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The Effect of Third Parties in China-Israeli Relations

Year 2020, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 182 - 205, 30.06.2020

Abstract

The Belt and Road initiative announced by Xi Jinping during her visit to Kazakhstan in 2013 is at the heart of China's foreign policy. Israel, on the other hand, is the central country connecting the Red Sea to the Mediterranean, creating an alternative to Egypt for the Belt and Road initiative. Today, within the scope of this project, China undertook many infrastructure and superstructure projects alongside with purchasing and partnering some companies in Israel. Furthermore, Israel has another importance for China in terms of diversifying energy imports in the Middle East with the natural gas reserves discovered in the Eastern Mediterranean recently. However, more importantly, Israel has advanced technology. In addition to supporting its economic development with technology, China wants to improve its military technology. For Israel, The rising power of China has great importance in developing good relations with China, both economically and politically, in terms of reducing Israel's dependence on the West. For these reasons, China-Israel relations are better off than ever before. China and Israel's good relations have disturbed the US, which is the protecting power of Israel in the Middle East. As in the past, the US objections to the projects carried out by China in Israel within the scope of the Belt and Road, again give rise to be questioned the future of the relations between the two countries. In this study, the negative effects of USA and Arab countries on Chinese-Israeli relations since the two countries were established will be analyzed from a historical perspective.

