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Iraq’s Relations with Syria before and during the Syrian Uprising in Terms of Domestic Decision-Making Environment

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 221 - 238, 26.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1384953

Abstract

This paper examines Iraq’s foreign policy toward Syria before and during the Syrian Civil War that began in 2011. It presents an overview of the restoration of relations between the two countries that have been hostile since their formation, with a view to tracing the factors behind the rapprochement during the Syrian uprising. Drawing from some concepts of the neoclassical realist perspective, such as the domestic decision-making environment, the paper seeks under which international and domestic factors the Iraqi leadership inhabits with respect to restoring and resuming relations with the Syrian regime. The paper argues that the Iraqi leadership is obliged to support the Syrian regime owing to its strategic interests in receiving support from the Iraqi parliament.

References

  • Ali, Ahmed. “Iraq’s Prime Minister Reshuffles the Security Commanders,” November 13, 2014. https://www.iswresearch.org/2014/11/iraqs-prime- minister-reshuffles.html.
  • Al-Khoei, Hayder. “Maliki’s Political Games.” Al Jazeera, August 14, 2014. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/8/14/malikis-political-games/.
  • Alkhudary, Taif. “How Iraq’s Sectarian System Came to Be,” March 29, 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/3/29/how-iraqs-sectarian- system-came-to-be/.
  • Al-Qarawee, Harith Hasan. “From Maliki to Abadi: The Challenge of Being Iraq’s Prime Minister.” Brandeis University, June 2016. http://iraqieconomists. net/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2016/06/FROM-MALIKI-TO- ABADI-THE-CHALLENGE-OF-BEING-IRAQ%E2%80%99S-PRIME- MINISTER.-BY-HARITH-HASAN-AL-QARAWEE-.pdf.
  • ———. “The ‘Formal’ Marjaʿ: Shiʿi Clerical Authority and the State in Post-2003 Iraq.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 46, no. 3 (2019): 481–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2018.1429988.
  • Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies. “Al-Maliki’s Government: A Trusted Proxy for Washington or Tehran?,” May 29, 2014. https://www. dohainstitute.org/en/PoliticalStudies/Pages/Al-Malikis_Government_A_ Trusted_Proxy_for_Washington_or_Tehran.aspx.
  • “Chapter Four: The Regional Struggle over Syria.” Adelphi Series 53, no. 438 (2013): 105–48.
  • Dockx, Pieter-Jan. “The Return of Maliki and a New Sunni Insurgency in Iraq?” the LSE Middle East Center, July 12, 2017. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/ mec/2017/07/12/the-return-of-maliki-and-a-new-sunni-insurgency/. Dodge, Toby. Iraq: From War to a New Authoritarianism. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2012.
  • ———. “State and Society in Iraq Ten Years after Regime Change: The Rise of a New Authoritarianism.” International Affairs 89, no. 2 (2013): 241– 57. Dodge, Toby, Zeynep Kaya, Kyra N. Luchtenberg, Sarah Mathieu- Comtois,
  • Bahra Saleh, Christine van den Toorn, Andrea Turpin-King, and Jessica Watkins. “Iraq Synthesis Paper: Understanding the Drivers of Conflict in Iraq.” Conflict Research Programme–Iraq Papers. London: Middle East Center, the LSE, October 2018. https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/90514/1/Iraq%20 synthesis%20paper%20understanding%20the%20drivers_2018.pdf. European Council on Foreign Relations. “Syria: The View from Iraq,” June 14, 2013.
  • https://ecfr.eu/article/commentary_syria_the_view_from_iraq136/. Hinnebusch, Raymond. “Iraq-Syria Relations: The Iraq War and After.” In Iraq since the Invasion: People and Politics in a State of Conflict, edited by Keiko Sakai and Philip Marfleet. Oxon: Routledge, 2020.
  • ———. “Syria-Iraq Relations: State Construction and Deconstruction and the MENA States System.” LSE Middle East Centre Paper Series. the LSE Middle East Centre, October 2014. https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/60004/1/__lse. ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_ LSE%20Middle%20East%20Centre%20Papers_Hinnebusch_Syria%20 -%20Iraq%20relations.pdf.
