Somatic symptom disorder is a condition which non-delusional thoughts that a person has a serious illness persist in six months or longer. It has been stated that it is especially seen in individuals with female gender and low socioeconomic level. Somatic symptom disorder has social, cultural and psychological aspects. Individuals who have somatic symptom disorders tend to apply to health services very frequently. Although these patients avoid getting psychiatric support, they mostly turn to general medical services. It has been shown that more than half of the applications to primary health care services are made up of individuals with somatic symptoms. Difficulties are experienced in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of these patients, and many invasive and non-invasive tests are applied to the patients. This situation, which also causes a significant economic cost for the health system, often leads to missed diagnosis of patients and delayed treatment. While the current situation causes feelings such as disappointment and helplessness for physicians, it also causes dissatisfaction with physicians and the health system in patients. Somatic symptom disorder is a mental disorder that causes significant deterioration in quality of life and disability. The etiology, diagnosis and treatment approaches of somatic symptom disorder, which is reported to be quite common in the general population, are not fully known. Somatic symptom disorder also causes comorbid conditions with depression and anxiety disorders. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of Somatic symptom disorder is important. In this article, we present a 51-year-old male patient who had more than 230 visits to a physician due to pain in the last five years. It is noteworthy that many invasive and non-invasive medical examinations were applied to the patient in the health institutions he applied for due to pain. There is also a significant loss of function in the patient's work, economic and social life. Increasing awareness about the diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder will increase the quality of life of patients and make positive contributions to the health system.
1. Çetin Ş, Varma GS. Somatik belirti bozukluğu: tarihsel süreç ve biyopsikososyal yaklaşım. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry 2021;13:790-804. https://doi: 10.18863/pgy.882929
2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 3rd edition (DSM-III). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1980.
3. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition text revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Press Inc; 2000
4.American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Washington DC , American Psychiatric Press Inc; 2013.
5. Kırpınar İ . Somatizasyon ve bedensel belirti bozuklukları. In Konsültasyon Liyezon Psikiyatrisi Cilt 1, (Ed. H.Elbi, C. Cimilli, Ö. Önen Sertöz, Ç.Karşıdağ, G. Sözeri-Varma). Ankara: Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği, 2019.
6. de Waal MW, Arnold IA, Eekhof JA, van Hemert AM. Somatoform disorders in general practice: prevalence, functional impairment and comorbidity with anxiety and depressive disorders. Br J Psychiatry 2004;184:470-476. https:// doi: 10.1192/bjp.184.6.470
8. Henningsen P. Management of somatic symptom disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2018;20:23-31. https:// doi:10.31887/DCNS.2018.20.1/phenningse
9. Katon W, Sullivan M, Walker E. Medical symptoms without identified pathology:
relationship to psychiatry disorders, childhood and adult trauma and personality
traits. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:917-925. https:// doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-134-9_part_2-200105011-00017
10.Kandemir G, Ak İ. Tıbben açıklanamayan belirtilerin
psikiyatrik yönü Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry 2013;5:479-506. https://doi:10.5455/cap.20130530
11. Morabito G, Barbi E, Cozzi G. Somatic symptom disorder and the physician's role-reply.JAMA Pediatr 2020;174:1001-1002. https:// doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0171
12. Sharma MP, Manjula M. Behavioural and psychological management of somatic symptom disorders: an overview. Int Rev Psychiatry 2013;25:116-124. https:// doi:10.3109/09540261.2012.746649
13. Dunphy L, Penna M, El-Kafsi J. Somatic symptom disorder: a diagnostic dilemma. BMJ Case Rep 2019;12:e231550. https:// doi:10.1136/bcr-2019-231550
14.Cao J, Wei J, Fritzsche K, et al. Prevalence of DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder in Chinese outpatients from general hospital care. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2020;62:63-71. https://doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.11.010
15.Jiang Y, Wei J, Fritzsche K, et al. Assessment of the structured clinical interview (SCID) for DSM-5 for somatic symptom disorder in general hospital outpatient clinics in China. BMC Psychiatry 2021;21:144. https:// doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03126-0
