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الزعماء والسياسة الخارجية المصرية:العوامل الفردية في عهدي عبد الناصر ومرسي

Year 2020, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 369 - 389, 15.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.763640

Abstract

شهدت مصر ثورتين سياسيتين في العامين 1952 و2011. بعد الثورة الأولى، جاء عبد الناصر إلى السلطة بدلًا من الإدارة الملكية في مصر، بينما بعد الثانية، جاء مرسي إلى الحكم بدلًا من نظام مبارك الذي استمر 30 عامًا. وبالنظر إلى السياسة الخارجية التي تتمحور حول الزعيم في البلدان الاستبدادية/ النامية، كان من المتوقع أن يقوم كلا من الزعيمين اللذين لهما أجندات مختلفة بتغيير السياسة الخارجية الموجودة في مصر بشكل كبير. وفي الوقت الذي حقق فيه عبد الناصر التوقعات المنتظرة، فشل مرسي في إجراء تغييرات جذرية في السياسة الخارجية المصرية. هذه الدراسة تهدف أولًا إلى عرض العوامل على المستوى الفردي التي تؤثر في نفوذ وتأثير الزعماء في السياسة الخارجية، ثم توضيح كيف جعلت هذه العوامل تأثيرات عبد الناصر ومرسي تختلف في السياسة الخارجية المصرية.