  • ———. “The Arab Uprisings and The MENA Regional States System.” Uluslararası İlişkiler 11, no. 42 (2014): 7–27.
  • İpek, Fatih Oğuzhan. “The Impact of Domestic Actors on Iraq’s Foreign Policy Formulation: Structural Autonomy, Foreign Policy Coalition, and Domestic Balance of Political Power.” Ph.D. Dissertation, Sakarya University, 2023.
  • Isakhan, Benjamin. “The Road to the ‘Islamic State’: State-Society Relations after the US Withdrawal from Iraq.” In State and Society in Iraq: Citizenship Under Occupation, Dictatorship and Democratisation, edited by Benjamin Isakhan, Shamiran Mako, and Fadi Dawood. London: I.B. Tauris, 2017.
  • Ismael, Tareq Y., and Jacqueline S. Ismael. Iraq in the Twenty-First Century: Regime Change and the Making of a Failed State. Routledge, 2015. Mamouri, Ali. “Sistani Denies Supporting Soleiman’s Involvement in Iraq.” Al-Monitor, December 2, 2014. https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/ originals/2014/12/iraq-najaf-sistani-deny-soleimani-iran-interference.html. Mansour, Renad. “The Sunni Predicament in Iraq.” Carniege Middle East Center, March 2016. https://carnegieendowment.org/files/CMEC_59_ Mansour_Sunni_Final.pdf.
  • Mansour, Renad, and Faleh A. Jabar. “The Popular Mobilization Forces and Iraq’s Future.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, May 2017. Mardini, Ramzy. “Iraq’s Abadi Caught between Global Powers and Domestic Politics.” Atlantic Council, September 18, 2015. https://www. atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/iraq-s-abadi-caught-between-global- powers-and-domestic-politics/.
  • Marr, Phebe. The Modern History of Iraq. Boulder: Westview Press, 2012. Mayne, Thomas. “What Is Kleptocracy and How Does It Work?,” July 4, 2022. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2022/07/what-kleptocracy-and-how- does-it-work.
  • O’Driscoll, Dylan. “Autonomy Impaired: Centralisation, Authoritarianism and the Failing Iraqi State.” Ethnopolitics 16, no. 4 (2017): 315–32. https:// doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2015.1086126.
  • Othman, Ali. “The US-Iran Scramble for Post-Abadi Iraq: How Will Turkey Be Affected?” Politics Today, October 8, 2018. https://politicstoday. org/the-us-iran-scramble-for-post-abadi-iraq-how-will-turkey-be-affected/.
  • Parker, Ned. “Machiavelli in Mesopotamia: Nouri al-Maliki Builds the Body Politic.” World Policy Journal 26, no. 1 (2009): 17–25.
  • Rayburn, Joel D. “Rise of the Maliki Regime.” Journal of International Security Affairs, no. 22 (Spring-Summer 2012): 45–54.
  • Reuters. “Iraq PM Challenges Syria to Explain Militant Aid,” September 3, 2009. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSANS349705.
  • Sayej, Caroleen Marji. Patriotic Ayatollahs: Nationalism in Post-Saddam Iraq. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2018.
  • Schmidt, Michael S., and Yasir Ghazi. “Iraqi Leader Backs Syria, With a Nudge From Iran.” The New York Times, August 13, 2011. https://www. nytimes.com/2011/08/13/world/middleeast/13iraq.html.
  • Soffar, Mohammed. “Foreign Policy under Occupation: Does Iraq Need a Foreign Policy?” In The Foreign Policies of Arab States. The Challenge of Globalization, edited by Bahgat Korany and Ali El-Din Hillal Dessouki, 195–252. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2008.
  • Starr, Stephen. “Iraqi Election Fever Hits Damascus.” Asia Times, March 5, 2010.
  • Walker, Christopher, and Melissa Aten. “The Rise of Kleptocracy: A Challenge For Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 29, no. 1 (2018): 20–24.
  • Wieland, Carsten. Syria - A Decade of Lost Chances: Repression and Revolution from Damascus Spring to Arab Spring. Seattle: Cune Press, 2012. Wilgenburg, Wladimir van. “Breaking From Baghdad: Kurdish Autonomy vs. Maliki’s Manipulation.” World Affairs 175, no. 4 (2012): 47–53.
  • Yetim, Mustafa, and İ̇ smail Numan Telci. “Another ‘Third Way’ to Narrate the Existing Alliances in the Middle East: Turkey-Qatar, Saudi Arabia-UAE, and Iran-Syria.” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 25, no. 3 (2023): 484–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2022.2143841.

