Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The Role of United States of America in The Emergence and Strengthening of The Islamic State of Iraq and Al Sham

Year 2019, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 393 - 419, 30.12.2019

Abstract

The contemporary terrorist organizations mostly motivated by religious understanding and one of the best representatives of this new terror environment is undoubtedly The Islamic State of Iraq and al Sham (ISIS). The United States, which was one of the countries most affected by this wave of terror, has played an important role in emergence and development of ISIS knowingly or unknowingly. In this context The United States has supported the mujahedeen, who had jihadist understanding, against Soviet forces. And this action helped the formation of the contemporary jihadist groups such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS. The steps, taken by the United States, in the direction of fulfilling gap due to the overthrown of Saddam by featuring Shiites instead of Sunnites in political life of Iraq facilitated for jihadists, who fled from Afghanistan following to intervene by United States, to gain support and land in Iraq by exploiting sectarian divergence in the country. In addition, the jails established by the United States following the occupation have been transformed into both ideological training area and the source of militant for jihadist organizations. In this context, it can be said that the United States has played a role in emergence and gaining strength of ISIS, which is considered to be one of the most dangerous terrorist organizations of today.

References

  • Angell, Ami ve Gunaratna, Rohan (2012). Terrorist Rehabilitation: The U.S. Experience in Iraq. Florida: CRC Press.
  • Atteridge, Amber (2016). “Foreign Fighters Post Conflict: Assessing The Impact of Arab Afghans and Syrian-Iraqi Foreign Fighters on Global Security”. International Institute for Counter-Terrorism, https://www.ict.org.il/UserFiles/ICT-Foreign-Fighters-Post-Conflict-May-16.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 5 Mart 2019).
  • Balasevicius, Tony ve Smith, Greg (2007). “Fighting The Mujahideen: Lessons From The Soviet Counter-Insurgency Experience If Afghanistan”. Canadian Military History, Cilt. 16, Sayı. 4, ss. 73-82.
  • Booth, Ken ve Dunne, Tim (2012). Terror in Our Time. New York: Routledge.
  • Çitlioğlu, Ercan ve Dedemen, Fatih (2014). “Terörizmi Anlamak”. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt. 3, Sayı. 2, ss. 25-39.
  • Gaub, Florence (2017). “Meet Iraq’s Sunni Arabs: A Strategic Profile”. European Union Institute for Security Studies, https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/ Brief%2026%20Iraq%27s%20Sunnis_0.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 5 Mart 2019).
  • Gençtürk, Tuğçe (2012). “Terör Kavramı ve Uluslararası Terörizme Farklı Yaklaşımlar”. Başkent Üniversitesi Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, http://sam.baskent.edu.tr/makaleler/ tgencturk/TerorUluslararasi.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2019).
  • Heywood, Andrew (2013). Küresel Siyaset. (Çev. Nasuh Uslu ve Haluk Özdemir), Ankara: Adres Yayınları.
  • Idrees, Muhammad ve Anwar, Kofand (2017). “Afghanistan a Battle Ground for The Interests of Super Powers: A Special Reference to USA”. Journal of Political Sciences & Public Affairs, Cit. 5, Sayı. 2, ss. 1-3.
  • Khalid, Iram (2011). “Afghanistan: Quest for Peace and Stability (Historical Contex)”. Journal of Political Studies, Cilt. 18, Sayı. 2, ss. 1-16.
  • Klausner, Alexandra (2015). “US Prison Camp in Iraq Accidentally Formed ISIS by Housing The Most Radial Jihadists Together and Allowing Them to Organize Terror Group”. Daily Mail, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3104859/US-Prison-camp-Iraq-accidentally-formed-ISIS-housing-radial-jihadists-allowing-organize-terror-group.html (Erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2019).
  • Laqueur, Walter (1999). Fanaticism and The Arms of Mass Destruction. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Laqueur, Walter (2007). “Terrorism: A Brief History”. E-Journal USA, http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itps/0507/ijpe/laqueur.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 21.10.2019).
  • Lewis, Bernard (2018). Haşhaşiler: İslam’da Radikal Bir Tarikat. (Çev. K. Sarısözen), İstanbul: Kapı Yayınları.
  • Mamdani, Mahmood (2005). İyi Müslüman kötü Müslüman. (Çev. S. Altınçekiç), İstanbul: 1001 Kitap Yayınları.
  • Mansour, Renad (2017). Iraq After The Fall of ISIS: The Struggle for The States. London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs.
  • Martin, Gus. (2013). Terörizm: Kavramlar ve Kuramlar. (Çev. İhsan Çapçıoğlu ve Bahadır Metin), Ankara: Adres Yayınları.
  • McCoy, Terrence (2014). “Camp Bucca: The US Prison That Became The Birthplace of ISIS”. Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/camp-bucca-the-us-prison-that-became-the-birthplace-of-isis-9838905.html (Erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2019).
  • Nazir, Muntazra (2006). Democracy, Islam and Insurgency in Iraq. Pakistan Horizon, Cilt. 59, Sayı. 3, ss. 47-65.
  • Rapoport, David C. (2001). “The Four Waves of Modern Terror: International Dimensions and Consequences”. Current History, https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/286896869 (Erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2019).
  • Rapoport, David C. (2002). “The Four Waves of Rebel Terror and September 11”. Anthropoetics, Cilt. 8, Sayı. 1, http://anthropoetics.ucla.edu/ap0801/terror/ (Erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2019).
  • Rapoport, David C. (2017). “Terrorism as a Global Wave Phenomenon: Religious Wave”.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321171687_Terrorism_as_a_Global_Wave_Phenomenon_Religious_Wave (Erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2019).
  • Sander, Oral (2000). Siyasi tarih: 1918-1994. 8. Baskı. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Sandler, Todd (2001). “New Frontiers of Terrorism Research: An Introduction”. Journal of Peace Research, Cilt. 48, Sayı. 3, ss. 279-286. Spencer, Alexander (2006). “Questioning The Concept of ‘New Terrorism’”. Peace Conflict & Development, Cilt. 8, ss. 1-33.
  • Tilly, Charles (2004). “Terror, Terrorism, Terrorists”. Theories of Terrorism: A Symposium, Proceedings. Washington: American Sociological Association, ss. 5-13.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu (t.y.). Terör. http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_bts&view=bts (Erişim tarihi: 5 Mart 2019).
  • Volkan, Vamik D. (2017). “Preface”. (Ed. Giuseppe Leo ve diğerleri), Fundamentalism and Psychoanalysis (ss.13-47). Lecce: Frenis Zero Press.
  • Weiss, Michael ve Hassan, Hassan (2016). IŞİD Terör Ordusunun İçyüzü. (Çev. Emine Arzu Kayhan), İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları.
  • Yayla, Atilla (1990). “Terörizm: Kavramsal Bir Çerçeve”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, Cilt. 4, Sayı. 1, ss. 335-385.
  • Yosufi, Abdul Basir (2016). “The Rise and Consolidation of Islamic State: External Intervention and Sectarian Conflict”. Connections, Cilt. 15, Sayı. 4, ss. 91-110.

