SED Analysis of the Old Open Cluster NGC 188

Year 2024, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 1 - 17, 11.06.2024

Deniz Cennet Dursun , Seval Taşdemir , Seliz Koç , Srishti Iyer

https://doi.org/10.26650/PAR.2024.00002

Abstract

In this study, we investigate the fundamental astrophysical parameters of the old open cluster NGC 188 using two complementary methods: isochron fitting and spectral energy distribution (SED) analysis. Using photometric, astrometric, and spectroscopic data from the Gaia Data Release 3 (DR3, Gaia Collaboration et al. 2023), we identified 868 most likely member stars with membership probabilities 𝑃 ≥ 0.5. The mean proper-motion components and trigonometric parallaxes of the cluster are derived as (𝜇𝛼 cos 𝛿, 𝜇𝛿) = (-2.314±0.002, -1.022±0.002) mas yr−1 and 𝜛 = 0.550±0.023 mas, respectively. From this initial selection of high probable member stars, we proceed with the determination of astrophysical parameters using the isochron-fitting method. Simultaneously estimating the colour excess, distance and age of the cluster, we employe PARSEC isochrones to observational data on Gaia based colour-magnitude diagrams. These findings were obtained as 𝐸(𝐺BP − 𝐺RP) = 0.066 ± 0.012 mag, 𝑑 = 1806 ± 21 pc, and 𝑡 = 7.65 ± 1.00 Gyr, respectively. In addition, we identified and detected 19 previously confirmed blue straggler stars within NGC 188. Subsequently, we performed SED analyses for 412 of the 868 cluster members. We obtained colour excess, distance and age of the cluster as 𝐸(𝐵 −𝑉) = 0.034±0.030 mag, 𝑑 = 1854±148 pc, and 𝑡 = 7.78±0.23 Gyr, respectively. The analysis of member stars revealed patterns of extinction in the 𝑉-band, with higher values of 𝐴V observed in the lower right quadrant of the cluster. By comparing our SED analysis results with models of stellar evolution, particularly in terms of temperature and surface gravity, we confirm agreement with theoretical predictions. This comprehensive investigation sheds light on the astrophysical properties of NGC 188, contributing to our understanding of stellar evolution within open clusters.

Keywords

Galaxy: open clusters, individual: NGC 188, Methods: spectral energy distribution (SED)

