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EUROPEAN POWERS AND THE NAISSANCE OF WEAK STATES IN THE ARAB MIDDLE EAST AFTER WORLD WAR

Year 2015, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 96 - 110, 01.01.2015

Abstract

Hundred years after World War I broke out in 1914, the Arab national state system which was created by European powers after the war is under pressure. The so called “Islamic State” could lead to the end of Iraq and Syria in their present borders. The paper examines the question where the lack of resilience of those states stems from. The answer that they were created as and still are “artificial” states is not satisfactory. Early policy choices, first by Great Britain and France, then by undemocratic regimes, contributed to the fragility of the state societies

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AVRUPA GÜÇLERİ VE I. DÜNYA SAVAŞI SONRASINDA ARAP ORTADOĞUSUNDA ZAYIF DEVLETLERİN DOĞUŞU

Year 2015, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 96 - 110, 01.01.2015

Abstract

1914 yılında patlak veren I. Dünya Savaşı’ndan bir yüzyıl sonra, savaş sonrasında Avrupalı güçler tarafından oluşturulan Arap ulus devlet sistemi baskı altındadır. ‘İslam Devleti’, Irak ve Suriye’nin bugünkü sınırlarının sonunu getirebilir. Bu çalışma bu devletlerdeki direnç eksikliğinin nelerden kaynaklandığını sorusuna eğilmektedir. ‘Yapay’ devletler olarak oluşturuldukları ve hala da öyle oldukları yönündeki cevap tatmin edici değildir. Önce Büyük Britanya ve Fransa, ardından demokratik olmayan rejimler tarafından alınan ilk tercihler devlet toplumlarının kırılganlığına katkıda bulunmuştur

References

  • “Grand Sheikh Of Al-Azhar: Islamic State Barbaric, Distorts Islam”, http://www. rferl.org/content/under-black-flag-egypt-sheikh-tayeb/26723627.html
  • Allawi, Ali A., Faisal I of Iraq, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014).
  • Barr, James, A Line in the Sand - Britain, France and the Struggle that Shaped the Mid- dle East (London: Simon & Schuster, 2011).
  • Batatu, Hanna, The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq - A Study of Iraq’s Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of its Communists, Ba’thists, and Free Officers, (NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978).
  • Chickering, Roger, Imperial Germany and the Great War 1914 – 1918, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, third edition 2014).
  • Crooke, Alastair, “You can’t understand ISIS if you don’t know the history of Wahha- bism in Saudi Arabia”, Huffington Post, 27 August 2014. http://www.huff- ingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157. html
  • Dawisha, Adeed, Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century - From Triumph to De- spair, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003).
  • Dodge, Toby, “Can Iraq Be Saved?”, Survival: Gobal Politics and Strategy, Volume 56, October-November 2014, pp. 7-20
  • http://www.iiss.org/en/publications/survival/sections/2014-4667/survival--global- politics-and-strategy-october-november-2014-be95/56-5-02-dodge-d058
  • Inventing Iraq - The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied, (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003).
  • Fildis, Ayse Tekdal, “Roots of Alawite-Sunni Rivalry in Syria”, Middle East Policy, Vol. XIX, No. 2, Summer 2012. http://www.mepc.org/journal/mid- dle-east-policy-archives/roots-alawite-sunni-rivalry-syria?print
  • Fromkin, David, A Peace to End All Peace - The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East, (New York: Holt, 1989 (paperback edition of 2009)).
  • Gaub, Florence and Patryk Pawlak, “Sykes-Picot and Syria”, EUISS Alert, No. 34, October 2013, http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/Alert_34-Sykes- Picot_and_Syria.pdf
  • Guzanzky, Yoel, “The Day after the US Withdrawal from Iraq”, INSS Insight, No. 288, October 2011, http://www.inss.org.il/index.aspx?id=4538&arti- cleid=2397
  • Huneidi, Sahar, A Broken Trust - Sir Herbert Samuel, Zionism, and the Palestinians, (London: I.B. Tauris, 2001).
  • Kedourie, Elie, In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth - The McMahon-Husayn Correspondence and its Interpretations, 1914 – 1939, (London: Routledge, 1976, edition of 2014).
  • McMeekin, Sean, “The War of the Ottoman Succession - The Forgotten Attempts to seize Istanbul in the First World War”, Art and Thought, 100th Anniversary Issue: 1914 – The First World War and the Reshaping of the East, 51st year, No. 100, 01/2014 – 07/2014, Goethe-Institut München, pp. 22-27.
  • Paris, Timothy J., Britain, the Hashemites, and Arab Rule 1920-1925: The Sherifian Solution, (London: Routledge, 2003).
  • Philips, David L., “Extremists in Iraq Need a History Lesson”, CNBC online, July 2014, http://www.cnbc.com/id/101818814
  • Record, Jeffrey, Dark Victory - America’s Second War against Iraq, (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press 2004).
  • Rogan, Eugene, The Arabs - A History, (New York: Basic Books, 2009).
  • Schenker, David, “There is a Worrisome Support in Jordan for the Islamic State”, New Republic, October 2014, http://www.newrepublic.com/article/119909/is- lamic-state-isis-support-jordan-worrying-poll
  • Shadid, Anthony, Night Draws Near: Iraq’s People in the Shadow of America’s War, (London: Picador, 2006).
  • Sorby, Karol, “Iraq from Faysal’s Ascendancy to the Throne to the Ratification of the First Anglo-Iraqi Treaty, 1921-1924”, SAV (Slovak Academy of Science) Jour- nal, 2012, p. 199-219. http://www.sav.sk/journals/uploads/0919090804_ Sorby_199-219.pdf
  • Taylor, John, “Deconstructing A Peace to End All Peace”, July 2012, http://original. antiwar.com/john-taylor/2012/07/15/deconstructing-a-peace-to-end-all- peace/
  • Tibi, Bassam, Die Verschwörung - Das Trauma arabischer Politik, (Hamburg: Hoff- mann und Campe, 1993).
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel, “The Contradictions of the Arab Spring”, Al Jazeera online, 11 November 2011
  • http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/11/ 2011111110171153 9134. html
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Gudrun Harrer This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Harrer, Gudrun. “AVRUPA GÜÇLERİ VE I. DÜNYA SAVAŞI SONRASINDA ARAP ORTADOĞUSUNDA ZAYIF DEVLETLERİN DOĞUŞU”. Ortadoğu Etütleri 6, no. 2 (January 2015): 96-110.

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