References

  • Baker, Peter, and David D. Kirkpatrick. “Egyptian President and Obama Forge Link in Gaza Deal.” The New York Times, November 21, 2012.
  • Barnett, Michael N. Confronting the Costs of War: Military Power, State, and Society in Egypt and Israel. Princeton University Press, 1992.
  • Blair, Edmund. “Analysis: Egypt Proves Peace Role Can Survive Arab Spring.” Reuters, November 22, 2012.
  • Boulding, Kenneth E. The Image: Knowledge in Life and Society. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1956.
  • Brumberg, Daniel. “Can Egypt Unite?” In Arab Uprisings: Morsi’s Egypt, edited by Marc Lynch, 17–20. POMEPS Briefings, 2012.
  • Canbolat, Sercan. “Understanding The New Middle Eastern Leaders: An Operational Code Approach.” İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University, 2014.
  • Darrag, Amr. “A Revolutionary Foreign Policy: The Muslim Brotherhood’s Political Party Promises to Transform Egypt’s Place in the World.” Foreign Policy, October 16, 2012.
  • Darwisheh, Housam. “Regime Survival Strategies and the Conduct of Foreign Policy in Egypt.” IDE ME Review 2 (2015): 43–64.
  • Dawisha, A. I. Egypt in the Arab World: The Elements of Foreign Policy. New York: Halsted Press, 1976.
  • ———. “Perceptions, Decisions and Consequences in Foreign Policy: The Egyptian Intervention in the Yemen.” Political Studies 25, no. 2 (1977): 201–226.
  • Dekmejian, R. Hrair. Egypt Under Nasir: A Study in Political Dynamics. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1971.
  • Elmasry, Mohamad. “Myth or Reality?: The Discursive Construction of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.” In Egypt and the Contradictions of Liberalism: Illiberal Intelligentsia and the Future of Egyptian Democracy, edited by Dalia F. Fahmy and Daanish Faruqi, 175–198. London: Oneworld, 2017.
  • ———. “Unpacking Anti-Muslim Brotherhood Discourse.” Jadaliyya, June 28, 2013.
  • Elmasry, Mohamad Hamas, and Mohammed El-Nawawy. “One Country, Two Eras: How Three Egyptian Newspapers Framed Two Presidents.” Global Media Journal: Mediterranean Edition 9, no. 1 (2014): 27–39.
  • Fabbrini, Sergio, and Amr Yossef. “Obama’s Wavering: US Foreign Policy on the Egyptian Crisis, 2011–13.” Contemporary Arab Affairs 8, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 65–80.
  • Felsberger, Stefanie. “The Future of Egyptian Foreign Policy – To What Extent Will Egypt’s Foreign Policy Change under President Morsi?” AIES Fokus 4 (2012).
  • Ferris, Jesse. Nasser’s Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton University Press, 2013.
  • Friedman, George. “Egypt and the Idealist-Realist Debate in U.S. Foreign Policy.” Stratfor, December 6, 2011.
  • Graham, George J. Methodological Foundation for Political Analysis. Massachusetts: Xerox College Publishing, 1971.
  • Grimm, Jannis, and Stephan Roll. “Egyptian Foreign Policy under Mohamed Morsi: Domestic Considerations and Economic Constraints.” SWP Comments 35 (2012).
  • Grove, Andrea K. Political Leadership in Foreign Policy: Manipulating Support across Borders. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007.
  • Haber, Joshua, and Helia. Ighani. A Delicate Balancing Act: Egyptian Foreign Policy after the Revolution. IMES Capstone Paper Series, 2013.
  • Hamid, Shadi, and Tamara Wittes. “Camp David Collapse.” In Big Bets & Black Swans: A Presidential Briefing Book, edited by Martin Indyk, Tanvi Madan, and Thomas Wright, 80–84. Brookings Institution, 2013.
  • Hellyer, H.A. “From Tahrir To Tel Aviv.” Brookings Institution, November 19, 2012.
  • Hinnebusch, Raymond A. The International Politics of the Middle East. Second ed. Manchester University Press, 2015.
  • ———. The International Politics of the Middle East. Manchester University Press, 2003.
  • Hudson, Valerie M. “Foreign Policy Analysis: Actor-Specific Theory and the Ground of International Relations.” Foreign Policy Analysis 1, no. 1 (2005): 1–30.
  • ———. Foreign Policy Analysis: Classic and Contemporary Theory. 2nd ed. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Pub, 2014.
  • James, Laura M. “Nasser at War: Arab Images of the Enemy.” Nasser at War: Arab Images of the Enemy (2006): 1–240.
  • Kaarbo, Juliet, and James Ray. Global Politics. 10th ed. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2011.
  • Kais, Roi. “Morsi in 2010: Zionists Are Descendants of Apes.” Ynetnews, May 1, 2013.
  • Khalaji, Mehdi. “The Enduring Egypt-Iran Divide.” Washington Institute for Near East Policy, December 31, 2012.
  • Khawaja, Noor-ul-Ain. “Egypt’s Foreign Policy Analysis: From Nasser to Morsi.” Pakistan Horizon 12, no. 2 (2013): 41–61.
  • Kingsley, Patrick. “Egypt’s Army to Step in If Anti-Morsi Rallies Become Violent.” The Guardian, June 23, 2013. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/23/egypt-army-demonstrations-mohamed-morsi.
  • Kingsley, Patrick, and Martin Chulov. “Mohamed Morsi Ousted in Egypt’s Second Revolution in Two Years.” The Guardian, July 4, 2013. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/03/mohamed-morsi-egypt-second-revolution.
  • Kirkpatrick, David D. “In Egypt Race, Battle Is Joined on Islam’s Role.” The New York Times, April 23, 2012. https://www.deccanherald.com/content/245366/in-egypt-race-battle-joined.html.
