The Sunni Wing of the Lebanese Resistance Brigades: Fajr Forces

Year 2024, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 45 - 66, 19.07.2024

Özlem Acar

https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1426078

Abstract

Lebanon is one of the most important countries in the Middle East, which has always been on the agenda due to a 15-year civil war, its occupation by Syria and Israel, the exodus of Palestinian and Syrian refugees, and the presence of Hezbollah, the armed structure that is in the most important position within Iran's regional policies. Almost every political organization in the country has an armed wing. Since the National Army is not strong enough and the management of internal security institutions is allocated to different religious structures within the administrative system of the country, each different religious, sectarian and ethnic structure has tended to establish its own militia. Although groups of different ethnicities, religions and sects in the country cannot afford a new civil war, small-scale tensions arouse concern among the population from time to time. The southern regions of Lebanon have been repeatedly subjected to Israeli occupation since 1978. The Lebanese Resistance Brigades were established by Hezbollah with the argument of protecting these predominantly Shiite areas and the country in general against external threats. This structure includes groups of different religions and sects. Most recently, during the Hamas-Israel conflict that began on October 7, 2023, armed formations within the Lebanese Resistance Brigades carried out attacks against Israel from the South of Lebanon with the argument of easing the Israeli blockade of Gaza.The apparent partnership between the Fajr Forces and Hezbollah, ostensibly based on the fight against Israel, is a mutually beneficial cooperation in the background.

Keywords

Hezbollah, Fajr Forces, Lebanese Resistance Brigades

الجناح السني سرايا المقاومة اللبنانية: قوات الفجر

Abstract

لبنان هو أحد أهم البلدان في الشرق الأوسط الذي لطالما كان على جدول الأعمال بسبب الحرب الأهلية التي دامت 15 عامًا، واحتلاله من قبل سوريا وإسرائيل، ونزوح اللاجئين الفلسطينيين والسوريين، ووجود حزب الله، الهيكل المسلح الذي يحتل الموقع الأهم ضمن سياسات إيران الإقليمية. فكل تنظيم سياسي في البلاد تقريباً لديه جناح مسلح. ونظراً لأن الجيش الوطني ليس قوياً بما فيه الكفاية، ولأن إدارة المؤسسات الأمنية الداخلية موكلة إلى هياكل دينية مختلفة داخل النظام الإداري للبلاد، فقد اتجهت كل بنية دينية ومذهبية وعرقية مختلفة إلى إنشاء ميليشيا خاصة بها. وعلى الرغم من أن الجماعات من مختلف الأعراق والأديان والطوائف في البلاد لا تستطيع تحمل حرب أهلية جديدة، إلا أن التوترات المحدودة النطاق تثير قلق السكان من وقت لآخر. تعرضت المناطق الجنوبية من لبنان مراراً وتكراراً للاحتلال الإسرائيلي منذ عام 1978. وقد أسس حزب الله سرايا المقاومة اللبنانية بحجة حماية هذه المناطق ذات الأغلبية الشيعية والبلد بشكل عام من التهديدات الخارجية. وتضم هذه البنية مجموعات من مختلف الأديان والطوائف. وفي الآونة الأخيرة، وخلال الصراع بين حماس وإسرائيل الذي بدأ في 7 تشرين الأول/ أكتوبر 2023، قامت تشكيلات مسلحة ضمن سرايا المقاومة اللبنانية بشن هجمات ضد إسرائيل من جنوب لبنان بحجة تخفيف الحصار الإسرائيلي على غزة، والشراكة الظاهرة بين قوات الفجر وحزب الله التي تقوم ظاهرياً على محاربة إسرائيل هي تعاون متبادل المنفعة في الخلفية.