References

  • Abrams, Elliott. “What’s Behind Israel’s Growing Ties with China?” Council on Foreign Policy. 21 Haziran 2018, https://www.cfr.org/expert-brief/whats-behind-israels-growing-ties-china
  • Ahren, Raphael. “Has Israel Made a Huge Mistake letting a Chinese Firm Run Part of Haifa Port?” Times of Israel, 20 Aralık 2018. https://www.timesofisrael.com/has-israel-make-a-huge-mistake-letting-a-chinese-firm-run-part-of-haifa-port/
  • Ayyadi, Islam. ve Mohammed Kamal. “China-Israel Arms Trade and Co-operation: History and Policy Implications.” Asian Affairs 47, no.2 (2016): 260-273.
  • Berton, Peter. “The Evolution of Sino-Israeli Relations.” Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. 4, no.32 (2010): 69-80.
  • Brennan, David. “Chinese Deal to Take over Key Israeli Port May Threaten U.S. Naval Operations, Critics Say.” Newsweek. 14 Eylül 2018, https://www.newsweek.com/chinese-deal-take-over-key-israeli-port-may-threaten-us-naval-operations-1121780
  • Central Bureau of Statistics. “Import and Export by Trade Countries.” Erişim Tarihi 21 Ocak 2020. https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/Statistics/Pages/Generators/Time-Series-DataBank.aspx
  • Chaziza, Mordechai. “Israel-China Relations Enter New Stage: Limited Strategic Hedging.” Contemporary Review of the Middle East. 5, no.1 (2018): 1-16.
  • Chen, Yang. “China’s Position on the Palestine-Israel Issue: A Historical Perspective.” Ortadoğu Etütleri Dergisi 9, no.2 (2017): 4-23.
  • Chen, Yiyi. “China's Relationship with Israel, Opportunities and Challenges, Perspectives from China.” Israel Studies 17, no. 3 (2012): 1-21.
  • Cooley, John K. “China and the Palestinians.” Journal of Palestine Studies 1, no. 2 (1972): 19-34.
  • Dunner, Joseph. “Israel and People’s Republic of China.” Southeast Asian Perspectives, no.8 (1972): 1-26.
  • Efron, Shira., Howard J. Shatz, Arthur Chan, Emily Haskel, Lyle J. Morris, ve Andrew Scobell, The Evolving Israel-China Relationship. (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2019)
  • Evron, Yoram. "Between Beijing and Washington: Israel's Technology Transfers to China." Journal of East Asian Studies 13, no.3 (2013): 503-528.
  • Evron, Yoram. “Israel’s Response to China’s Rise A dependent State’s Dilemma.” Asian Survey 56, no.2 (2016): 392-414.
  • Evron, Yoram. “The Challenge of Implementing the Belt and Road Initiative in the Middle East: Connectivity Projects under Conditions of Limited Political Engagement.” The China Quarterly 237 (2019): 1-21.
  • Evron, Yoram. “The Economic Dimension of China-Israel Relations: Political implications, roles and limitations.” Israel Affairs 23, no.5 (2017): 828-847.
  • Gao, Charlotte. “China Takes Bigger Role in Palestine-Israel Issue as UN Rejects Trump’s Jerusalem move.” The Diplomat, 22 Aralık 2017, https://thediplomat.com/2017/12/china-takes-bigger-role-in-palestine-israel-issue-as-un-rejects-trumps-jerusalem-move/
  • Guang, Pan. China and Israel 50 Years of Bilateral Relations, 1948-98. New York: The Asia and Pacific RIM Institute of the American Jewish Committee, 1999.
  • “Haifa Container Terminal Deal With China’s SIPG Under Review.” PortSEurope, 23 Aralık 2018. https://www.portseurope.com/haifa-container-terminal-deal-with-chinas-sipg-under-review/
  • Han, Xiaoxing. "Sino-Israeli Relations." Journal of Palestine Studies 22, no. 2 (1993): 62-77.
  • Harris, Lillian Craig. “China's Relations with the PLO.” Journal of Palestine Studies 7, no. 1 (1977): 123-154.
  • Herman, Arthur. “Israel and China Take a Leap Forward-but to Where?” Hudson Institute, 5 Kasım 2018, https://www.hudson.org/research/14663-israel-and-china-take-a-leap-forward-but-to-where
  • Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “President Katsav meets the President of China.” Erişim Tarihi 13 Kasım 2019. https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/PressRoom/2003/Pages/President%20Katsav%20meets%20President%20of%20China%2018-Dec-2004.aspx
  • “Just Struggle of the Palestinian People.” Peking Review 14, no.20, (Mayıs 1971): 10-13. http://www.massline.org/PekingReview/PR1971/PR1971-20.pdf
  • Kumaraswamy, P.R. “Israel-China Relations and the Phalcon Controversy.” Middle East Policy 7, no.2 (2005): 12-33.
  • Lin, Christina. “The Taiwan Question in Sino-Israel Relations A New Quartet of U.S., China, Israel and Taiwan.” ISPSW Strategy Series: Focus on Defense and International Security, no.233, (Mayıs 2013). https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/164535/233_C_Lin.pdf
  • Mancall, Mark. China at the Center: 300 years of Foreign Policy. (New York: The Free Press, 1984)
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. “Xi Jinping Holds Talks with President Mahmoud Abbas of Palestine The Two Heads of State Stress to Promote the Comprehensive Development of China-Palestine Friendly Cooperative Cause.” Erişim Tarihi 16 Kasım 2019, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1478934.shtml
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. “Xi Jinping Meets with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel.” Erişim Tarihi 22 Ocak 2019, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zzjg_663340/xybfs_663590/xwlb_663592/t1448057.shtml
  • Rajiv, S. Samuel C. “Israel China Ties at 25: The Limited Partnership.” Strategic Analysis 41, no.4, (2017): 413-431.
  • Rosenberg, David. “Israel Will Have to Choose Between America and China.” Haaretz, 24 Nisan, 2019, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-will-have-to-choose-between-america-and-china-1.6822921
  • Shai, Aron. The Evolution of Israeli-Chinese Friendship. Tel Aviv: The S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies, 2014.
  • Shai, Aron. Sino-Israeli Relations: Current Reality and Future Prospects. Tel Aviv: Institute for National Security Studies, 2009.
  • Shichor, Yitzhak. "China and the Middle East since Tiananmen." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 519, (1992): 86-100.
  • Shichor, Yitzhak. “Chinese-Israeli Relations in a Middle Eastern Context: Retrospect and Prospects.” Mediterranean Quarterly 26, no.1 (2015): 137-151.
  • Shichor, Yitzhak. The Middle East in China’s Foreign Policy 1947 – 1977. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979)
  • The United Nations, “The UN General Assembly 26th Session, 1976th Plenary Meeting.” Erişim Tarihi 31 Ekim 2019, https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/2758(XXVI)
  • Tjong-Alvares, Binyamin. "The Geography of Sino-Israeli Relations." Jewish Political Studies Review 24, no. 3/4 (2012): 96-121.
  • Yellinek, Roie. Chinese-Palestinian Relations: What’s Really Going On? Report. Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, 2018. https://besacenter.org/perspectives-papers/chinese-palestinian-relations/
  • Yellinek, Roie. “The Israel-China-U.S. Triangle and Haifa Port Project.” Middle East Institute, 27 Kasım 2018, https://www.mei.edu/publications/israel-china-us-triangle-and-haifa-port-project
  • Yeniacun, Selim Han. “ABD-Çin Hattında Sıkışan İsrail Dış Politikası.” Anadolu Ajansı, 14 Şubat 2019, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz-haber/abd-cin-hattinda-sikisan-israil-dis-politikasi/1392138
  • Zhang, Xiaodong. “China’s Interest in the Middle East: Present and Future.” Middle East Policy 6, no.3 (Şubat 1999): 150-159.