  • ———. “Named Egypt’s Winner, Islamist Makes History.” The New York Times, June 24, 2012.
  • Kirkpatrick, David D., and Jodi Rudoren. “Israel and Hamas Agree to a Cease-Fire, After a U.S.-Egypt Push.” The New York Times, November 21, 2012.
  • Kissinger, Henry. “The Meaning of History : Reflections on Spengler, Toynbee and Kant.” Harvard University, 1951.
  • Levy, Jack S. “The Diversionary Theory of War: A Critique.” In Handbook of War Studies, edited by Manus I. Midlarsky, 259–288. Boston, MA: Unwin Hyman, 1989.
  • Love, Kenneth. Suez: The Twice-Fought War. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969.
  • Mabrouk, Mirette F. “Bad News for the Brotherhood.” Foreign Policy, August 13, 2012.
  • Mahmoud, Nervana. “Here’s Why Egyptians Are Glad the Military Ousted Their President.” The Globe and Mail, July 4, 2013.
  • Meringolo, Azzurra. “From Morsi to Al-Sisi: Foreign Policy at the Service of Domestic Policy.” Insight Egypt, no. 8 (2015): 1–12.
  • Milton-Edwards, Beverley. The Muslim Brotherhood: The Arab Spring and Its Future Face. London: Routledge, 2016.
  • Mintz, Alex, and Karl R. DeRouen. Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Morsy, Ahmed. “Morsi’s Un-Revolutionary Foreign Policy.” Middle East Institute, April 14, 2013.
  • Nasser, Gamal Abdel. The Philosophy of the Revolution. Cairo: Mondiale Press, 1958.
  • Özdamar, Özgür, and Sercan Canbolat. “Understanding New Middle Eastern Leadership: An Operational Code Approach.” Political Research Quarterly (2017): 106591291772174.
  • Özkan, Mehmet. “Egypt’s Foreign Policy under Mohamed Morsi.” Ortadoğu Analiz 51, no. 5 (2013): 9–18.
  • Ripsman, Norrin M. “Neoclassical Realism and Domestic Interest Groups.” In Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy, edited by Steven E. Lobell, Norrin M. Ripsman, and Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, 170–193. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Schenker, David, and Christina Lin. “Egypt’s Outreach to China and Iran Is Troubling for U.S. Policy.” The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, August 24, 2012.
  • Sharp, Jeremy M. Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations. Congressional Research Service, 2017.
  • Simon, Herbert A. “Human Nature in Politics: The Dialogue of Psychology with Political Science.” American Political Science Review 79, no. 02 (June 1, 1985): 293–304.
  • Springborg, Robert. “Egypt’s Cobra and Mongoose Become Lion and Lamb?” Foreign Policy, August 14, 2012.
  • Stephens, Robert. Nasser: A Political Biography. London: Allen Lane: Penguin Press, 1971.
  • Stuart, Douglas T. “Foreign-Policy Decision-Making.” In The Oxford Handbook of International Relations, edited by Christian Reus-Smit and Duncan Snidal, 576–593. Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Sylvan, Donald a, Ashok Goel, and B Chandrasekaran. “Analyzing Political Decision Making from an Information-Processing Perspective: JESSE.” American Journal of Political Science 34, no. 1 (February 1990): 74.
  • Taylor, Paul, and Yasmine Saleh. “Egypt Flooded Tunnels to Cut Gaza Arms Flow: Aide.” Reuters, February 18, 2013.
  • Trager, Eric. Conflict in Gaza: The Egyptian President Plots a Dangerous Course. The Atlantic, November 16, 2012.
  • Tyler, Patrick. A World of Trouble: The White House and the Middle East--from the Cold War to the War on Terror. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010.
  • Vatikiotis, Panayiotis J. “Nasser and His Generation.” London: Croom Helm, 1978.
  • Wagner, Daniel, and Giorgio Cafiero. “Is the United States Losing Egypt to China?” Huffington Post, January 28, 2013.
  • Weinbaum, Marvin G. “Politics and Development in Foreign Aid: US Economic Assistance to Egypt, 1975-82.” The Middle East Journal 37, no. 4 (1983): 636–655.
  • Winter, David G. “The Motivational Dimensions of Leadership: Power, Achievement, and Affiliation.” In Multiple Intelligences and Leadership, edited by Ronald E. Riggio, Susan E. Murphy, and Francis J. Pirozzolo, 119–138. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002.
  • Dr. Mohamed Morsi – A Brief Biography. Ikhwan Web, 2012.
  • “Egypt: Interview with Mohamed Morsi.” Wilson Center, January 14, 2013.
  • “Egypt: Opinion of China.” Pew Research Center.
  • “Election Program: 2011 Parliamentary Elections.” Freedom and Justice Party.
  • Foreign Policy in Morsi’s Presidential Election Platform. Ikhwan Web, 2012.
  • “Hu Jintao Holds Talks with Egyptian President Morsi.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, August 28, 2012.
  • Israel and Hamas: Fire and Ceasefire in the New Middle East. Middle East Report, 2012.
  • Opening Statement by H.E. Mohamed Morsy President of the Arab Republic of Egypt (Opening Session of the XVI Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement). Ikhwan Web, 2012.
  • “Statement of H.E. Dr. Mohamed Morsy President of the Arab Republic of Egypt.” The Permanent Mission of Egypt to the United Nations in New York, September 26, 2012.
  • “The Report: Egypt 2012.” Oxford Business Group, 2012.
  • Views of the U.S. and American Foreign Policy. Pew Research Center, June 13, 2012.