Keywords

سرايا المقاومة اللبنانية, قوات الفجر, حزب الله

Lübnan Direniş Tugayları’nın Sünni Kanadı: Fecr Güçleri

Abstract

Lübnan; 15 yıl süren bir iç savaşla, Suriye ve İsrail tarafından işgal edilmesiyle, maruz kaldığı Filistinli ve Suriyeli mültecilerin göçleriyle ve İran’ın bölgesel politikaları kapsamında en önemli konumda bulunan silahlı yapı olan Hizbullah’ın varlığıyla gündemde her zaman yer bulan Orta Doğu’nun en önemli ülkelerinden biridir. Ülkede neredeyse tüm siyasi yapılanmaların bir silahlı kanadı bulunmaktadır. Ulusal Ordu’nun yeteri kadar güçlü olmadığı, iç güvenlik kurumlarının yönetiminin ise ülkenin idari sistemi kapsamında farklı dini yapılara tahsis edilmiş olması nedeniyle her bir farklı dini, mezhebi ve etnik yapı kendi milis gücünü kurma eğiliminde olmuştur. Ülkede faaliyet gösteren farklı etnik köken, din ve mezhebe bağlı gruplar yeni bir iç savaşa girmeyi göze alamasalar da zaman zaman küçük çaplı gerginlikler halk arasında endişe uyandırmaktadır. Lübnan’ın güney bölgeleri 1978 yılından bu yana defalarca İsrail işgaline maruz kalmıştır. Ağırlıklı olarak Şiilerin yaşadığı bu bölgeleri ve genel olarak ülkeyi dış tehditlere karşı koruma argümanıyla Hizbullah tarafından Lübnan Direniş Tugayları kurulmuştur. Bu yapı bünyesinde farklı din ve mezheplere bağlı gruplar barındırmaktadır. Lübnan Direniş Tugayları bünyesindeki silahlı yapılar son olarak 7 Ekim 2023 tarihinde başlayan Hamas-İsrail çatışmaları esnasında İrail’in Gazze’ye yönelik ablukasını hafifletebilmek argümanıyla Lübnan’ın Güney’inden İsrail’e yönelik saldırılar gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Bu gruplardan Fecr Güçleri ile Hizbullah arasındaki görünürde İsrail’le mücadele temelli ortaklık arka planında her iki tarafa da fayda sağlayan bir işbirliğidir.

