Koronavirüs 19 hastalığı ve kuru göz

Öz

Amaç: Koronavirüs 19 (COVID-19) geçiren hastalarda kuru göz varlığının araştırılması.
Gereç ve yöntem: Çalışma prospektif olarak planlandı. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi hastanesine rutin göz muayenesi için başvuran ve son 6 ay içerisinde COVID-19 geçirmiş 27 hastanın 54 gözü ile yaş ve cinsiyet bakımından uyumlu 30 sağlıklı bireyin 60 gözü çalışmaya dâhil edildi. Tüm olgulara gözyaşı kırılma zamanı (BUT) ve Schirmer 1 (anestezisiz) testi uyguladı.
Bulgular: Ortalama yaş hasta grubunda 30,1±7,7, kontrol grubunda 29,6±6,2 idi. COVID-19 geçirilmesi
üzerinden geçen zaman ortalama 11,6±7,2 hafta (min 2-maks 24) idi. BUT değeri hasta grubunda ortalama
11,46±3,96, kontrol grubunda ise 11,70±3,52 saniye idi ve iki grup arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark yoktu (p>0,05). Schirmer testi hasta grubunda ortalama 18,75±7,82, kontrol grubunda ise 17,31±6,23 mm idi ve iki grup arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark yoktu (p>0,05). Covid grubunda rastlanan oküler bulgular gözde sulanma ve kızarıklık (%11) ve peribulber ağrı (%7) idi.
Sonuç: COVID-19 geçirmiş bireylerin gözyaşı testlerinin normal bireylerden farklı olmadığı görüldü. COVID-
19’un kuru göze neden olmadığı sonucuna varıldı.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19
• kuru göz
• post-covid sendrom

COVID-19 and dry eye

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the dry eye in patients with Corona virus 19 disease (COVID-19).
Materials and methods: In this prospective study 54 eyes of 27 patients who had COVID-19 within last 6
months and 60 eyes of 30 age and sex matched healthy controls were included. After the eye examination the tear film break-up time (BUT) and Schirmer 1 test (without anesthesia) was performed in all subjects.
Results: The mean age was 30.1±7.7 in study group and 29.6±6.2 in controls. The mean time after recovery
of COVID-19 was 11,6±7,2 weeks (min 2-max 24). The mean BUT value was 11.46±3.96 seconds in the study
grup and 11.70±3.52 seconds in controls and the difference between two groups was not statically significant (p>0.05). The mean Schirmer 1 test value was 18.75±7.82 mm in the study group and 17.31±6.23 mm in controls and the difference between two groups was not statically significant (p>0.05). There was no ocular findings other than epiphora and hyperaemia (11%) and periocular pain (7%) in COVID-19 group.
Conclusions: There was no difference in dry eye tests between COVID-19 patients and healthy subjects.
COVID-19 may not cause dry eye in patients.

Keywords

• COVID-19
• dry eye
• post covid syndrome

References

1. 1. Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, evaluation, and treatment of coronavirus (COVID-19). 2021 Sep 2. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan–.PMID: 32150360
2. 2. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020;395:497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
3. 3. WHO Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Weekly Epidemiological Update and Weekly Operational Update, October 2021. Available at: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-cases/. Accessed October 11, 2021
4. 4. Willcox MD, Walsh K, Nichols JJ, Morgan PB, Jones LW. The ocular surface, coronaviruses and COVID-19. Clin Exp Optom 2020;103:418-424. https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.13088
5. 5. Wu P, Duan F, Luo C, et al. Characteristics of ocular findings of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei Province, China. JAMA Ophthalmol 2020;138:575-578. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.1291
6. 6. Seah I, Agrawal R. Can the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affect the eyes? A review of coronaviruses and ocular ımplications in humans and animals. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020;28:391-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2020.1738501
7. 7. Ho D, Low R, Tong L, Gupta V, Veeraraghavan A, Agrawal R. COVID-19 and the ocular surface: a review of transmission and manifestations. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020;28:726-734. https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2020.1772313
8. 8. Chen L, Deng C, Chen X, et al. Ocular manifestations and clinical characteristics of 535 cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a cross-sectional study. Acta Ophthalmol 2020;98:951-959. https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.14472