Irak ve Şam İslam Devleti’nin Ortaya Çıkışı ve Güçlenmesinde Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Rolü

Year 2019, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 393 - 419, 30.12.2019

Abstract

Günümüzdeki terör dalgası daha çok dini bir motivasyona sahiptir ve bu yeni terör ortamının en önemli temsilcilerinden biri ise Irak ve Şam İslam Devleti (DAEŞ)’dir. Bu terör dalgasından en çok etkilenen ülkelerden biri olan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) farkında olarak ya da olmadan DAEŞ’in ortaya çıkmasında ve gelişiminde önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Bu çerçevede 1979 yılında Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği’nin (SSCB) Afganistan’ı işgali üzerine bölgedeki mücahitlere destek veren ABD doğrudan El-Kaide ile DAEŞ’in kuruluşuna öncülük eden bugünkü cihatçı grubun oluşumuna yardım etmiştir. 11 Eylül saldırılarını takiben Mart 2003’te Saddam rejimini devirmesinin yarattığı güç boşluğunu ülkedeki Sünnileri dışlayıp Şiileri ön plana çıkarak doldurma yönünde attığı adımlar ise Afganistan’dan kaçan cihatçıların ülkedeki mezhepsel kırılmadan faydalanarak destek ve alan kazanmalarını sağlamıştır. Ayrıca işgali takiben ABD tarafından ülkede kurulan hapishaneler, cihatçı örgütler için hem bir ideolojik eğitim alanı hem de militan kaynağına dönüşmüşlerdir. Bu çerçevede ABD’nin attığı çeşitli adımlarla günümüzdeki en tehlikeli terör örgütlerinden biri olarak görülen DAEŞ’in ortaya çıkışı ile güç kazanmasında rol oynadığı söylenebilir.