Çin-İsrail İlişkilerinde Üçüncü Tarafların Etkisi

Year 2020, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 182 - 205, 30.06.2020

Abstract

Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti (ÇHC) Başkanı Xi Jinping’in 2013 yılında Kazakistan’a yaptığı ziyarette duyurduğu Kuşak ve Yol girişimi Çin dış politikasının merkezine oturmuş durumdadır. İsrail ise Kuşak ve Yol girişimi için Mısır’a alternatif oluşturacak şekilde Kızıldeniz’i Akdeniz’e bağlayan merkez ülke konumundadır. Günümüzde bu proje kapsamında Çin’in İsrail’de birçok altyapı inşaatları ve ortak olma ya da satın alma yoluyla sahip olduğu firmalar bulunmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra son dönemlerde Doğu Akdeniz’de keşfedilen doğal gaz rezervleri ile Çin’in Orta Doğu’daki enerji ithalatını çeşitlendirmesi açısından da İsrail, Çin için ayrı bir öneme sahiptir. Ancak daha da önemlisi, İsrail’in ileri teknolojiye sahip olmasıdır. Çin, ekonomik gelişimini teknoloji ile desteklemenin yanı sıra askeri teknolojisini geliştirmek istemektedir. İsrail açısından ise yükselen güç Çin ile iyi ilişkiler geliştirmek hem ekonomik anlamda hem de politik anlamda İsrail’in Batı’ya olan bağımlılığını azaltması açısından büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu sebeplerden dolayı, Çin-İsrail ilişkileri geçmişte hiç olmadığı kadar iyi konumdadır. Çin-İsrail ilişkilerinin bu durumu, İsrail’in Orta Doğu’da hamisi konumundaki ABD’yi rahatsız etmekte olmalı ki, ABD geçmişte de olduğu gibi günümüzde de Kuşak ve Yol girişimi kapsamında Çin’in İsrail’de yürüttüğü projelere itirazları tekrar iki ülke arasındaki ilişkilerin geleceğinin sorgulanmasına sebep oldu. Bu çalışmada iki ülkenin kuruldukları tarihten itibaren ABD ve Arap ülkelerinin Çin-İsrail ilişkilerindeki olumsuz etkileri tarihsel bir perspektiften ele alınıp incelenecektir.