References

• Adams F. C., Lada C. J., Shu F. H., 1987, ApJ, 312, 788 google scholar
• Aizenman M. L., Demarque P., Miller R. H., 1969, ApJ, 155, 973 google scholar
• Ak T., Bilir S., Özdönmez A., Soydugan F., Soydugan E., Püsküllü Ç., google scholar
• Ak S., Eker Z., 2015, Ap&SS, 357, 72 google scholar
• Allard F., Homeier D., Freytag B., 2012, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A, 370, 2765 google scholar
• Belloni T., Verbunt F., Mathieu R. D., 1998, A&A, 339, 431 google scholar
• Bossini D., et al., 2019, A&A, 623, A108 google scholar
• Bovy J., 2015, ApJS, 216, 29 google scholar
• Bovy J., Tremaine S., 2012, ApJ, 756, 89 google scholar
• Bressan A., Marigo P., Girardi L., Salasnich B., Dal Cero C., Rubele google scholar
• S., Nanni A., 2012, MNRAS, 427, 127 google scholar
• Bukowiecki L., Maciejewski G., Konorski P., Strobel A., 2011, Acta google scholar
• Astron., 61, 231 google scholar
• Cantat-Gaudin T., Anders F., 2020, A&A, 633, A99 google scholar
• Cantat-Gaudin T., et al., 2018, A&A, 618, A93 google scholar
• Caputo F., Chieffi A., Castellani V., Collados M., Martinez Roger C., google scholar
• Paez E., 1990, AJ, 99, 261 google scholar
• Cardelli J. A., Clayton G. C., Mathis J. S., 1989, ApJ, 345, 245 google scholar
• Carraro G., Chiosi C., 1994, A&A, 287, 761 google scholar
• Carraro G., Costa E., 2007, A&A, 464, 573 google scholar
• Carraro G., Lia C., Chiosi C., 1998, MNRAS, 297, 1021 google scholar
• Carraro G., Sales Silva J. V., Moni Bidin C., Vazquez R. A., 2017, AJ, 153, 99 google scholar
• Carrera R., et al., 2022a, A&A, 658, A14 google scholar
• Carrera R., et al., 2022b, A&A, 663, A148 google scholar
• Casamiquela L., et al., 2021, A&A, 652, A25 google scholar
• Castelli F., Kurucz R. L., 2003, in Modelling of Stellar Atmospheres. p. A20, doi:10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/0405087 google scholar
• Chen L., Hou J. L., Wang J. J., 2003, AJ, 125, 1397 google scholar
• Coşkunoglu B., et al., 2011, MNRAS, 412, 1237 google scholar
• De Meulenaer P., Narbutis D., Mineikis T., Vansevicius V., 2013, A&A, 550, A20 google scholar
• Demarque P. R., Larson R. B., 1964, ApJ, 140, 544 google scholar
• Demarque P., Green E. M., Guenther D. B., 1992, AJ, 103, 151 google scholar
• Dias W. S., Monteiro H., Caetano T. C., Lepine J. R. D., Assafin M., Oliveira A. F., 2014, A&A, 564, A79 google scholar
• Dias W. S., Monteiro H., Moitinho A., Lepine J. R. D., Carraro G., Paunzen E., Alessi B., Villela L., 2021, MNRAS, 504, 356 google scholar
• Donor J., et al., 2018, AJ, 156, 142 google scholar
• Dotter A., 2016, ApJS, 222, 8 google scholar
• Elsanhoury W. H., Haroon A. A., Chupina N. V., Vereshchagin S. V., Sariya D. P., Yadav R. K. S., Jiang I.-G., 2016, New Astron., 49, 32 google scholar
• Fitton S., Tofflemire B. M., Kraus A. L., 2022, RNAAS, 6, 18 google scholar
• Fornal B., Tucker D. L., Smith J. A., Allam S. S., Rider C. J., Sung H., 2007, AJ, 133, 1409 google scholar
• Friel E. D., 1995, ARA&A, 33, 381 google scholar
• Gaia Collaboration et al., 2016, A&A, 595, A1 google scholar
• Gaia Collaboration et al., 2018, A&A, 616, A1 google scholar
• Gaia Collaboration et al., 2021, A&A, 649, A1 google scholar
• Gaia Collaboration et al., 2023, A&A, 674, A1 google scholar
• Gao X., Fang D., 2022, Ap&SS, 367, 87 google scholar
• Glebbeek E., Pols O. R., 2008, A&A, 488, 1017 google scholar
• Greenstein J. L., Keenan P. C., 1964, ApJ, 140, 673 google scholar
• Harris W. E., Pudritz R. E., 1994, ApJ, 429, 177 google scholar
• Hills J. G., Day C. A., 1976, Astrophys. Lett., 17, 87 google scholar
• Hills S., von Hippel T., Courteau S., Geller A. M., 2015, AJ, 149, 94 google scholar
