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Devrim Teorileri ve Arap Ayaklanmaları: Ortadoğu’dan Dersler

Year 2013, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 85 - 110, 15.07.2013

Abstract

Son dönemdeki Arap Ayaklanmaları hem bölge çalışmalarında hem de
sosyal bilim kuramlarındaki önemli başlıkları yeniden tartışmaya açtı.
Tartışmaya açılan konulardan bazıları toplumsal hareketler, orduların
rolü, gençliğin siyasallaşması ve sosyal medya ağlar oldu. Bu yeniden
düşünme çabaları aynı zamanda devrim kuramlarına da etki edecektir. Medya ve ayaklanmaların aktörlerinden bazıları bu ayaklanmaları
en yeni devrimci dalga olarak adlandırmakta çok hızlı davrandılar. Bu
makale böyle bir adlandırmanın uygunluğunu incelemektedir. Makale,
devrim kuramlarının bize sunduğu analitik araçları da değerlendirerek,
bu ayaklanmaların ertesindeki Ortadoğu’nun öğrettiği dersleri dikkate
alan üç temel öneride bulunmaktadır. Devrimci durumlar ile sonuçlar
arasındaki ayrım, devrimci değişimin farklı çeşitleri arasındaki ayrımlar
ve uluslararası belirleyenler ile ülke içindeki belirleyenler arasındaki iliş-
ki tartışılmakta ve bu başlıklarda yeniden araştırma tasarımına katkıda
bulunacak öneriler sunulmaktadır. Makale bu ayaklanmaları kuramsallaştırma
ihtiyacının altını çizmekte ve böyle bir çabanın yeni nesil devrim
kuramlarına sağlayacağı katkılara işaret etmektedir.