Leaders and Egyptian Foreign Policy: Individual Factors During Nasser and Morsi Periods

Year 2020, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 369 - 389, 15.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.763640

Abstract

Egypt has witnessed two political revolutions in 1952 and 2011. Following the revolutions, while Nasser came to power after the overthrow of the Egyptian monarchy, Morsi took the lead after the fall of Mubarak’s 30-year rule in Egypt. Given leader-centric foreign policies in authoritarian/developing countries, both leaders with divergent agendas were expected to change Egypt’s existing foreign policy to a great extent. Nasser satisfied this expectation, whereas Morsi failed to make radical foreign policy changes in Egypt. This study aims firstly to present individual-level factors that play substantial roles in whether leaders become effective and influential in foreign policy and then tries to show how these factors paved the way for the difference between the impacts of Nasser and Morsi on Egypt’s foreign policy.

References

  • Baker, Peter, and David D. Kirkpatrick. “Egyptian President and Obama Forge Link in Gaza Deal.” The New York Times, November 21, 2012.
  • Barnett, Michael N. Confronting the Costs of War: Military Power, State, and Society in Egypt and Israel. Princeton University Press, 1992.
  • Blair, Edmund. “Analysis: Egypt Proves Peace Role Can Survive Arab Spring.” Reuters, November 22, 2012.
  • Boulding, Kenneth E. The Image: Knowledge in Life and Society. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1956.
  • Brumberg, Daniel. “Can Egypt Unite?” In Arab Uprisings: Morsi’s Egypt, edited by Marc Lynch, 17–20. POMEPS Briefings, 2012.
  • Canbolat, Sercan. “Understanding The New Middle Eastern Leaders: An Operational Code Approach.” İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University, 2014.
  • Darrag, Amr. “A Revolutionary Foreign Policy: The Muslim Brotherhood’s Political Party Promises to Transform Egypt’s Place in the World.” Foreign Policy, October 16, 2012.
  • Darwisheh, Housam. “Regime Survival Strategies and the Conduct of Foreign Policy in Egypt.” IDE ME Review 2 (2015): 43–64.
  • Dawisha, A. I. Egypt in the Arab World: The Elements of Foreign Policy. New York: Halsted Press, 1976.
  • ———. “Perceptions, Decisions and Consequences in Foreign Policy: The Egyptian Intervention in the Yemen.” Political Studies 25, no. 2 (1977): 201–226.
  • Dekmejian, R. Hrair. Egypt Under Nasir: A Study in Political Dynamics. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1971.
  • Elmasry, Mohamad. “Myth or Reality?: The Discursive Construction of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.” In Egypt and the Contradictions of Liberalism: Illiberal Intelligentsia and the Future of Egyptian Democracy, edited by Dalia F. Fahmy and Daanish Faruqi, 175–198. London: Oneworld, 2017.
  • ———. “Unpacking Anti-Muslim Brotherhood Discourse.” Jadaliyya, June 28, 2013.
  • Elmasry, Mohamad Hamas, and Mohammed El-Nawawy. “One Country, Two Eras: How Three Egyptian Newspapers Framed Two Presidents.” Global Media Journal: Mediterranean Edition 9, no. 1 (2014): 27–39.
  • Fabbrini, Sergio, and Amr Yossef. “Obama’s Wavering: US Foreign Policy on the Egyptian Crisis, 2011–13.” Contemporary Arab Affairs 8, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 65–80.
  • Felsberger, Stefanie. “The Future of Egyptian Foreign Policy – To What Extent Will Egypt’s Foreign Policy Change under President Morsi?” AIES Fokus 4 (2012).
  • Ferris, Jesse. Nasser’s Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton University Press, 2013.
  • Friedman, George. “Egypt and the Idealist-Realist Debate in U.S. Foreign Policy.” Stratfor, December 6, 2011.
  • Graham, George J. Methodological Foundation for Political Analysis. Massachusetts: Xerox College Publishing, 1971.
