir çoğulculuğa sahip olan başkentin siyasi yönden daha sıhhatli anlaşılabilmesi için önemli bir veridir. Millî Türk Fırkası, İstanbul dışında, hiçbir yerde şube açamamıştır. Kendisini, İfham gazetesi vasıtasıyla kitlelere anlatmaya çalışmıştır. Fırka, Millî Kongre’ye, Ahmet Hikmet’i ve Hamdullah Suphi’yi delege olarak göndermiştir. Anadolu hareketine karşı sert bir tutum takınmadığı için diğer siyasi kuruluşlarla çatışma yaşamıştır. Fırka, Mustafa Kemal Paşa’nın önderliğindeki Müdafaa-i Hukuk hareketini ve direnme merkezinin Anadolu’da kurulmasını desteklediği için özellikle Hürriyet ve İtilaf Fırkası çevrelerince ağır bir şekilde eleştirilmiştir. Meclis-i Mebusan’ın basılmasından ve feshedilmesinden sonra, fırka İstanbul’da çalışamaz duruma gelmiştir. Kurucu ve yöneticilerinden Ahmet Ferit, Dr. Adnan Adıvar ve Hamdullah Suphi Ankara’ya geçerek Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’ne katılmışlardır. Böylece Millî Türk Fırkası’nın siyasi ömrü sona ermiştir.

Keywords

Millî Türk Fırkası, Türk Milliyetçiliği, Parti Programı, Mütareke Dönemi, Ahmet Ferit (Tek)

A Contribution of Democracy Research to Turkish History: Evaluation of The National Turkish Party and Its Program

Abstract

The National Turkish Party was founded on December 9th, 1919 in Istanbul. The National Turkish Party was founded prior to the 1919 election. In a sense; it aimed at maintaining policies of the National Constitutional Monarchy Party and the movement of Turkism in the period of the armistice and of an occupation and cosmopolitan climate. The party participated in the pre-election work and elections and made some name for itself. The party dissented in opinion from other parties at the National Congress. Abdulhak Adnan (Adıvar), Hamdullah Suphi (Tanrıöver), Mehmet Emin (Erişirgil) and Ahmet Ferit (Tek), party’s nominees, got into parliament in the elections in which the party participated with an independent list. In order
to better understand the cosmopolitan pluralistic capital in a political way, we can consider that a newly established party, which formally adopted “Turkish Nationalism”, was able to win a parliamentary seat in armistice Istanbul. The National Turkish Party was not able to open any branch office except in Istanbul. They tried to explain themselves to the masses through the newspaper İfham. The party sent Ahmet Hikmet and Hamdullah Suphi as delegates to the National Congress. They were in conflict with other political organizations because of not taking a harsh attitude towards the Anatolian movement. The Party was strongly criticized especially by the Freedom and Accord Party circles for supporting the movement of the Union for the Defense of Law as well as centralizing the resistance point in Anatolia under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha. After the invasion and abolition of the Ottoman Parliament, the party became unable to work in Istanbul. Ahmet Ferit, Dr. Adnan Adıvar, and Hamdullah Suphi, the founders and directors of the party, moved to Ankara and participated
in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Thus, the political life of the National Turkish Party ended.

Keywords

The National Turkish Party, Turkish Nationalism, Party Program, Period of Armistice, Ahmet Ferit (Tek).

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