References

  • Affaya, Mohammed N, “The ‘Arab Spring’: breaking the chains of authoritarianism and postponed democracy”, Contemporary Arab Affairs, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2011, pp. 463-48.
  • Allagui, Ilhem and Johanne Kuebler, “The Arab Spring and the Role of ICTs: Editorial Introduction”, International Journal of Communication, Vol. 5, 2011, Feature 1435–1442
  • Anderson, Matthew Smith, Doğu Sorunu, (Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2001).
  • Bayat, Asef, Life as Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East, (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2010).
  • Behdad, Sohrab and Farhad Nomani, “What a Revolution! Thirty Years of Social Class Reshuffling in Iran”, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 29, 2009, pp. 84-104.
  • Beinin, Joel and Frédéric Vairel (eds), Social Movements, Mobilization, and Contestation in the Middle East and North Africa, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011).
  • Bush, Ray, “Coalitions for Dispossession and Networks of Resistance? Land, Politics and Agrarian Reform in Egypt”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 38, No 3, 2011, pp. 391-405.
  • Buzan, Barry and Richard Little, International systems in world history: remaking the study of international relations, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
  • Chernilo, Daniel, “Methodological nationalism and the domestic analogy: classical resources for their critique”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 23, No 1, 2010, pp. 87-106.
  • Comunello, Francesca and G Anzera, “Will the revolution be tweeted? A conceptual framework for understanding the social media and the Arab Spring”, Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, Vol. 23, No. 4, 2012, pp. 453-470.
  • Dannreuther, Ronald and James Kennedy, “Historical Sociology in Sociology: British Decline and US Hegemony with Lessons for International Relations,” International Politics, Vol. 44, 2007, pp. 369–389. Delanty, Gerard and Engin F. Isin (eds.) Handbook of Historical Sociology, (London: Sage, 2003).
  • Foran, John, “Theories of Revolution Revisited: Toward a Fourth Generation?”, Sociological Theory, Vol. 11, No. 1, 1993, pp. 1-20.
  • Goldstone, Jack A, “Theories of Revolution: The Third Generation’”, World Politics, Vol. 32, No 3, 1980, pp. 425-453.
  • Goldstone, Jack, “Rethinking Revolutions: Integrating Origins, Processes, and Outcomes”, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Vol. 29, No 1, 2009, pp. 18-32.
  • Haddad, Bassam, “Syria, the Arab uprisings, and the political economy of authoritarian resilience”, Interface: a journal for and about social movements, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2012, pp. 113 – 130.
  • Halliday, Fred, “The great anomaly,” Review of International Studies, Vol. 27, 2001, pp. 693-699.
  • Halliday, Fred, “The Middle East and Conceptions of ‘International Society’” in Barry Buzan and Ana Gonzalez-Pelaez (eds.), International Society and the Middle East: English school theory at the regional level, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).
  • Halliday, Fred, Rethinking international relations, (London: Macmillan, 1994). Halliday, Fred. The Middle East in International Relations: Power, Politics and Ideology, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
  • Hobden, Stephen and Hobson, John (eds.), Historical sociology of international relations, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
  • Hobsbawm, Eric, “On Revolution”, in Roy Porter and Mikulas Teich (eds.), Revolution in History, (CaPress, 1986).
  • Lawson, George and Robbie Shilliam (eds.), “Sociology and International Relations: Legacies and Prospects” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 23, 2010, pp. 69-86.
  • Lawson, George, Negotiated revolutions: the Czech Republic, South Africa and Chile, (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005).
  • Panah, Maryam, The Islamic Republic and the World: Global Dimensions of the Iranian Revolution, (London: Pluto Press, 2007).
  • Rosenberg, Justin, The empire of civil society, (London: Verso, 1994). Sayigh, Yezid Sayigh (ed.), “Roundtable: Rethinking the Study of the Middle East Militaries,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 43, 2011, pp. 391-407
  • Skocpol, Theda (ed.), Vision and Method in Historical Sociology, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
  • Skocpol, Theda, States and Social Revolutions: a comparative analysis of France, Russia and China, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
  • Smith, Dennis, The Rise of Historical Sociology, (Oxford: Polity Press, 1991).
  • Sohrabi, Nader, “Historicizing Revolutions: Constitutional Revolutions in the Ottoman Empire, Iran and Russia, 1905-1908”, The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 100, 1995, pp. 1383-1447.
  • Tadros, Mariz, “From unruly politics to ballot boxes: rethinking the terms of democratic engagement in Egypt”, Participation, Power and Social Change, 06/12/2012 (web-blog), http://participationpower. wordpress.com/category/unruly-politics-2/
  • Tadros, Mariz, “Arab uprisings: why no one saw them coming”, The Guardian, 5 February 2011.
  • Tadros, Mariz, “Fascism: the ugly face of unruly politics”, Participation, Power and Social Change, 23/11/2012 (web-blog) http:// participationpower.wordpress.com/tag/mariz-tadros/
  • Tarrow, Sydney and Doug McAdam ‘Scale Shift in Transnational Contention’, in Donatella. della Porta and Sydney Tarrow (eds.), Transnational Protest and Global Activism: People, Passions, and Power, (Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, INC, 2005).
  • Teschke, Benno, The myth of 1648: Class, Geopolitics, and ththe Making of Modern International Relations, (London: Verso, 2003)
  • Teti, Andrea, “Beyond Lies the Wub: The Challenges of Democratization”, Middle East Critique, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2012, pp. 5-24.
  • Tignor, Robert L, “Can a New Generation Bring About Regime Change?”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 43, 2011, p. 384.
  • Tilly, Charles, From Mobilization to Revolution, (New York: McGrawHill, 1978).
  • Trimberger, Ellen Kay, Revolution from above: military bureaucrats and development in Japan, Turkey, Egypt, and Peru, (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1978).
  • Tuğal, Cihan “Egypt’s Emergent Passive Revolution”, Jadalliya, June 20 2012.
  • Valbjørn, Morten, “Upgrading Post-Democratization Studies: Examining a Repoliticized Arab World in a Transition to Somewhere”, Middle East Critique, Vol. 21, No 1, 2012, pp. 25-35.
  • Zivkovic, Andreja and John Hogan, ‘Virtual Revolution? Information communication technologies, networks, and social transformation,’ in J. Foran, D. Lane, and A. Zivkovic (eds), Revolution in the Making of the Modern World: Social identities, Globalization, and Modernity, (London: Routledge, 2008)