Iraq’s Relations with Syria before and during the Syrian Uprising in Terms of Domestic Decision-Making Environment

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 221 - 238, 26.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1384953

Abstract

This paper examines Iraq’s foreign policy toward Syria before and during the Syrian Civil War that began in 2011. It presents an overview of the restoration of relations between the two countries that have been hostile since their formation, with a view to tracing the factors behind the rapprochement during the Syrian uprising. Drawing from some concepts of the neoclassical realist perspective, such as the domestic decision-making environment, the paper seeks under which international and domestic factors the Iraqi leadership inhabits with respect to restoring and resuming relations with the Syrian regime. The paper argues that the Iraqi leadership is obliged to support the Syrian regime owing to its strategic interests in receiving support from the Iraqi parliament.

References

  • Ali, Ahmed. “Iraq’s Prime Minister Reshuffles the Security Commanders,” November 13, 2014. https://www.iswresearch.org/2014/11/iraqs-prime- minister-reshuffles.html.
  • Al-Khoei, Hayder. “Maliki’s Political Games.” Al Jazeera, August 14, 2014. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/8/14/malikis-political-games/.
  • Alkhudary, Taif. “How Iraq’s Sectarian System Came to Be,” March 29, 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/3/29/how-iraqs-sectarian- system-came-to-be/.
  • Al-Qarawee, Harith Hasan. “From Maliki to Abadi: The Challenge of Being Iraq’s Prime Minister.” Brandeis University, June 2016. http://iraqieconomists. net/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2016/06/FROM-MALIKI-TO- ABADI-THE-CHALLENGE-OF-BEING-IRAQ%E2%80%99S-PRIME- MINISTER.-BY-HARITH-HASAN-AL-QARAWEE-.pdf.
  • ———. “The ‘Formal’ Marjaʿ: Shiʿi Clerical Authority and the State in Post-2003 Iraq.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 46, no. 3 (2019): 481–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2018.1429988.
  • Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies. “Al-Maliki’s Government: A Trusted Proxy for Washington or Tehran?,” May 29, 2014. https://www. dohainstitute.org/en/PoliticalStudies/Pages/Al-Malikis_Government_A_ Trusted_Proxy_for_Washington_or_Tehran.aspx.
  • “Chapter Four: The Regional Struggle over Syria.” Adelphi Series 53, no. 438 (2013): 105–48.
  • Dockx, Pieter-Jan. “The Return of Maliki and a New Sunni Insurgency in Iraq?” the LSE Middle East Center, July 12, 2017. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/ mec/2017/07/12/the-return-of-maliki-and-a-new-sunni-insurgency/. Dodge, Toby. Iraq: From War to a New Authoritarianism. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2012.
  • ———. “State and Society in Iraq Ten Years after Regime Change: The Rise of a New Authoritarianism.” International Affairs 89, no. 2 (2013): 241– 57. Dodge, Toby, Zeynep Kaya, Kyra N. Luchtenberg, Sarah Mathieu- Comtois,
  • Bahra Saleh, Christine van den Toorn, Andrea Turpin-King, and Jessica Watkins. “Iraq Synthesis Paper: Understanding the Drivers of Conflict in Iraq.” Conflict Research Programme–Iraq Papers. London: Middle East Center, the LSE, October 2018. https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/90514/1/Iraq%20 synthesis%20paper%20understanding%20the%20drivers_2018.pdf. European Council on Foreign Relations. “Syria: The View from Iraq,” June 14, 2013.
  • https://ecfr.eu/article/commentary_syria_the_view_from_iraq136/. Hinnebusch, Raymond. “Iraq-Syria Relations: The Iraq War and After.” In Iraq since the Invasion: People and Politics in a State of Conflict, edited by Keiko Sakai and Philip Marfleet. Oxon: Routledge, 2020.
  • ———. “Syria-Iraq Relations: State Construction and Deconstruction and the MENA States System.” LSE Middle East Centre Paper Series. the LSE Middle East Centre, October 2014. https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/60004/1/__lse. ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_ LSE%20Middle%20East%20Centre%20Papers_Hinnebusch_Syria%20 -%20Iraq%20relations.pdf.