References

  • Angell, Ami ve Gunaratna, Rohan (2012). Terrorist Rehabilitation: The U.S. Experience in Iraq. Florida: CRC Press.
  • Atteridge, Amber (2016). “Foreign Fighters Post Conflict: Assessing The Impact of Arab Afghans and Syrian-Iraqi Foreign Fighters on Global Security”. International Institute for Counter-Terrorism, https://www.ict.org.il/UserFiles/ICT-Foreign-Fighters-Post-Conflict-May-16.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 5 Mart 2019).
  • Balasevicius, Tony ve Smith, Greg (2007). “Fighting The Mujahideen: Lessons From The Soviet Counter-Insurgency Experience If Afghanistan”. Canadian Military History, Cilt. 16, Sayı. 4, ss. 73-82.
  • Booth, Ken ve Dunne, Tim (2012). Terror in Our Time. New York: Routledge.
  • Çitlioğlu, Ercan ve Dedemen, Fatih (2014). “Terörizmi Anlamak”. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt. 3, Sayı. 2, ss. 25-39.
  • Gaub, Florence (2017). “Meet Iraq’s Sunni Arabs: A Strategic Profile”. European Union Institute for Security Studies, https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/ Brief%2026%20Iraq%27s%20Sunnis_0.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 5 Mart 2019).
  • Gençtürk, Tuğçe (2012). “Terör Kavramı ve Uluslararası Terörizme Farklı Yaklaşımlar”. Başkent Üniversitesi Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, http://sam.baskent.edu.tr/makaleler/ tgencturk/TerorUluslararasi.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2019).
  • Heywood, Andrew (2013). Küresel Siyaset. (Çev. Nasuh Uslu ve Haluk Özdemir), Ankara: Adres Yayınları.
  • Idrees, Muhammad ve Anwar, Kofand (2017). “Afghanistan a Battle Ground for The Interests of Super Powers: A Special Reference to USA”. Journal of Political Sciences & Public Affairs, Cit. 5, Sayı. 2, ss. 1-3.
  • Khalid, Iram (2011). “Afghanistan: Quest for Peace and Stability (Historical Contex)”. Journal of Political Studies, Cilt. 18, Sayı. 2, ss. 1-16.
  • Klausner, Alexandra (2015). “US Prison Camp in Iraq Accidentally Formed ISIS by Housing The Most Radial Jihadists Together and Allowing Them to Organize Terror Group”. Daily Mail, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3104859/US-Prison-camp-Iraq-accidentally-formed-ISIS-housing-radial-jihadists-allowing-organize-terror-group.html (Erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2019).
  • Laqueur, Walter (1999). Fanaticism and The Arms of Mass Destruction. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Laqueur, Walter (2007). “Terrorism: A Brief History”. E-Journal USA, http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itps/0507/ijpe/laqueur.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 21.10.2019).
  • Lewis, Bernard (2018). Haşhaşiler: İslam’da Radikal Bir Tarikat. (Çev. K. Sarısözen), İstanbul: Kapı Yayınları.
  • Mamdani, Mahmood (2005). İyi Müslüman kötü Müslüman. (Çev. S. Altınçekiç), İstanbul: 1001 Kitap Yayınları.
  • Mansour, Renad (2017). Iraq After The Fall of ISIS: The Struggle for The States. London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs.
  • Martin, Gus. (2013). Terörizm: Kavramlar ve Kuramlar. (Çev. İhsan Çapçıoğlu ve Bahadır Metin), Ankara: Adres Yayınları.
  • McCoy, Terrence (2014). “Camp Bucca: The US Prison That Became The Birthplace of ISIS”. Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/camp-bucca-the-us-prison-that-became-the-birthplace-of-isis-9838905.html (Erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2019).
  • Nazir, Muntazra (2006). Democracy, Islam and Insurgency in Iraq. Pakistan Horizon, Cilt. 59, Sayı. 3, ss. 47-65.
  • Rapoport, David C. (2001). “The Four Waves of Modern Terror: International Dimensions and Consequences”. Current History, https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/286896869 (Erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2019).
  • Rapoport, David C. (2002). “The Four Waves of Rebel Terror and September 11”. Anthropoetics, Cilt. 8, Sayı. 1, http://anthropoetics.ucla.edu/ap0801/terror/ (Erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2019).
  • Rapoport, David C. (2017). “Terrorism as a Global Wave Phenomenon: Religious Wave”.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321171687_Terrorism_as_a_Global_Wave_Phenomenon_Religious_Wave (Erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2019).
  • Sander, Oral (2000). Siyasi tarih: 1918-1994. 8. Baskı. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Sandler, Todd (2001). “New Frontiers of Terrorism Research: An Introduction”. Journal of Peace Research, Cilt. 48, Sayı. 3, ss. 279-286. Spencer, Alexander (2006). “Questioning The Concept of ‘New Terrorism’”. Peace Conflict & Development, Cilt. 8, ss. 1-33.
  • Tilly, Charles (2004). “Terror, Terrorism, Terrorists”. Theories of Terrorism: A Symposium, Proceedings. Washington: American Sociological Association, ss. 5-13.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu (t.y.). Terör. http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_bts&view=bts (Erişim tarihi: 5 Mart 2019).
  • Volkan, Vamik D. (2017). “Preface”. (Ed. Giuseppe Leo ve diğerleri), Fundamentalism and Psychoanalysis (ss.13-47). Lecce: Frenis Zero Press.
  • Weiss, Michael ve Hassan, Hassan (2016). IŞİD Terör Ordusunun İçyüzü. (Çev. Emine Arzu Kayhan), İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları.
  • Yayla, Atilla (1990). “Terörizm: Kavramsal Bir Çerçeve”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, Cilt. 4, Sayı. 1, ss. 335-385.
  • Yosufi, Abdul Basir (2016). “The Rise and Consolidation of Islamic State: External Intervention and Sectarian Conflict”. Connections, Cilt. 15, Sayı. 4, ss. 91-110.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Selim Kurt

Publication Date December 30, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Kurt, Selim. “Irak Ve Şam İslam Devleti’nin Ortaya Çıkışı Ve Güçlenmesinde Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Rolü”. Ortadoğu Etütleri 11, no. 2 (December 2019): 393-419.

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

LOCKSS system is used as an archiving system for the preservation and restoration of data in this journal.