Theories of Revolutions and Arab Uprisings: The Lessons from the Middle East

Year 2013, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 85 - 110, 15.07.2013

Abstract

The recent Arab Uprisings will lead to significant rethinking of critical issues in the region as well as important topics in social theory. Social movements, the role of militaries, the politicization of the youth, and social media networks are among these issues. These rethinking efforts will also have implications for the theories of revolutions. The media as well as some of the actors involved were quick to label these uprisings as the last contemporary wave of revolutions. This article explores whether the use of this label is appropriate. Evaluating the analytical tools that the theories of revolutions offer us, the article puts forward three main suggestions that follow the lessons from the Middle East in the aftermath of these uprisings. The distinction between revolutionary situations and outcomes, between types of revolutionary change and between international and domestic determinants is discussed and suggestions are made to contribute to a new research agenda. The article underlines the need to theorize these uprisings and points out to the benefits of doing so for the new generation of theories of revolutions

References

  • Affaya, Mohammed N, “The ‘Arab Spring’: breaking the chains of authoritarianism and postponed democracy”, Contemporary Arab Affairs, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2011, pp. 463-48.
  • Allagui, Ilhem and Johanne Kuebler, “The Arab Spring and the Role of ICTs: Editorial Introduction”, International Journal of Communication, Vol. 5, 2011, Feature 1435–1442
  • Anderson, Matthew Smith, Doğu Sorunu, (Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2001).
  • Bayat, Asef, Life as Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East, (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2010).
  • Behdad, Sohrab and Farhad Nomani, “What a Revolution! Thirty Years of Social Class Reshuffling in Iran”, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 29, 2009, pp. 84-104.
  • Beinin, Joel and Frédéric Vairel (eds), Social Movements, Mobilization, and Contestation in the Middle East and North Africa, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011).
  • Bush, Ray, “Coalitions for Dispossession and Networks of Resistance? Land, Politics and Agrarian Reform in Egypt”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 38, No 3, 2011, pp. 391-405.
  • Buzan, Barry and Richard Little, International systems in world history: remaking the study of international relations, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
  • Chernilo, Daniel, “Methodological nationalism and the domestic analogy: classical resources for their critique”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 23, No 1, 2010, pp. 87-106.
  • Comunello, Francesca and G Anzera, “Will the revolution be tweeted? A conceptual framework for understanding the social media and the Arab Spring”, Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, Vol. 23, No. 4, 2012, pp. 453-470.
  • Dannreuther, Ronald and James Kennedy, “Historical Sociology in Sociology: British Decline and US Hegemony with Lessons for International Relations,” International Politics, Vol. 44, 2007, pp. 369–389. Delanty, Gerard and Engin F. Isin (eds.) Handbook of Historical Sociology, (London: Sage, 2003).
  • Foran, John, “Theories of Revolution Revisited: Toward a Fourth Generation?”, Sociological Theory, Vol. 11, No. 1, 1993, pp. 1-20.
  • Goldstone, Jack A, “Theories of Revolution: The Third Generation’”, World Politics, Vol. 32, No 3, 1980, pp. 425-453.
  • Goldstone, Jack, “Rethinking Revolutions: Integrating Origins, Processes, and Outcomes”, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Vol. 29, No 1, 2009, pp. 18-32.
  • Haddad, Bassam, “Syria, the Arab uprisings, and the political economy of authoritarian resilience”, Interface: a journal for and about social movements, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2012, pp. 113 – 130.
  • Halliday, Fred, “The great anomaly,” Review of International Studies, Vol. 27, 2001, pp. 693-699.
  • Halliday, Fred, “The Middle East and Conceptions of ‘International Society’” in Barry Buzan and Ana Gonzalez-Pelaez (eds.), International Society and the Middle East: English school theory at the regional level, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).
