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İşgal Sonrası Irak’ta Devletleşme Sorunlarının Kuramsal İncelemesi ve Petrol Zenginliğinin Etkileri

Year 2011, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 61 - 90, 14.07.2016

Abstract

Irak’ta 20 Mart 2003’te başlayan işgal sonrası devam eden siyasi bütünleşme sorunlarını anlamak için devletleşme sürecinin açıklanması önemlidir. Bu makale, ABD tarafından Irak’a tek taraflı müdahale sonucu izlenen devlet-kurma modelinin yarattığı sorunları, kalkınma çalışmaları içerisinde siyasi değişim ve Irak’ın tarihsel devletleşme sürecine etkisi bağlamında kuramsal açıdan açıklamaktadır. Bu çerçevede tarihsel sosyoloji litaretüründeki devlet kuramları açısından Irak’taki devletleşme sürecine petrol zenginliğinin yarattığı etkiler tartışılmaktadır. Yapılan değerlendirmenin ana saptamasına göre Irak’ın güvenliği ve yeni siyasi düzeninin başarısıyla meşruluğu, tarihsel süreçte toplumda farklı düzeylerde bulunan ideolojik, ekonomik, askeri ve politik sosyal güç kaynakları ile petrol zenginliğine bağlı sermaye yapısının belirlediği devlet toplum ilişkisinin, küreselleşme sürecinde yerel, bölgesel, uluslararası ve uluslarötesi aktörlerin tercih ve söylemleri doğrultusunda ne kadar ve nasıl değiştirilebileceğine bağlıdır