  • ———. “The Arab Uprisings and The MENA Regional States System.” Uluslararası İlişkiler 11, no. 42 (2014): 7–27.
  • İpek, Fatih Oğuzhan. “The Impact of Domestic Actors on Iraq’s Foreign Policy Formulation: Structural Autonomy, Foreign Policy Coalition, and Domestic Balance of Political Power.” Ph.D. Dissertation, Sakarya University, 2023.
  • Isakhan, Benjamin. “The Road to the ‘Islamic State’: State-Society Relations after the US Withdrawal from Iraq.” In State and Society in Iraq: Citizenship Under Occupation, Dictatorship and Democratisation, edited by Benjamin Isakhan, Shamiran Mako, and Fadi Dawood. London: I.B. Tauris, 2017.
  • Ismael, Tareq Y., and Jacqueline S. Ismael. Iraq in the Twenty-First Century: Regime Change and the Making of a Failed State. Routledge, 2015. Mamouri, Ali. “Sistani Denies Supporting Soleiman’s Involvement in Iraq.” Al-Monitor, December 2, 2014. https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/ originals/2014/12/iraq-najaf-sistani-deny-soleimani-iran-interference.html. Mansour, Renad. “The Sunni Predicament in Iraq.” Carniege Middle East Center, March 2016. https://carnegieendowment.org/files/CMEC_59_ Mansour_Sunni_Final.pdf.
  • Mansour, Renad, and Faleh A. Jabar. “The Popular Mobilization Forces and Iraq’s Future.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, May 2017. Mardini, Ramzy. “Iraq’s Abadi Caught between Global Powers and Domestic Politics.” Atlantic Council, September 18, 2015. https://www. atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/iraq-s-abadi-caught-between-global- powers-and-domestic-politics/.
  • Marr, Phebe. The Modern History of Iraq. Boulder: Westview Press, 2012. Mayne, Thomas. “What Is Kleptocracy and How Does It Work?,” July 4, 2022. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2022/07/what-kleptocracy-and-how- does-it-work.
  • O’Driscoll, Dylan. “Autonomy Impaired: Centralisation, Authoritarianism and the Failing Iraqi State.” Ethnopolitics 16, no. 4 (2017): 315–32. https:// doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2015.1086126.
  • Othman, Ali. “The US-Iran Scramble for Post-Abadi Iraq: How Will Turkey Be Affected?” Politics Today, October 8, 2018. https://politicstoday. org/the-us-iran-scramble-for-post-abadi-iraq-how-will-turkey-be-affected/.
  • Parker, Ned. “Machiavelli in Mesopotamia: Nouri al-Maliki Builds the Body Politic.” World Policy Journal 26, no. 1 (2009): 17–25.
  • Rayburn, Joel D. “Rise of the Maliki Regime.” Journal of International Security Affairs, no. 22 (Spring-Summer 2012): 45–54.
  • Reuters. “Iraq PM Challenges Syria to Explain Militant Aid,” September 3, 2009. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSANS349705.
  • Sayej, Caroleen Marji. Patriotic Ayatollahs: Nationalism in Post-Saddam Iraq. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2018.
  • Schmidt, Michael S., and Yasir Ghazi. “Iraqi Leader Backs Syria, With a Nudge From Iran.” The New York Times, August 13, 2011. https://www. nytimes.com/2011/08/13/world/middleeast/13iraq.html.
  • Soffar, Mohammed. “Foreign Policy under Occupation: Does Iraq Need a Foreign Policy?” In The Foreign Policies of Arab States. The Challenge of Globalization, edited by Bahgat Korany and Ali El-Din Hillal Dessouki, 195–252. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2008.
  • Starr, Stephen. “Iraqi Election Fever Hits Damascus.” Asia Times, March 5, 2010.
  • Walker, Christopher, and Melissa Aten. “The Rise of Kleptocracy: A Challenge For Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 29, no. 1 (2018): 20–24.
  • Wieland, Carsten. Syria - A Decade of Lost Chances: Repression and Revolution from Damascus Spring to Arab Spring. Seattle: Cune Press, 2012. Wilgenburg, Wladimir van. “Breaking From Baghdad: Kurdish Autonomy vs. Maliki’s Manipulation.” World Affairs 175, no. 4 (2012): 47–53.
  • Yetim, Mustafa, and İ̇ smail Numan Telci. “Another ‘Third Way’ to Narrate the Existing Alliances in the Middle East: Turkey-Qatar, Saudi Arabia-UAE, and Iran-Syria.” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 25, no. 3 (2023): 484–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2022.2143841.