16.Lieb R, Meinlschmidt G, Araya R. Epidemiology of the association between somatoform disorders and anxiety and depressive disorders: an update. Psychosom Med 2007;69:860-863. https://doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31815b0103
17. Schmahl OC, Jeuring HW, Aprahamian I, et al. Impact of childhood trauma on multidimensional frailty in older patients with a unipolar depressive-, anxiety- or somatic symptom disorder. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2021;96:104452. https://doi:10.1016/j.archger.2021.104452
18. Torres ME, Löwe B, Schmitz S, Pienta JN, Van Der Feltz-Cornelis C, Fiedorowicz JG. Suicide and suicidality in somatic symptom and related disorders: A systematic review. J Psychosom Res 2021;140:110290. https://doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110290
19. Kämpfer N, Staufenbiel S, Wegener I, et al. Suicidality in patients with somatoform disorder - the speechless expression of anger?. Psychiatry Res 2016;246:485-491. https://doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.022
20. Erdogan A, Hocaoglu Ç. Siberkondria: Bir Gözden Geçirme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry 2020; 12: 435-443. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.654648
21. Sarter L, Heider J, Kirchner L, et al. Cognitive and emotional variables predicting treatment outcome of cognitive behavior therapies for patients with medically unexplained symptoms: A meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res 2021;146:110486. https://doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110486
22.Fava M. Somatic symptoms, depression, and antidepressant treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:305-307. https://doi:10.4088/jcp.v63n0406
23.Hirakawa H, Terao T, Ishii N. A Case of Facial Pain in Somatic Symptom Disorder Responding to Duloxetine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2020;40:512-513. https://doi:10.1097/JCP.0000000000001247
24.Jann MW, Slade JH. Antidepressant agents for the treatment of chronic pain and depression. Pharmacotherapy 2007;27:1571-1587. https://doi:10.1592/phco.27.11.1571
Sağlık sisteminde ihmal edilen bir konu 'Bedensel Belirti Bozukluğu'
Bedensel belirti bozukluğu, kişinin ciddi bir hastalığa sahip olduğuna dair sanrısal olmayan düşüncelerinin altı ay ya da daha uzun süre devam etmesi durumudur. Özellikle kadın cinsiyet, düşük sosyoekonomik düzeye sahip bireylerde görüldüğü belirtilmiştir. Bedensel belirti bozukluğunun sosyal, kültürel ve psikolojik yönleri mevcuttur. Bedensel belirti bozukluk tanılı bireyler, sağlık hizmetlerine çok sık başvurma eğilimindedir. Bu hastalar psikiyatrik destek almaktan kaçınırken, daha çok genel tıbbi hizmetlere yönelirler. Birinci basamak sağlık hizmetlerine başvuruların yarısından fazlasını bedensel belirtilere sahip bireylerin oluşturduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu hastaların tanı ve ayırıcı tanısında güçlükler yaşanmakta olup, hastalara çok sayıda girişimsel ve girişimsel olmayan tetkikler uygulanmaktadır. Sağlık sistemi için önemli bir ekonomik maliyete de yol açan bu durum sıklıkla hastaların tanısının atlanmasına ve tedavinin gecikmesine neden olmaktadır. Mevcut durum hekimler için hayal kırıklığı, çaresizlik gibi duygulara yol açarken hastalarda da hekimlere ve sağlık sistemine karşı memnuniyetsizliğe neden olur. Bedensel belirti bozukluğu önemli derecede yaşam kalitesinde bozulmaya, yeti yitimine yol açan bir ruhsal bozukluktur. Genel toplumda oldukça yaygın görüldüğü bildirilen bedensel belirti bozukluğunun etiyolojisi, tanı ve tedavi yaklaşımları tam olarak bilinmemektedir. BBB depresyon, anksiyete bozuklukları ile eş tanılı durumlara da neden olmaktadır. Bu nedenle BBB erken tanı ve tedavisi önem arz etmektedir. Biz de yazıda son beş yıl içinde ağrı yakınması nedeni 230‘dan fazla hekim başvurusu olan bir 51 yaşındaki erkek hastayı sunuyoruz. Ağrı yakınması nedeni ile başvurduğu sağlık kurumlarında hastaya çok sayıda girişimsel ve girişimsel olmayan tıbbi tetkik uygulanmış olması dikkat çekici bir durumdur. Hastanın belirgin düzeyde iş, ekonomik ve sosyal yaşamındaki işlev kaybı da mevcuttur. Bedensel belirti bozukluğu tanısı konusundaki farkındalığın artması hastaların yaşam kalitesini arttıracak, sağlık sistemi üzerinde olumlu katkılar sağlayacaktır.
1. Çetin Ş, Varma GS. Somatik belirti bozukluğu: tarihsel süreç ve biyopsikososyal yaklaşım. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry 2021;13:790-804. https://doi: 10.18863/pgy.882929
2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 3rd edition (DSM-III). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1980.
3. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition text revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Press Inc; 2000
4.American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Washington DC , American Psychiatric Press Inc; 2013.