References

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  • Alaaldin, Ranj, “Maliki is Iraq’s best defence against Iranian influence”, Guardian, 28 Kasım 2010.
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  • Almond, Gabriel and James Coleman (eds), The Politics of the Developing Areas, (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1960).
  • Alnaswari, Abbas, Iraq’s Burden: Oil, Sanctions and Underdevelopment, in Contributions in Economics and Economic History, (Westport, CT: Greenwo- od Press, 2002).
  • Ayoob, Mohammed, “State Making, State Breaking, and State Failure” Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, ve Pamela Aall (ed.), Leashing the Dogs of War: Conf ict Management in a Divided World, (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2007), s. 95-114.
  • Batatu, Hanna, The Old Social Classes and Revolutionary Movements of Iraq, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978).
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  • Bayart, Jean-Francois, The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly, (London: Longman, 1993, French edition 1989).
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  • Bush, George W., The National Security Strategy of the United States of Ame- rica, Washington, DC: White House, 2002, s. 31, <http://www.whiteho- use.gov/nsc/nss.html>.
  • Chaudhry, Kiren Aziz, The Price of Wealth: Economies and Institutions in the Middle East, (Cornell University Press, 1997).
  • Coleman, James S., “Modernization: Political Aspects,” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Cilt. 10, (New York: Collier, Macmillan, ). Cordesman, Anthony H., ve Ahmed S. Hashim, Iraq, Sanctions and Be- yond, (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997).
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  • Diamond, Larry, Squandered Victory: The American Occupation and the Bungled Effort to Bring Democracy to Iraq, (New York: Times Books, 2005).
  • Dobbins, James ve et al., America’s Role in Nation-Building: From Germany to Iraq, (Santa Monica, CA.: RAND Corporation, 2003).
  • Dobbins, James ve et al., Europe’s Role in Nation-Building : From the Balkans to the Congo (Santa Monica. CA.: RAND Corporation, 2008).
  • Dobbins, James ve et al., The UN’s Role in Nation-Building : from the Congo to Iraq, (Santa Monica, CA.: RAND Corporation, 2005).
  • Dodge, Toby, “Iraqi Transitions: from regime change to state collapse,” Third World Quarterly, Cilt: 26, Sayı: 4-5, 2005, s. 705-721.
  • Dodge, Toby, “The ideological roots of failure: the application of kine- tic neo-liberalism to Iraq,” International Affairs, Cilt: 86, Sayı: 6, 2010, s. 1286.
  • Duman, Bilgay, “Irak’ta Hükümet Kuruldu (mu)?” ORSAM Dış Politika Analizleri, 12 Kasım 2010.
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  • Fearon, James D. ve David D. Laitin, “Neotrusteeship and the Problem of Weak States,” International Security, Cilt: 28, Sayı: 4, (Bahar, 2004), s. 43.
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  • Halabi, Zeina “Arab Civil Society: Assessing Interpretations and Deter- mining Challenges” Civil Society from the Arab Perspective: Experiences and Challenges in Iraq and the Region Semineri, 15-17 Aralık 2004, Beyrut, He- inrich Boell Foundation Middle East Off ce and the Arab NGO Network for Development.
  • Hehir, Aidan ve Neil Robinson (ed.), State-building: Theory and Practice, (New York: Routledge, 2007).
  • Huntington, Samuel, Political Order in Changing Societies, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968).
  • International Crisis Group, “Oil for Soil: Toward a Grand Bargain on Iraq and the Kurds,” Middle East Report No: 80, 28 Ekim 2008.
  • İpek, Pınar, “Irak’ta 2010 seçimleri öncesi petrol kaynaklarının önemi,”
  • Ortadoğu Analiz, Cilt 1, Sayı 11, Kasım 2009, s. 58-66.
  • Ismael, Tareq Y., The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party in Iraq, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
  • Karl, Terry Lynn, The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States, (Uni- versity of California Press, 1997).
  • Kaufmann, Chaim D., “Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil War,” International Security, Cilt: 20, Sayı: 4, 1996, s. 136-175.
  • Krasner, Stephen D., “Sharing Sovereignty: New Institutions for Collap- sed and Failing States.” Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, ve Pa- mela Aall (ed.), Leashing the Dogs of War: Conf ict Management in a Divided World, (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2007), s. 653-678.
  • Latham, Michael, E. Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and ‘Nation-Building’ in the Kennedy Era, (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Caroline Press, 2000).
  • Mann, Michael, States, War and Capitalism: Studies in Political Sociology, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988).
  • Mann, Michael, The Sources of Social Power, Vol. 2: The Rise of Classes and Nation States, 1760-1914 (Cambridge University Press, 1993).
  • Marr, Phebe, Iraq’s New Political Map, (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Special Report, January 2007).
  • Marr, Phebe, The Modern History of Iraq, (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, ). Martinussen, John, Society, State, and Market: A Guide to Competing Theori- es of Development, (London: Zed Books, 1997), s. 165-181.
  • Mendelson Forman, Johanna “Striking Out In Baghdad: How Post Conf- lict Reconstruction Went Awry,” Francis Fukuyama (ed.), Nation-Buil- ding: Beyond Afghanistan and Iraq, (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2006), s. 196-217.
  • ORSAM, 7 Mart 2010 Irak Parlamento Seçim Sonuçlarının ve Yeni Siyasal
  • Denklemin Değerlendirilmesi, (Ankara: Rapor no:17, Nisan 2010).
  • Osler Hampson, Fen ve David Mendeloff, “Intervention and the Nati- on-Building Debate” Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson ve Pamela Aall (ed.), Leashing the Dogs of War: Conşict Management in a Divided World, (Washington, D.C.: United State Institute of Peace, 2007), s. 679-699.
  • Paris, Roland ve Timothy D. Sisk (ed.), The Dilemmas of Statebuilding: Confronting the Contradictions of Postwar Peace Operations, (New York: Ro- utledge, 2009).
  • Pollack, Kenneth, “Baghdad’s Long, Cold Winter,” National Interest, 6 Aralık 2010.
  • Pye, Lucien W., Aspecst of Political Development, (Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co., 1966).
  • Reynolds, Andrew (ed.), The Architecture of Democracy: Constituional De- sign, Conf ict Management, and Democracy, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
  • Roeder, Philip G. ve Donald Rothchild (ed.), Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy After Civil Wars (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005).
  • Tilly, Charles, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1990, (Camb- ridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1990).
  • “Transcript: Maliki on Iraq’s Future,” Wall Street Journal, 28 Aralık 2010.
  • Tripp, Charles, A History of Iraq, (New York: Cambridge University press, rd edition, 2007).
  • UNAMI, Common Country Assesment, Iraq, Kasım 2009.
  • Vandewalle, Dirk, Libya since Independence: Oil and State-Building, (Cornell University Press, 1998).
  • Visser, Reider, “Parliament Approves the Second Maliki Government” <www.historiae.org>, 21 Aralık 2010.
  • Woodward, Bob The War Within: A Secret White House History, 2006-2008
  • (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008).

The Theoretical Analysis of State-Building Problems in Iraq in the Post-Occupation Period and The Impacts of Oil Wealth

Year 2011, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 61 - 90, 14.07.2016

Abstract

It is important to explain the state-building process in Iraq in order to understand the continuing problems of political consolidation in the aftermath of Iraq’s invasion, which began on 20 March 2003. This article analyzes the problems that emerged out of the state-building model followed by the unilateral intervention of the US into Iraq within the context of political change theories in the development studies and the impact of such model on the historical trajectory of the Iraqi state. In this regard, the role of oil wealth in the state-building process of Iraq is discussed according to the theories of state in the literature of historical sociology. The main argument asserts that Iraq’s security, the success of its new political order and its legitimacy depends on how and to what extent the relationship between the state and society that has been determined by the structure of capital - strictly shaped by oil wealth - as well as the ideological, economic, military and social sources of power, embedded in the society through history at different levels, can be changed given the preferences and discourses of actors at local, regional, international and transnational levels in the globalization process