Ülkeiçi Karar Verme Ortamı Çerçevesinde Suriye İç Savaşı Öncesi ve Sırası Irak'ın Suriye ile İlişkileri

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 221 - 238, 26.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1384953

Abstract

Bu çalışma, 2011 yılında başlayan Suriye İç Savaşı öncesi ve sırasında Irak’ın Suriye’ye yönelik izlediği politikasını incelemektedir. Irak’ın Suriye ile yakınlaşmasının ardındaki faktörlerin izini sürmek amacıyla, iki ülke arasındaki, kuruluşundan bu yana düşmanca olan ilişkilerin restorasyonuna genel bir bakış sunmaktadır. Neoklasik realist yaklaşımının ülke içi karar alma ortamı gibi bazı kavramlarından yola çıkan makale, Irak liderliğinin Suriye rejimiyle ilişkilerini yeniden kurma ve sürdürme konusunda hangi uluslararası ve yerel faktörler altında hareket ettiğini araştırmaktadır. Çalışma, Irak liderlerinin iktidarlarını devam ettirmek için Irak parlamentosundan destek alma konusundaki stratejik çıkarları nedeniyle Suriye rejimini desteklemek zorunda olduğunu ileri sürüyor.

References

  • Ali, Ahmed. “Iraq’s Prime Minister Reshuffles the Security Commanders,” November 13, 2014. https://www.iswresearch.org/2014/11/iraqs-prime- minister-reshuffles.html.
  • Al-Khoei, Hayder. “Maliki’s Political Games.” Al Jazeera, August 14, 2014. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/8/14/malikis-political-games/.
  • Alkhudary, Taif. “How Iraq’s Sectarian System Came to Be,” March 29, 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/3/29/how-iraqs-sectarian- system-came-to-be/.
  • Al-Qarawee, Harith Hasan. “From Maliki to Abadi: The Challenge of Being Iraq’s Prime Minister.” Brandeis University, June 2016. http://iraqieconomists. net/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2016/06/FROM-MALIKI-TO- ABADI-THE-CHALLENGE-OF-BEING-IRAQ%E2%80%99S-PRIME- MINISTER.-BY-HARITH-HASAN-AL-QARAWEE-.pdf.
  • ———. “The ‘Formal’ Marjaʿ: Shiʿi Clerical Authority and the State in Post-2003 Iraq.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 46, no. 3 (2019): 481–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2018.1429988.
  • Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies. “Al-Maliki’s Government: A Trusted Proxy for Washington or Tehran?,” May 29, 2014. https://www. dohainstitute.org/en/PoliticalStudies/Pages/Al-Malikis_Government_A_ Trusted_Proxy_for_Washington_or_Tehran.aspx.
  • “Chapter Four: The Regional Struggle over Syria.” Adelphi Series 53, no. 438 (2013): 105–48.
  • Dockx, Pieter-Jan. “The Return of Maliki and a New Sunni Insurgency in Iraq?” the LSE Middle East Center, July 12, 2017. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/ mec/2017/07/12/the-return-of-maliki-and-a-new-sunni-insurgency/. Dodge, Toby. Iraq: From War to a New Authoritarianism. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2012.
  • ———. “State and Society in Iraq Ten Years after Regime Change: The Rise of a New Authoritarianism.” International Affairs 89, no. 2 (2013): 241– 57. Dodge, Toby, Zeynep Kaya, Kyra N. Luchtenberg, Sarah Mathieu- Comtois,