  • Halliday, Fred, Rethinking international relations, (London: Macmillan, 1994). Halliday, Fred. The Middle East in International Relations: Power, Politics and Ideology, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
  • Hobden, Stephen and Hobson, John (eds.), Historical sociology of international relations, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
  • Hobsbawm, Eric, “On Revolution”, in Roy Porter and Mikulas Teich (eds.), Revolution in History, (CaPress, 1986).
  • Lawson, George and Robbie Shilliam (eds.), “Sociology and International Relations: Legacies and Prospects” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 23, 2010, pp. 69-86.
  • Lawson, George, Negotiated revolutions: the Czech Republic, South Africa and Chile, (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005).
  • Panah, Maryam, The Islamic Republic and the World: Global Dimensions of the Iranian Revolution, (London: Pluto Press, 2007).
  • Rosenberg, Justin, The empire of civil society, (London: Verso, 1994). Sayigh, Yezid Sayigh (ed.), “Roundtable: Rethinking the Study of the Middle East Militaries,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 43, 2011, pp. 391-407
  • Skocpol, Theda (ed.), Vision and Method in Historical Sociology, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
  • Skocpol, Theda, States and Social Revolutions: a comparative analysis of France, Russia and China, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
  • Smith, Dennis, The Rise of Historical Sociology, (Oxford: Polity Press, 1991).
  • Sohrabi, Nader, “Historicizing Revolutions: Constitutional Revolutions in the Ottoman Empire, Iran and Russia, 1905-1908”, The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 100, 1995, pp. 1383-1447.
  • Tadros, Mariz, “From unruly politics to ballot boxes: rethinking the terms of democratic engagement in Egypt”, Participation, Power and Social Change, 06/12/2012 (web-blog), http://participationpower. wordpress.com/category/unruly-politics-2/
  • Tadros, Mariz, “Arab uprisings: why no one saw them coming”, The Guardian, 5 February 2011.
  • Tadros, Mariz, “Fascism: the ugly face of unruly politics”, Participation, Power and Social Change, 23/11/2012 (web-blog) http:// participationpower.wordpress.com/tag/mariz-tadros/
  • Tarrow, Sydney and Doug McAdam ‘Scale Shift in Transnational Contention’, in Donatella. della Porta and Sydney Tarrow (eds.), Transnational Protest and Global Activism: People, Passions, and Power, (Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, INC, 2005).
  • Teschke, Benno, The myth of 1648: Class, Geopolitics, and ththe Making of Modern International Relations, (London: Verso, 2003)
  • Teti, Andrea, “Beyond Lies the Wub: The Challenges of Democratization”, Middle East Critique, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2012, pp. 5-24.
  • Tignor, Robert L, “Can a New Generation Bring About Regime Change?”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 43, 2011, p. 384.
  • Tilly, Charles, From Mobilization to Revolution, (New York: McGrawHill, 1978).
  • Trimberger, Ellen Kay, Revolution from above: military bureaucrats and development in Japan, Turkey, Egypt, and Peru, (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1978).
  • Tuğal, Cihan “Egypt’s Emergent Passive Revolution”, Jadalliya, June 20 2012.
  • Valbjørn, Morten, “Upgrading Post-Democratization Studies: Examining a Repoliticized Arab World in a Transition to Somewhere”, Middle East Critique, Vol. 21, No 1, 2012, pp. 25-35.
  • Zivkovic, Andreja and John Hogan, ‘Virtual Revolution? Information communication technologies, networks, and social transformation,’ in J. Foran, D. Lane, and A. Zivkovic (eds), Revolution in the Making of the Modern World: Social identities, Globalization, and Modernity, (London: Routledge, 2008)
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA34RH24VV
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Derya Göçer Akder This is me

Publication Date July 15, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Akder, Derya Göçer. “Devrim Teorileri Ve Arap Ayaklanmaları: Ortadoğu’dan Dersler”. Ortadoğu Etütleri 4, no. 2 (July 2013): 85-110.

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