References

  • Abrams, Elliott. “What’s Behind Israel’s Growing Ties with China?” Council on Foreign Policy. 21 Haziran 2018, https://www.cfr.org/expert-brief/whats-behind-israels-growing-ties-china
  • Ahren, Raphael. “Has Israel Made a Huge Mistake letting a Chinese Firm Run Part of Haifa Port?” Times of Israel, 20 Aralık 2018. https://www.timesofisrael.com/has-israel-make-a-huge-mistake-letting-a-chinese-firm-run-part-of-haifa-port/
  • Ayyadi, Islam. ve Mohammed Kamal. “China-Israel Arms Trade and Co-operation: History and Policy Implications.” Asian Affairs 47, no.2 (2016): 260-273.
  • Berton, Peter. “The Evolution of Sino-Israeli Relations.” Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. 4, no.32 (2010): 69-80.
  • Brennan, David. “Chinese Deal to Take over Key Israeli Port May Threaten U.S. Naval Operations, Critics Say.” Newsweek. 14 Eylül 2018, https://www.newsweek.com/chinese-deal-take-over-key-israeli-port-may-threaten-us-naval-operations-1121780
  • Central Bureau of Statistics. “Import and Export by Trade Countries.” Erişim Tarihi 21 Ocak 2020. https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/Statistics/Pages/Generators/Time-Series-DataBank.aspx
  • Chaziza, Mordechai. “Israel-China Relations Enter New Stage: Limited Strategic Hedging.” Contemporary Review of the Middle East. 5, no.1 (2018): 1-16.
  • Chen, Yang. “China’s Position on the Palestine-Israel Issue: A Historical Perspective.” Ortadoğu Etütleri Dergisi 9, no.2 (2017): 4-23.
  • Chen, Yiyi. “China's Relationship with Israel, Opportunities and Challenges, Perspectives from China.” Israel Studies 17, no. 3 (2012): 1-21.
  • Cooley, John K. “China and the Palestinians.” Journal of Palestine Studies 1, no. 2 (1972): 19-34.
  • Dunner, Joseph. “Israel and People’s Republic of China.” Southeast Asian Perspectives, no.8 (1972): 1-26.
  • Efron, Shira., Howard J. Shatz, Arthur Chan, Emily Haskel, Lyle J. Morris, ve Andrew Scobell, The Evolving Israel-China Relationship. (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2019)
  • Evron, Yoram. "Between Beijing and Washington: Israel's Technology Transfers to China." Journal of East Asian Studies 13, no.3 (2013): 503-528.
  • Evron, Yoram. “Israel’s Response to China’s Rise A dependent State’s Dilemma.” Asian Survey 56, no.2 (2016): 392-414.
  • Evron, Yoram. “The Challenge of Implementing the Belt and Road Initiative in the Middle East: Connectivity Projects under Conditions of Limited Political Engagement.” The China Quarterly 237 (2019): 1-21.
  • Evron, Yoram. “The Economic Dimension of China-Israel Relations: Political implications, roles and limitations.” Israel Affairs 23, no.5 (2017): 828-847.
  • Gao, Charlotte. “China Takes Bigger Role in Palestine-Israel Issue as UN Rejects Trump’s Jerusalem move.” The Diplomat, 22 Aralık 2017, https://thediplomat.com/2017/12/china-takes-bigger-role-in-palestine-israel-issue-as-un-rejects-trumps-jerusalem-move/
  • Guang, Pan. China and Israel 50 Years of Bilateral Relations, 1948-98. New York: The Asia and Pacific RIM Institute of the American Jewish Committee, 1999.
  • “Haifa Container Terminal Deal With China’s SIPG Under Review.” PortSEurope, 23 Aralık 2018. https://www.portseurope.com/haifa-container-terminal-deal-with-chinas-sipg-under-review/
  • Han, Xiaoxing. "Sino-Israeli Relations." Journal of Palestine Studies 22, no. 2 (1993): 62-77.
  • Harris, Lillian Craig. “China's Relations with the PLO.” Journal of Palestine Studies 7, no. 1 (1977): 123-154.
  • Herman, Arthur. “Israel and China Take a Leap Forward-but to Where?” Hudson Institute, 5 Kasım 2018, https://www.hudson.org/research/14663-israel-and-china-take-a-leap-forward-but-to-where
  • Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “President Katsav meets the President of China.” Erişim Tarihi 13 Kasım 2019. https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/PressRoom/2003/Pages/President%20Katsav%20meets%20President%20of%20China%2018-Dec-2004.aspx