  • Bahra Saleh, Christine van den Toorn, Andrea Turpin-King, and Jessica Watkins. “Iraq Synthesis Paper: Understanding the Drivers of Conflict in Iraq.” Conflict Research Programme–Iraq Papers. London: Middle East Center, the LSE, October 2018. https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/90514/1/Iraq%20 synthesis%20paper%20understanding%20the%20drivers_2018.pdf. European Council on Foreign Relations. “Syria: The View from Iraq,” June 14, 2013.
  • https://ecfr.eu/article/commentary_syria_the_view_from_iraq136/. Hinnebusch, Raymond. “Iraq-Syria Relations: The Iraq War and After.” In Iraq since the Invasion: People and Politics in a State of Conflict, edited by Keiko Sakai and Philip Marfleet. Oxon: Routledge, 2020.
  • ———. “Syria-Iraq Relations: State Construction and Deconstruction and the MENA States System.” LSE Middle East Centre Paper Series. the LSE Middle East Centre, October 2014. https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/60004/1/__lse. ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_ LSE%20Middle%20East%20Centre%20Papers_Hinnebusch_Syria%20 -%20Iraq%20relations.pdf.
  • ———. “The Arab Uprisings and The MENA Regional States System.” Uluslararası İlişkiler 11, no. 42 (2014): 7–27.
  • İpek, Fatih Oğuzhan. “The Impact of Domestic Actors on Iraq’s Foreign Policy Formulation: Structural Autonomy, Foreign Policy Coalition, and Domestic Balance of Political Power.” Ph.D. Dissertation, Sakarya University, 2023.
  • Isakhan, Benjamin. “The Road to the ‘Islamic State’: State-Society Relations after the US Withdrawal from Iraq.” In State and Society in Iraq: Citizenship Under Occupation, Dictatorship and Democratisation, edited by Benjamin Isakhan, Shamiran Mako, and Fadi Dawood. London: I.B. Tauris, 2017.
  • Ismael, Tareq Y., and Jacqueline S. Ismael. Iraq in the Twenty-First Century: Regime Change and the Making of a Failed State. Routledge, 2015. Mamouri, Ali. “Sistani Denies Supporting Soleiman’s Involvement in Iraq.” Al-Monitor, December 2, 2014. https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/ originals/2014/12/iraq-najaf-sistani-deny-soleimani-iran-interference.html. Mansour, Renad. “The Sunni Predicament in Iraq.” Carniege Middle East Center, March 2016. https://carnegieendowment.org/files/CMEC_59_ Mansour_Sunni_Final.pdf.
  • Mansour, Renad, and Faleh A. Jabar. “The Popular Mobilization Forces and Iraq’s Future.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, May 2017. Mardini, Ramzy. “Iraq’s Abadi Caught between Global Powers and Domestic Politics.” Atlantic Council, September 18, 2015. https://www. atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/iraq-s-abadi-caught-between-global- powers-and-domestic-politics/.
  • Marr, Phebe. The Modern History of Iraq. Boulder: Westview Press, 2012. Mayne, Thomas. “What Is Kleptocracy and How Does It Work?,” July 4, 2022. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2022/07/what-kleptocracy-and-how- does-it-work.