5. Kırpınar İ . Somatizasyon ve bedensel belirti bozuklukları. In Konsültasyon Liyezon Psikiyatrisi Cilt 1, (Ed. H.Elbi, C. Cimilli, Ö. Önen Sertöz, Ç.Karşıdağ, G. Sözeri-Varma). Ankara: Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği, 2019.
6. de Waal MW, Arnold IA, Eekhof JA, van Hemert AM. Somatoform disorders in general practice: prevalence, functional impairment and comorbidity with anxiety and depressive disorders. Br J Psychiatry 2004;184:470-476. https:// doi: 10.1192/bjp.184.6.470
8. Henningsen P. Management of somatic symptom disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2018;20:23-31. https:// doi:10.31887/DCNS.2018.20.1/phenningse
9. Katon W, Sullivan M, Walker E. Medical symptoms without identified pathology:
relationship to psychiatry disorders, childhood and adult trauma and personality
traits. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:917-925. https:// doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-134-9_part_2-200105011-00017
10.Kandemir G, Ak İ. Tıbben açıklanamayan belirtilerin
psikiyatrik yönü Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry 2013;5:479-506. https://doi:10.5455/cap.20130530
11. Morabito G, Barbi E, Cozzi G. Somatic symptom disorder and the physician's role-reply.JAMA Pediatr 2020;174:1001-1002. https:// doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0171
12. Sharma MP, Manjula M. Behavioural and psychological management of somatic symptom disorders: an overview. Int Rev Psychiatry 2013;25:116-124. https:// doi:10.3109/09540261.2012.746649
13. Dunphy L, Penna M, El-Kafsi J. Somatic symptom disorder: a diagnostic dilemma. BMJ Case Rep 2019;12:e231550. https:// doi:10.1136/bcr-2019-231550
14.Cao J, Wei J, Fritzsche K, et al. Prevalence of DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder in Chinese outpatients from general hospital care. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2020;62:63-71. https://doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.11.010
15.Jiang Y, Wei J, Fritzsche K, et al. Assessment of the structured clinical interview (SCID) for DSM-5 for somatic symptom disorder in general hospital outpatient clinics in China. BMC Psychiatry 2021;21:144. https:// doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03126-0
16.Lieb R, Meinlschmidt G, Araya R. Epidemiology of the association between somatoform disorders and anxiety and depressive disorders: an update. Psychosom Med 2007;69:860-863. https://doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31815b0103
17. Schmahl OC, Jeuring HW, Aprahamian I, et al. Impact of childhood trauma on multidimensional frailty in older patients with a unipolar depressive-, anxiety- or somatic symptom disorder. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2021;96:104452. https://doi:10.1016/j.archger.2021.104452
18. Torres ME, Löwe B, Schmitz S, Pienta JN, Van Der Feltz-Cornelis C, Fiedorowicz JG. Suicide and suicidality in somatic symptom and related disorders: A systematic review. J Psychosom Res 2021;140:110290. https://doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110290
19. Kämpfer N, Staufenbiel S, Wegener I, et al. Suicidality in patients with somatoform disorder - the speechless expression of anger?. Psychiatry Res 2016;246:485-491. https://doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.022
20. Erdogan A, Hocaoglu Ç. Siberkondria: Bir Gözden Geçirme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry 2020; 12: 435-443. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.654648
21. Sarter L, Heider J, Kirchner L, et al. Cognitive and emotional variables predicting treatment outcome of cognitive behavior therapies for patients with medically unexplained symptoms: A meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res 2021;146:110486. https://doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110486
22.Fava M. Somatic symptoms, depression, and antidepressant treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:305-307. https://doi:10.4088/jcp.v63n0406
23.Hirakawa H, Terao T, Ishii N. A Case of Facial Pain in Somatic Symptom Disorder Responding to Duloxetine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2020;40:512-513. https://doi:10.1097/JCP.0000000000001247
24.Jann MW, Slade JH. Antidepressant agents for the treatment of chronic pain and depression. Pharmacotherapy 2007;27:1571-1587. https://doi:10.1592/phco.27.11.1571
Cicek Hocaoglu
RECEP TAYYİP ERDOĞAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ, DAHİLİ TIP BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ, RUH SAĞLIĞI VE HASTALIKLARI ANABİLİM DALI0000-0001-6613-4317Türkiye
Aydın Taslı B, Hocaoglu C. Sağlık sisteminde ihmal edilen bir konu ’Bedensel Belirti Bozukluğu’. Pam Tıp Derg. October 2022;15(4):846-852. doi:10.31362/patd.1054002