  • Grimm, Jannis, and Stephan Roll. “Egyptian Foreign Policy under Mohamed Morsi: Domestic Considerations and Economic Constraints.” SWP Comments 35 (2012).
  • Grove, Andrea K. Political Leadership in Foreign Policy: Manipulating Support across Borders. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007.
  • Haber, Joshua, and Helia. Ighani. A Delicate Balancing Act: Egyptian Foreign Policy after the Revolution. IMES Capstone Paper Series, 2013.
  • Hamid, Shadi, and Tamara Wittes. “Camp David Collapse.” In Big Bets & Black Swans: A Presidential Briefing Book, edited by Martin Indyk, Tanvi Madan, and Thomas Wright, 80–84. Brookings Institution, 2013.
  • Hellyer, H.A. “From Tahrir To Tel Aviv.” Brookings Institution, November 19, 2012.
  • Hinnebusch, Raymond A. The International Politics of the Middle East. Second ed. Manchester University Press, 2015.
  • ———. The International Politics of the Middle East. Manchester University Press, 2003.
  • Hudson, Valerie M. “Foreign Policy Analysis: Actor-Specific Theory and the Ground of International Relations.” Foreign Policy Analysis 1, no. 1 (2005): 1–30.
  • ———. Foreign Policy Analysis: Classic and Contemporary Theory. 2nd ed. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Pub, 2014.
  • James, Laura M. “Nasser at War: Arab Images of the Enemy.” Nasser at War: Arab Images of the Enemy (2006): 1–240.
  • Kaarbo, Juliet, and James Ray. Global Politics. 10th ed. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2011.
  • Kais, Roi. “Morsi in 2010: Zionists Are Descendants of Apes.” Ynetnews, May 1, 2013.
  • Khalaji, Mehdi. “The Enduring Egypt-Iran Divide.” Washington Institute for Near East Policy, December 31, 2012.
  • Khawaja, Noor-ul-Ain. “Egypt’s Foreign Policy Analysis: From Nasser to Morsi.” Pakistan Horizon 12, no. 2 (2013): 41–61.
  • Kingsley, Patrick. “Egypt’s Army to Step in If Anti-Morsi Rallies Become Violent.” The Guardian, June 23, 2013. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/23/egypt-army-demonstrations-mohamed-morsi.
  • Kingsley, Patrick, and Martin Chulov. “Mohamed Morsi Ousted in Egypt’s Second Revolution in Two Years.” The Guardian, July 4, 2013. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/03/mohamed-morsi-egypt-second-revolution.
  • Kirkpatrick, David D. “In Egypt Race, Battle Is Joined on Islam’s Role.” The New York Times, April 23, 2012. https://www.deccanherald.com/content/245366/in-egypt-race-battle-joined.html.
  • ———. “Named Egypt’s Winner, Islamist Makes History.” The New York Times, June 24, 2012.
  • Kirkpatrick, David D., and Jodi Rudoren. “Israel and Hamas Agree to a Cease-Fire, After a U.S.-Egypt Push.” The New York Times, November 21, 2012.
  • Kissinger, Henry. “The Meaning of History : Reflections on Spengler, Toynbee and Kant.” Harvard University, 1951.
  • Levy, Jack S. “The Diversionary Theory of War: A Critique.” In Handbook of War Studies, edited by Manus I. Midlarsky, 259–288. Boston, MA: Unwin Hyman, 1989.
  • Love, Kenneth. Suez: The Twice-Fought War. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969.
  • Mabrouk, Mirette F. “Bad News for the Brotherhood.” Foreign Policy, August 13, 2012.
  • Mahmoud, Nervana. “Here’s Why Egyptians Are Glad the Military Ousted Their President.” The Globe and Mail, July 4, 2013.
  • Meringolo, Azzurra. “From Morsi to Al-Sisi: Foreign Policy at the Service of Domestic Policy.” Insight Egypt, no. 8 (2015): 1–12.
  • Milton-Edwards, Beverley. The Muslim Brotherhood: The Arab Spring and Its Future Face. London: Routledge, 2016.
  • Mintz, Alex, and Karl R. DeRouen. Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Morsy, Ahmed. “Morsi’s Un-Revolutionary Foreign Policy.” Middle East Institute, April 14, 2013.
  • Nasser, Gamal Abdel. The Philosophy of the Revolution. Cairo: Mondiale Press, 1958.