  • O’Driscoll, Dylan. “Autonomy Impaired: Centralisation, Authoritarianism and the Failing Iraqi State.” Ethnopolitics 16, no. 4 (2017): 315–32. https:// doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2015.1086126.
  • Othman, Ali. “The US-Iran Scramble for Post-Abadi Iraq: How Will Turkey Be Affected?” Politics Today, October 8, 2018. https://politicstoday. org/the-us-iran-scramble-for-post-abadi-iraq-how-will-turkey-be-affected/.
  • Parker, Ned. “Machiavelli in Mesopotamia: Nouri al-Maliki Builds the Body Politic.” World Policy Journal 26, no. 1 (2009): 17–25.
  • Rayburn, Joel D. “Rise of the Maliki Regime.” Journal of International Security Affairs, no. 22 (Spring-Summer 2012): 45–54.
  • Reuters. “Iraq PM Challenges Syria to Explain Militant Aid,” September 3, 2009. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSANS349705.
  • Sayej, Caroleen Marji. Patriotic Ayatollahs: Nationalism in Post-Saddam Iraq. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2018.
  • Schmidt, Michael S., and Yasir Ghazi. “Iraqi Leader Backs Syria, With a Nudge From Iran.” The New York Times, August 13, 2011. https://www. nytimes.com/2011/08/13/world/middleeast/13iraq.html.
  • Soffar, Mohammed. “Foreign Policy under Occupation: Does Iraq Need a Foreign Policy?” In The Foreign Policies of Arab States. The Challenge of Globalization, edited by Bahgat Korany and Ali El-Din Hillal Dessouki, 195–252. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2008.
  • Starr, Stephen. “Iraqi Election Fever Hits Damascus.” Asia Times, March 5, 2010.
  • Walker, Christopher, and Melissa Aten. “The Rise of Kleptocracy: A Challenge For Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 29, no. 1 (2018): 20–24.
  • Wieland, Carsten. Syria - A Decade of Lost Chances: Repression and Revolution from Damascus Spring to Arab Spring. Seattle: Cune Press, 2012. Wilgenburg, Wladimir van. “Breaking From Baghdad: Kurdish Autonomy vs. Maliki’s Manipulation.” World Affairs 175, no. 4 (2012): 47–53.
  • Yetim, Mustafa, and İ̇ smail Numan Telci. “Another ‘Third Way’ to Narrate the Existing Alliances in the Middle East: Turkey-Qatar, Saudi Arabia-UAE, and Iran-Syria.” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 25, no. 3 (2023): 484–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2022.2143841.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Middle East Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Fatih Oğuzhan İpek 0000-0002-8216-6287

Early Pub Date December 25, 2023
Publication Date December 26, 2023
Submission Date November 2, 2023
Acceptance Date December 12, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 15 Issue: 3

Cite

Chicago İpek, Fatih Oğuzhan. “Iraq’s Relations With Syria before and During the Syrian Uprising in Terms of Domestic Decision-Making Environment”. Ortadoğu Etütleri 15, no. 3 (December 2023): 221-38. https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1384953.

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