References

  • Al Khafaji, Isam, “A few days after: state and society in a post-Saddam Iraq,” Toby Dodge ve Steven Simon (ed.), Iraq at the Crossroads: State and Society in the Shadow of Regime Change, (London and Oxford: Internati- onal Institute for Strategic Studies and Oxford University Press, 2003).
  • Alaaldin, Ranj, “Maliki is Iraq’s best defence against Iranian influence”, Guardian, 28 Kasım 2010.
  • Al-Marashi, Ibrahim ve Sammy Salama, Iraq’s Armed Forces, (New York: Routledge, 2008).
  • Almond, Gabriel and James Coleman (eds), The Politics of the Developing Areas, (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1960).
  • Alnaswari, Abbas, Iraq’s Burden: Oil, Sanctions and Underdevelopment, in Contributions in Economics and Economic History, (Westport, CT: Greenwo- od Press, 2002).
  • Ayoob, Mohammed, “State Making, State Breaking, and State Failure” Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, ve Pamela Aall (ed.), Leashing the Dogs of War: Conf ict Management in a Divided World, (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2007), s. 95-114.
  • Batatu, Hanna, The Old Social Classes and Revolutionary Movements of Iraq, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978).
  • Bayart, Jean-Francois, “Finishing with the Idea of the Third World: The Concept of the Political Trajectory” J. Manor (ed.), Rethinking Third World Politics, (London: Longman, 1991).
  • Bayart, Jean-Francois, The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly, (London: Longman, 1993, French edition 1989).
  • Bromley, Simon, Rethinking Middle East Politics, (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1994).
  • Bush, George W., “President’s address to nation,” 10 Ocak 2007, <http://ge- orgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/01/20070110- html.>
  • Bush, George W., The National Security Strategy of the United States of Ame- rica, Washington, DC: White House, 2002, s. 31, <http://www.whiteho- use.gov/nsc/nss.html>.
  • Chaudhry, Kiren Aziz, The Price of Wealth: Economies and Institutions in the Middle East, (Cornell University Press, 1997).
  • Coleman, James S., “Modernization: Political Aspects,” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Cilt. 10, (New York: Collier, Macmillan, ). Cordesman, Anthony H., ve Ahmed S. Hashim, Iraq, Sanctions and Be- yond, (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997).
  • Cunliffe, Philip, “State building, power without responsibility,” in Aidan Hehir ve Neil Robinson (ed.) “State-Building: Theory and Practice” (Lon- don: Routledge, 2007), s. 50-69.
  • Diamond, Larry, “What Went Wrong and Right in Iraq,” Foreign Affairs, Cilt: 83, Sayı: 2, (Mart/Nisan 2004).
  • Diamond, Larry, Squandered Victory: The American Occupation and the Bungled Effort to Bring Democracy to Iraq, (New York: Times Books, 2005).
  • Dobbins, James ve et al., America’s Role in Nation-Building: From Germany to Iraq, (Santa Monica, CA.: RAND Corporation, 2003).
  • Dobbins, James ve et al., Europe’s Role in Nation-Building : From the Balkans to the Congo (Santa Monica. CA.: RAND Corporation, 2008).
  • Dobbins, James ve et al., The UN’s Role in Nation-Building : from the Congo to Iraq, (Santa Monica, CA.: RAND Corporation, 2005).
  • Dodge, Toby, “Iraqi Transitions: from regime change to state collapse,” Third World Quarterly, Cilt: 26, Sayı: 4-5, 2005, s. 705-721.
  • Dodge, Toby, “The ideological roots of failure: the application of kine- tic neo-liberalism to Iraq,” International Affairs, Cilt: 86, Sayı: 6, 2010, s. 1286.
  • Duman, Bilgay, “Irak’ta Hükümet Kuruldu (mu)?” ORSAM Dış Politika Analizleri, 12 Kasım 2010.
  • Erkmen, Serhat, “Yeni Irak Hükümeti Irak’a Neler Getirecek?” Ortadoğu Analiz, Cilt 3, Sayı 25, s. 8-17. Farouk-Sluglett, Marion ve Peter Sluglett, Iraq since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship, (New York: I.B. Taurus, 1990).
  • Fattah, Hala, “The Question of the Artif ciality” Shams C. Inati (ed.), Iraq: Its History, People, and Politics, (New York: Humanity Books, 2003), s. 49-63.
  • Fearon, James D. ve David D. Laitin, “Neotrusteeship and the Problem of Weak States,” International Security, Cilt: 28, Sayı: 4, (Bahar, 2004), s. 43.
  • Fukuyama, Francis, State Building: Governance and World Order in the Twenty-First Century, (London: Profile Books Ltd., 2004).
  • Fukuyama, Francis, State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004).
  • Giddens, Anthony, A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism Vol. 2 The Nation State and Violence, (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1985).
  • Halabi, Zeina “Arab Civil Society: Assessing Interpretations and Deter- mining Challenges” Civil Society from the Arab Perspective: Experiences and Challenges in Iraq and the Region Semineri, 15-17 Aralık 2004, Beyrut, He- inrich Boell Foundation Middle East Off ce and the Arab NGO Network for Development.