  • Özdamar, Özgür, and Sercan Canbolat. “Understanding New Middle Eastern Leadership: An Operational Code Approach.” Political Research Quarterly (2017): 106591291772174.
  • Özkan, Mehmet. “Egypt’s Foreign Policy under Mohamed Morsi.” Ortadoğu Analiz 51, no. 5 (2013): 9–18.
  • Ripsman, Norrin M. “Neoclassical Realism and Domestic Interest Groups.” In Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy, edited by Steven E. Lobell, Norrin M. Ripsman, and Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, 170–193. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Schenker, David, and Christina Lin. “Egypt’s Outreach to China and Iran Is Troubling for U.S. Policy.” The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, August 24, 2012.
  • Sharp, Jeremy M. Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations. Congressional Research Service, 2017.
  • Simon, Herbert A. “Human Nature in Politics: The Dialogue of Psychology with Political Science.” American Political Science Review 79, no. 02 (June 1, 1985): 293–304.
  • Springborg, Robert. “Egypt’s Cobra and Mongoose Become Lion and Lamb?” Foreign Policy, August 14, 2012.
  • Stephens, Robert. Nasser: A Political Biography. London: Allen Lane: Penguin Press, 1971.
  • Stuart, Douglas T. “Foreign-Policy Decision-Making.” In The Oxford Handbook of International Relations, edited by Christian Reus-Smit and Duncan Snidal, 576–593. Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Sylvan, Donald a, Ashok Goel, and B Chandrasekaran. “Analyzing Political Decision Making from an Information-Processing Perspective: JESSE.” American Journal of Political Science 34, no. 1 (February 1990): 74.
  • Taylor, Paul, and Yasmine Saleh. “Egypt Flooded Tunnels to Cut Gaza Arms Flow: Aide.” Reuters, February 18, 2013.
  • Trager, Eric. Conflict in Gaza: The Egyptian President Plots a Dangerous Course. The Atlantic, November 16, 2012.
  • Tyler, Patrick. A World of Trouble: The White House and the Middle East--from the Cold War to the War on Terror. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010.
  • Vatikiotis, Panayiotis J. “Nasser and His Generation.” London: Croom Helm, 1978.
  • Wagner, Daniel, and Giorgio Cafiero. “Is the United States Losing Egypt to China?” Huffington Post, January 28, 2013.
  • Weinbaum, Marvin G. “Politics and Development in Foreign Aid: US Economic Assistance to Egypt, 1975-82.” The Middle East Journal 37, no. 4 (1983): 636–655.
  • Winter, David G. “The Motivational Dimensions of Leadership: Power, Achievement, and Affiliation.” In Multiple Intelligences and Leadership, edited by Ronald E. Riggio, Susan E. Murphy, and Francis J. Pirozzolo, 119–138. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002.
  • Dr. Mohamed Morsi – A Brief Biography. Ikhwan Web, 2012.
  • “Egypt: Interview with Mohamed Morsi.” Wilson Center, January 14, 2013.
  • “Egypt: Opinion of China.” Pew Research Center.
  • “Election Program: 2011 Parliamentary Elections.” Freedom and Justice Party.
  • Foreign Policy in Morsi’s Presidential Election Platform. Ikhwan Web, 2012.
  • “Hu Jintao Holds Talks with Egyptian President Morsi.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, August 28, 2012.
  • Israel and Hamas: Fire and Ceasefire in the New Middle East. Middle East Report, 2012.
  • Opening Statement by H.E. Mohamed Morsy President of the Arab Republic of Egypt (Opening Session of the XVI Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement). Ikhwan Web, 2012.
  • “Statement of H.E. Dr. Mohamed Morsy President of the Arab Republic of Egypt.” The Permanent Mission of Egypt to the United Nations in New York, September 26, 2012.
  • “The Report: Egypt 2012.” Oxford Business Group, 2012.
  • Views of the U.S. and American Foreign Policy. Pew Research Center, June 13, 2012.