• Huang Y., Yuan H., Beers T. C., Zhang H., 2021, ApJ, 910, L5 google scholar
• Hunt E. L., Reffert S., 2023, A&A, 673, A114 google scholar
• Husser T. O., Wende-von Berg S., Dreizler S., Homeier D., Reiners A., Barman T., Hauschildt P. H., 2013, A&A, 553, A6 google scholar
• Jacobson H. R., Pilachowski C. A., Friel E. D., 2011, AJ, 142, 59 google scholar
• Janes K., Demarque P., 1983, ApJ, 264, 206 google scholar
• Janes K., Barnes S. A., Meibom S., Hoq S., 2014, AJ, 147, 139 google scholar
• Joshi Y. C., 2005, MNRAS, 362, 1259 google scholar
• Joshi Y. C., Dambis A. K., Pandey A. K., Joshi S., 2016, A&A, 593, A116 google scholar
• Juric M., et al., 2008, ApJ, 673, 864 google scholar
• King I., 1962, AJ, 67, 471 google scholar
• King I. R., Bedin L. R., Piotto G., Cassisi S., Anderson J., 2005, AJ,130, 626 google scholar
• Lada C. J., Lada E. A., 2003, ARA&A, 41, 57 google scholar
• Leonard P. J. T., 1989, AJ, 98, 217 google scholar
• Leonard P. J. T., Linnell A. P., 1992, AJ, 103, 1928 google scholar
• Lindegren L., et al., 2021, A&A, 649, A4 google scholar
• Lorenzo-Oliveira D., Porto de Mello G. F., Schiavon R. P., 2016, A&A, 594, L3 google scholar
• McClure R. D., Twarog B. A., 1977, ApJ, 214, 111 google scholar
• McCrea W. H., 1964, MNRAS, 128, 147 google scholar
• Netopil M., Oralhan İ. A., Çakmak H., Michel R., Karataş Y., 2022, MNRAS, 509, 421 google scholar
• Oke J. B., 1974, ApJS, 27, 21 google scholar
• Patenaude M., 1978, A&A, 66, 225 google scholar
• Piskunov A. E., Kharchenko N. V., Röser S., Schilbach E., Scholz google scholar
• R. D., 2006, A&A, 445, 545 google scholar
• Rain M. J., Ahumada J. A., Carraro G., 2021, A&A, 650, A67 google scholar
• Riess A. G., Casertano S., Yuan W., Bowers J. B., Macri L., Zinn J. C., Scolnic D., 2021, ApJ, 908, L6 google scholar
• Robitaille T. P., Whitney B. A., Indebetouw R., Wood K., Denzmore P., 2006, ApJS, 167, 256 google scholar
• Sandage A., 1962, ApJ, 135, 333 google scholar
• Sarajedini A., von Hippel T., Kozhurina-Platais V., Demarque P., 1999, AJ, 118, 2894 google scholar
• Song F.-F., Niu H.-B., Esamdin A., Zhang Y., Zeng X.-Y., 2023, Re-search in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 23, 095015 google scholar
• Soubiran C., et al., 2018, A&A, 619, A155 google scholar
• Spina L., et al., 2021, MNRAS, 503, 3279 google scholar
• Spinrad H., Greenstein J. L., Taylor B. J., King I. R., 1970, ApJ, 162, 891 google scholar
• Sun M., Jiang B., Yuan H., Li J., 2021, ApJS, 254, 38 google scholar
• Taşdemir S., Yontan T., 2023, Physics and Astronomy Reports, 1, 1 google scholar
• Tarricq Y., et al., 2021, A&A, 647, A19 google scholar
• Twarog B. A., Anthony-Twarog B. J., 1989, AJ, 97, 759 google scholar
• Upgren A. R., Mesrobian W. S., Kerridge S. J., 1972, AJ, 77, 74 google scholar
• VandenBerg D. A., 1983, ApJS, 51, 29 google scholar
• VandenBerg D. A., Stetson P. B., 2004, PASP, 116, 997 google scholar
• Vines J. I., Jenkins J. S., 2022, MNRAS, 513, 2719 google scholar
• Wang J., Ma J., Wu Z., Wang S., Zhou X., 2015, AJ, 150, 61 google scholar
• Webbink R. F., 1976, ApJ, 209, 829 google scholar
• Worthey G., Jowett K. J., 2003, PASP, 115, 96 google scholar
• Yadav R. K. S., Dattatrey A. K., Rangwal G., Subramaniam A., Bisht D., Sagar R., 2024, ApJ, 961, 251 google scholar
• Yontan T., 2023, AJ, 165, 79 google scholar
• Yontan T., Canbay R., 2023, Physics and Astronomy Reports, 1, 65 google scholar
• Yontan T., et al., 2015, Ap&SS, 355, 267 google scholar
• Yontan T., et al., 2019, Ap&SS, 364, 152 google scholar
• Zheng Z., et al., 1999, AJ, 117, 2757 google scholar
• Zinn J. C., 2021, AJ, 161, 214 google scholar
• Zinn R., Dahn C. C., 1976, AJ, 81, 527 google scholar