  • Hehir, Aidan ve Neil Robinson (ed.), State-building: Theory and Practice, (New York: Routledge, 2007).
  • Huntington, Samuel, Political Order in Changing Societies, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968).
  • International Crisis Group, “Oil for Soil: Toward a Grand Bargain on Iraq and the Kurds,” Middle East Report No: 80, 28 Ekim 2008.
  • İpek, Pınar, “Irak’ta 2010 seçimleri öncesi petrol kaynaklarının önemi,”
  • Ortadoğu Analiz, Cilt 1, Sayı 11, Kasım 2009, s. 58-66.
  • Ismael, Tareq Y., The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party in Iraq, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
  • Karl, Terry Lynn, The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States, (Uni- versity of California Press, 1997).
  • Kaufmann, Chaim D., “Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil War,” International Security, Cilt: 20, Sayı: 4, 1996, s. 136-175.
  • Krasner, Stephen D., “Sharing Sovereignty: New Institutions for Collap- sed and Failing States.” Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, ve Pa- mela Aall (ed.), Leashing the Dogs of War: Conf ict Management in a Divided World, (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2007), s. 653-678.
  • Latham, Michael, E. Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and ‘Nation-Building’ in the Kennedy Era, (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Caroline Press, 2000).
  • Mann, Michael, States, War and Capitalism: Studies in Political Sociology, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988).
  • Mann, Michael, The Sources of Social Power, Vol. 2: The Rise of Classes and Nation States, 1760-1914 (Cambridge University Press, 1993).
  • Marr, Phebe, Iraq’s New Political Map, (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Special Report, January 2007).
  • Marr, Phebe, The Modern History of Iraq, (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, ). Martinussen, John, Society, State, and Market: A Guide to Competing Theori- es of Development, (London: Zed Books, 1997), s. 165-181.
  • Mendelson Forman, Johanna “Striking Out In Baghdad: How Post Conf- lict Reconstruction Went Awry,” Francis Fukuyama (ed.), Nation-Buil- ding: Beyond Afghanistan and Iraq, (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2006), s. 196-217.
  • ORSAM, 7 Mart 2010 Irak Parlamento Seçim Sonuçlarının ve Yeni Siyasal
  • Denklemin Değerlendirilmesi, (Ankara: Rapor no:17, Nisan 2010).
  • Osler Hampson, Fen ve David Mendeloff, “Intervention and the Nati- on-Building Debate” Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson ve Pamela Aall (ed.), Leashing the Dogs of War: Conşict Management in a Divided World, (Washington, D.C.: United State Institute of Peace, 2007), s. 679-699.
  • Paris, Roland ve Timothy D. Sisk (ed.), The Dilemmas of Statebuilding: Confronting the Contradictions of Postwar Peace Operations, (New York: Ro- utledge, 2009).
  • Pollack, Kenneth, “Baghdad’s Long, Cold Winter,” National Interest, 6 Aralık 2010.
  • Pye, Lucien W., Aspecst of Political Development, (Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co., 1966).
  • Reynolds, Andrew (ed.), The Architecture of Democracy: Constituional De- sign, Conf ict Management, and Democracy, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
  • Roeder, Philip G. ve Donald Rothchild (ed.), Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy After Civil Wars (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005).
  • Tilly, Charles, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1990, (Camb- ridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1990).
  • “Transcript: Maliki on Iraq’s Future,” Wall Street Journal, 28 Aralık 2010.
  • Tripp, Charles, A History of Iraq, (New York: Cambridge University press, rd edition, 2007).
  • UNAMI, Common Country Assesment, Iraq, Kasım 2009.
  • Vandewalle, Dirk, Libya since Independence: Oil and State-Building, (Cornell University Press, 1998).
  • Visser, Reider, “Parliament Approves the Second Maliki Government” <www.historiae.org>, 21 Aralık 2010.
  • Woodward, Bob The War Within: A Secret White House History, 2006-2008
  • (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008).
There are 61 citations in total.

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Journal Section Articles
Authors

Pınar İpek This is me

Publication Date July 14, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

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Chicago İpek, Pınar. “İşgal Sonrası Irak’ta Devletleşme Sorunlarının Kuramsal İncelemesi Ve Petrol Zenginliğinin Etkileri”. Ortadoğu Etütleri 3, no. 1 (July 2016): 61-90.

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