Liderler ve Mısır Dış Politikası: Nasır ve Mursi Dönemlerinde Bireysel Etkenler

Year 2020, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 369 - 389, 15.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.763640

Abstract

Mısır, 1952’de ve 2011’de olmak üzere iki siyasi devrime şahitlik etmiştir. Devrimleri takiben, Nasır, Mısır’daki monarşi yönetimin, Mursi ise 30 yıllık Mübarek rejiminin yerine iktidara gelmiştir. Otoriter/gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki lider merkezli dış politika göz önünde tutulduğunda, farklı gündemlere sahip iki liderin de Mısır’ın mevcut dış politikasını büyük oranda değiştirmesi beklenmiştir. Nasır beklentileri karşılasa da, Mursi Mısır dış politikasında köklü değişiklikler yapma noktasında başarısız olmuştur. Bu çalışma ilk olarak liderlerin dış siyasetteki etkisini ve nüfuzunu etkileyen bireysel, seviyedeki etkenleri sunmayı, ardından bu etkenlerin Nasır ve Mursi’nin Mısır dış politikasına olan etkilerini nasıl farklılaştırdığını açıklamayı hedeflemektedir.

References

  • Baker, Peter, and David D. Kirkpatrick. “Egyptian President and Obama Forge Link in Gaza Deal.” The New York Times, November 21, 2012.
  • Barnett, Michael N. Confronting the Costs of War: Military Power, State, and Society in Egypt and Israel. Princeton University Press, 1992.
  • Blair, Edmund. “Analysis: Egypt Proves Peace Role Can Survive Arab Spring.” Reuters, November 22, 2012.
  • Boulding, Kenneth E. The Image: Knowledge in Life and Society. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1956.
  • Brumberg, Daniel. “Can Egypt Unite?” In Arab Uprisings: Morsi’s Egypt, edited by Marc Lynch, 17–20. POMEPS Briefings, 2012.
  • Canbolat, Sercan. “Understanding The New Middle Eastern Leaders: An Operational Code Approach.” İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University, 2014.
  • Darrag, Amr. “A Revolutionary Foreign Policy: The Muslim Brotherhood’s Political Party Promises to Transform Egypt’s Place in the World.” Foreign Policy, October 16, 2012.
  • Darwisheh, Housam. “Regime Survival Strategies and the Conduct of Foreign Policy in Egypt.” IDE ME Review 2 (2015): 43–64.
  • Dawisha, A. I. Egypt in the Arab World: The Elements of Foreign Policy. New York: Halsted Press, 1976.
  • ———. “Perceptions, Decisions and Consequences in Foreign Policy: The Egyptian Intervention in the Yemen.” Political Studies 25, no. 2 (1977): 201–226.
  • Dekmejian, R. Hrair. Egypt Under Nasir: A Study in Political Dynamics. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1971.
  • Elmasry, Mohamad. “Myth or Reality?: The Discursive Construction of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.” In Egypt and the Contradictions of Liberalism: Illiberal Intelligentsia and the Future of Egyptian Democracy, edited by Dalia F. Fahmy and Daanish Faruqi, 175–198. London: Oneworld, 2017.
  • ———. “Unpacking Anti-Muslim Brotherhood Discourse.” Jadaliyya, June 28, 2013.
  • Elmasry, Mohamad Hamas, and Mohammed El-Nawawy. “One Country, Two Eras: How Three Egyptian Newspapers Framed Two Presidents.” Global Media Journal: Mediterranean Edition 9, no. 1 (2014): 27–39.
  • Fabbrini, Sergio, and Amr Yossef. “Obama’s Wavering: US Foreign Policy on the Egyptian Crisis, 2011–13.” Contemporary Arab Affairs 8, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 65–80.
  • Felsberger, Stefanie. “The Future of Egyptian Foreign Policy – To What Extent Will Egypt’s Foreign Policy Change under President Morsi?” AIES Fokus 4 (2012).
  • Ferris, Jesse. Nasser’s Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton University Press, 2013.
  • Friedman, George. “Egypt and the Idealist-Realist Debate in U.S. Foreign Policy.” Stratfor, December 6, 2011.
  • Graham, George J. Methodological Foundation for Political Analysis. Massachusetts: Xerox College Publishing, 1971.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ahmed Hayri Duman 0000-0003-3004-7478

Publication Date November 15, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 12 Issue: 2

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Chicago Duman, Ahmed Hayri. “Leaders and Egyptian Foreign Policy: Individual Factors During Nasser and Morsi Periods”. Ortadoğu Etütleri 12, no. 2 (November 2020): 369-89. https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.763640.

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