9. 9. Wei H, Yin H, Huang M, Guo Z. The 2019 novel cornoavirus pneumonia with onset of oculomotor nerve palsy: a case study. J Neurol 2020;267:1550-1553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-09773-9
10. 10. Belghmaidi S, Nassih H, Boutgayout S, et al. Third cranial nerve palsy presenting with unilateral diplopia and strabismus in a 24-year-old woman with COVID-19. Am J Case Rep 2020;21:e925897. https://doi.org/10.12659/AJCR.925897
11. 11. Dumitrascu OM, Volod O, Bose S, Wang Y, Biousse V, Lyden PD. Acute ophthalmic artery occlusion in a COVID-19 patient on apixaban. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020;29:104982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104982
12. 12. Walinjkar JA, Makhija SC, Sharma HR, Morekar SR, Natarajan S. Central retinal vein occlusion with COVID-19 infection as the presumptive etiology. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020;68:2572-2574. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_2575_20
13. 13. Montesel A, Bucolo C, Mouvet V, Moret E, Eandi CM. Case report: central retinal artery occlusion in a COVID-19 patient. Front Pharmacol 2020;11:588384. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.588384
14. 14. Ucar F, Cetinkaya S. Central retinal artery occlusion in a patient who contracted COVID-19 and review of similar cases. BMJ Case Rep 2021;14:e244181. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-244181
15. 15. Bapaye MM, Nair AG, Bapaye CM, Bapaye MM, Shukla JJ. Simultaneous bilateral central retinal artery occlusion following COVID-19 infection. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2021;29:671-674. https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2021.1891262
16. 16. Been Sayeed SKJ, Chandra Das S, Mahmud R, Moniruzzaman M, Rahman MM. Acute ıschemic stroke with central retinal artery occlusion as a rare presentation of COVID-19 disease. Been Sayeed SKJ, Chandra Das S, Mahmud R, Moniruzzaman M, Rahman MM. Cureus 2021;13:e17469. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.17469
17. 17. Oronsky B, Larson C, Hammond TC, et al. A review of Persistent Post-COVID Syndrome (PPCS). Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-021-08848-3
18. 18. Chippa V, Aleem A, Anjum F. Post acute coronavirus (COVID-19) syndrome. 2021 Oct 1. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan. PMID: 34033370
19. 19. Wolffsohn JS, Arita R, Chalmers R, et al. TFOS DEWS II diagnostic methodology report. Ocul Surf 2017;15:539-574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.001
20. 20. Wang MTM, Muntz A, Lim J, et al. Ageing and the natural history of dry eye disease: a prospective registry-based cross-sectional study. Ocul Surf 2020;18:736-741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2020.07.003
21. 21. Zhou Y, Zeng Y, Tong Y, Chen C. Ophthalmologic evidence against the interpersonal transmission of 2019 novel coronavirus through conjunctiva. MedRxiv 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.11.20021956
22. 22. Chen L, Liu M, Zhang Z, et al. Ocular manifestations of a hospitalised patient with confirmed 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;bjophthalmol-2020-316304. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316304
23. 23. Lin L, Li TS. [Interpretation of "Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Infection by the National Health Commission (Trial Version 5)"]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2020;100:e001. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2020.0001
24. 24. Deng W, Bao L, Gao H, et al. Ocular conjunctival inoculation of SARS-CoV-2 can cause mild COVID-19 in rhesus macaques. Nat Commun 2020;11:4400. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18149-6
25. 25. Bertoli F, Veritti D, Danese C, et al. Ocular findings in COVID-19 patients: a review of direct manifestations and indirect effects on the eye.J Ophthalmol 2020;2020:4827304. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4827304
26. 26. Dobesh PP, Trujillo TC. Coagulopathy, Venous Thromboembolism, and Anticoagulation in Patients with COVID-19.Pharmacotherapy. 2020 Nov;40(11):1130-1151. doi: 10.1002/phar.2465. Review.
27. 27. Nannoni S, de Groot R, Bell S, Markus HS. Stroke in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Int J Stroke. 2021 Feb;16(2):137-149. doi: 10.1177/1747493020972922.
28. 28. Foster KJ, Jauregui E, Tajudeen B, Bishehsari F, Mahdavinia M. Smell loss is a prognostic factor for lower severity of coronavirus disease 2019. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020;125:481-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2020.07.023
29. 29. Talavera B, García Azorín D, Martínez Pías E, et al. Anosmia is associated with lower in-hospital mortality in COVID-19. J Neurol Sci 2020;419:117163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.117163
30. 30. Renaud M, Thibault C, Le Normand F, et al. Clinical outcomes for patients with anosmia 1 year after COVID-19 diagnosis. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e2115352. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.15352