  • “Just Struggle of the Palestinian People.” Peking Review 14, no.20, (Mayıs 1971): 10-13. http://www.massline.org/PekingReview/PR1971/PR1971-20.pdf
  • Kumaraswamy, P.R. “Israel-China Relations and the Phalcon Controversy.” Middle East Policy 7, no.2 (2005): 12-33.
  • Lin, Christina. “The Taiwan Question in Sino-Israel Relations A New Quartet of U.S., China, Israel and Taiwan.” ISPSW Strategy Series: Focus on Defense and International Security, no.233, (Mayıs 2013). https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/164535/233_C_Lin.pdf
  • Mancall, Mark. China at the Center: 300 years of Foreign Policy. (New York: The Free Press, 1984)
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. “Xi Jinping Holds Talks with President Mahmoud Abbas of Palestine The Two Heads of State Stress to Promote the Comprehensive Development of China-Palestine Friendly Cooperative Cause.” Erişim Tarihi 16 Kasım 2019, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1478934.shtml
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. “Xi Jinping Meets with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel.” Erişim Tarihi 22 Ocak 2019, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zzjg_663340/xybfs_663590/xwlb_663592/t1448057.shtml
  • Rajiv, S. Samuel C. “Israel China Ties at 25: The Limited Partnership.” Strategic Analysis 41, no.4, (2017): 413-431.
  • Rosenberg, David. “Israel Will Have to Choose Between America and China.” Haaretz, 24 Nisan, 2019, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-will-have-to-choose-between-america-and-china-1.6822921
  • Shai, Aron. The Evolution of Israeli-Chinese Friendship. Tel Aviv: The S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies, 2014.
  • Shai, Aron. Sino-Israeli Relations: Current Reality and Future Prospects. Tel Aviv: Institute for National Security Studies, 2009.
  • Shichor, Yitzhak. "China and the Middle East since Tiananmen." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 519, (1992): 86-100.
  • Shichor, Yitzhak. “Chinese-Israeli Relations in a Middle Eastern Context: Retrospect and Prospects.” Mediterranean Quarterly 26, no.1 (2015): 137-151.
  • Shichor, Yitzhak. The Middle East in China’s Foreign Policy 1947 – 1977. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979)
  • The United Nations, “The UN General Assembly 26th Session, 1976th Plenary Meeting.” Erişim Tarihi 31 Ekim 2019, https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/2758(XXVI)
  • Tjong-Alvares, Binyamin. "The Geography of Sino-Israeli Relations." Jewish Political Studies Review 24, no. 3/4 (2012): 96-121.
  • Yellinek, Roie. Chinese-Palestinian Relations: What’s Really Going On? Report. Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, 2018. https://besacenter.org/perspectives-papers/chinese-palestinian-relations/
  • Yellinek, Roie. “The Israel-China-U.S. Triangle and Haifa Port Project.” Middle East Institute, 27 Kasım 2018, https://www.mei.edu/publications/israel-china-us-triangle-and-haifa-port-project
  • Yeniacun, Selim Han. “ABD-Çin Hattında Sıkışan İsrail Dış Politikası.” Anadolu Ajansı, 14 Şubat 2019, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz-haber/abd-cin-hattinda-sikisan-israil-dis-politikasi/1392138
  • Zhang, Xiaodong. “China’s Interest in the Middle East: Present and Future.” Middle East Policy 6, no.3 (Şubat 1999): 150-159.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İbrahim Uzgur 0000-0003-2743-109X

Publication Date June 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 12 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Uzgur, İbrahim. “Çin-İsrail İlişkilerinde Üçüncü Tarafların Etkisi”. Ortadoğu Etütleri 12, no. 1 (June 2020): 182-205.

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