Keywords

Hizbullah, Fecr Güçleri, Lübnan Direniş Tugayları

References

• “Israeli drone kills deputy Hamas chief in Beirut”, Reuters, 3 Ocak 2024.
• 2022 Lebanese Parliamentary Elections, Milestones and Lessons Learned, UNDP, Aralık 2022.
• Acar Özlem, “Kuruluşundan Bugüne Lübnan Hizbullah’ı: Lübnan’a Verdikleri ve Lübnan’dan Aldıkları”, Güvenlik Çalışmaları Dergisi 25, no. 1: 66-88, Haziran 2023.
• Ali Mohanad Hage, In Sinwar’s Shadow, Carnegie Middle East Center Diwan, 13 Eylül 2022.
• Bakier Abu Hameed, “The Sunni al-Fajr Forces Fight with Hezbollah in Lebanon” The Jamestown Foundation, Terrorism Focus 3, no:31, 8 Ağustos 2006.
• Berman Eli ve Matanock Aila, “The Empiricists’ Insurgency”. Annual Review of Political Science 22 (2019): 443-470.
• Bowen Jeremy, “Rafik Hariri Tribunal: Guilty Verdict Over Assassination Of Lebanon Ex-PM”, BBC News, 18 Ağustos 2020.
• Choucair Chafic, The Islamic Group and Lebanon’s Popular Uprising, Al Sharq Strategic Research, 10 Temmuz 2020.
• Criticism In Lebanon: The Government Has No Authority; Iran And Hizbullah Decide On Matters Of War And Peace, MEMRİ, 20 Ekim 2023.
• David Steven R., “Explaining Third World Alignment”, World Politics 18, no:2, 1991.
• Yusuf Diyab, “Hizbullah'a sadık örgütler Güney Lübnan Cephesi’ne katılmaya hazırlanıyor”, Şarkul Avsat, 31 Ekim 2023.
• Fethi Yeken’den Müslüman Gençlere Mezhepçilik Uyarısı”, Timetürk, 28 Temmuz 2008.
• Ghez Jeremy J., “The Enduring Partnership? The Trans-Atlantic Community as a Natural Alliance”, RAND Corporation, (ABD, 2010):13.
• Grieco Joseph M., “Realist International Theory and the Study of World Politics”, New Thinking in International Relations Theory, Michael W. Doyle, J. G. Ikenberry (ed), (Westview Press, 1997):163-210.
• Haddad Scarlett, Nasrallah et La Discorde Entre Sunnites Et Chiites”, L’Orient Le Jour, 06 Kasım 2023.
• Halpern Sam, One in Three in Lebanon Favor War with Israel-Poll, The Jerusalem Post, 31 Ekim 2023,
• Hamzeh A. Nizar, “Islamism in Lebanon a Guide to the Groups”, Middle East Quarterly, (Eylül 1997):47-53.
• Homsi Nada, “We’re with the Resistance’: Hezbollah Allies the Fajr Forces Join Lebanon-Israel Front”, The National News, 30 Kasım 2023.
• Jaklh Jeanine , “Who Are the ‘Resistance Brigades,’ the Hezbollah-allied Sunni militia?” L’Orient Today, 30 Kasım 2023.
• Karam Patricia, “Lebanon’s Political Forces Oppose a War with Israel”, Arab Center Washington DC, 20 Aralık 2023.
• Kasım Naim, Hizbullah Bir Hareketin Anlatılmamış Öyküsü, İstanbul, Karma Yayınları, 2007.
• Khashan Hilal, “Lebanon’s Islamic Stronghold”, Middle East Quarterly, Sonbahar 2011: 85-90.
• Khatip Lina, June 2021, “How Hezbollah Holds Sway Over The Lebanese State” Chatham House Research Paper, Haziran 2021.
• Kurtuluş Ersun N., “The Cedar Revolution: Lebanese Independence and the Question of Collective SelfDetermination”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Ağustos 2009, C.36-2, s.195-214.
• Hıjazı Salah, Hezbollah and al-Jamaa al-Islamiya: From Brothers İn Arms To Political Allies?, L’Orient Today, 02 Kasım 2023.
• Kılıçlar Cevdet, “Fethi Yeken:ABD ve İsrail Lübnan’a Yenildi”, İslam ve Hayat, 29 Mayıs 2008. Knudsen Are, “Acquiescence to Assassinations in Post-Civil War Lebanon?”, Mediterranean Politics, c. 15/1 s.1-23.
• Lebanese Fajr Forces Bomb Enemy Sites in Kiryat Shmona, Yemen News Agency, 06 Aralık 2023.
• Lefevre Raphael, “A New Direction for Lebanon’s Muslim Brothers”, Carnegie Middle East Center, 11 Şubat 2016.
• Long Live Saraya, Archive Al Manar Tv, 15 Mart 2011.
• Macleod Hugh, “Lebanon’s Militant Hezbollah Forging New Ties” SFGate, 1 Kasım 2007. Masi Alessandria, “Christian, Sunni And Shia: Meet Hezbollah’s Non-Denominational Military Branch Defending Lebanon, Fighting In Syria”, International Business Times, 11 Nisan 2015.
• Sahiounie Steven, Will Another Hariri Help Lebanon To Recover?, Middle East Discource, 24 Eylül 2021.
• Schweller Randall L.,Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back, International Security 19, no. 1 (Yaz, 1994).
• Sinjab Lina, “Beirut Attacks: Suicide Bombers Kill Dozens in Shia Suburb”, BBC News, 12 Kasım 2015. Stathis N. Kalyvas, The Logic of Violence in Civil War, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
• Valensi Carmit, Alliances with Violent Non-State Actors in Middle East Conflicts: Between Theory and Practice, Europen Institute of the Mediterranean, 2021.
• Walt Stephen M., “Alliance Formation and the Balance of World Power”, International Security 9, no. 4 (Sonbahar, 1985).
• Waltz Kenneth, Theory of International Politics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1979.
• Wright Quincy, A Study of War, Chicago: University of Chicago. Zachariah Cherian Mampilly, Rebel Rulers: Insurgent Governance and Civilian Life During War, Cornell University Press, 2011.
• Zambelis Chris, “Assad’s Hurricane: A Profile of the Paramilitary Wing of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party”, The Jamestown Foundation, 20 Mart 2014.
• Zambelis Chris, “Hizb Allah’s Lebanese Resistance Brigades”, CTC Sentinel 7, no:11 Kasım/Aralık 2014.
• Zouraiq Samer, “The Sunni Facade of Hezbollah on Israel’s Northern Borders”, Al-Majalla, 24 Kasım 2023.