Aktif erkek bireylerde tek seans uygulanan izokinetik egzersizin DNA hasarı üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesi

Year 2019, , 33 - 40, 18.01.2019

Emine Kılıç Toprak , Fatma Ünver , Özgen Kılıç Erkek Halil Korkmaz Burak Oymak Yasin Özdemir Alten Oskay Vural Küçükatay , Melek Bor Küçükatay

https://doi.org/10.31362/patd.463518

Abstract

ÖZET

Amaç: İzokinetik
egzersiz, kas kuvvet dengesizliğini azaltmak ve performansı arttırmak için
kullanılır. Önceki çalışmalarda, farklı egzersiz türlerinin DNA üzerinde
yaptığı değişiklikler araştırılmış olmakla birlikte, izokinetik egzersizin DNA
üzerine etkisi bilinmemektedir. Bu çalışmada, tek seans uygulanan izokinetik
egzersiz protokolünü takiben olası DNA hasarının zamana bağlı değişikliklerinin
incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Gereç ve
Yöntemler: Çalışmamıza 11 sağlıklı aktif erkek
birey dahil edilmiştir (ort yaş 19,45±0,31, vücut kitle indeksi 22,05±0,51 kg/m²). Bireylerin dominant diz fleksiyon/ekstansiyon kuvvetleri izokinetik dinamometre
(Humac Norm Testing Rehabilitation system, CSMI Medikal Solutions, USA)
kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. Quadriceps ve hamstring izokinetik kas kuvvetleri 30^o/s
ve 120^o/s açısal hızlarda eksantrik modda test edilmiştir. Bireylerden egzersiz öncesi, hemen sonrası ve 2 gün
sonra alınan venöz kan
örneklerinde, DNA hasarı belirlenmesinde Comet
analizi kullanılmıştır. İstatistiksel
analiz için Friedman testi kullanılmış, p≤0,05
değerleri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul edilmiştir.

Bulgular ve
Sonuçlar: İzokinetik egzersizin DNA hasarına
etkileri incelendiğinde; kuyruk
uzunluğu (18,76±3,08’e karşın 16,21±1,14; p=0,027)
egzersizden hemen sonra alınan kan
örneklerinde azalırken, 2 gün sonra post-egzersiz döneme göre artmış olarak (16,21±1,14’e
karşın 18,33±1,23; p=0,011)
belirlenmiştir.

Sonuç: Egzersizden hemen sonra azalan kuyruk uzunluğu, uygulanan izokinetik egzersizin genotoksisite üzerine olumlu etkide
bulunabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Olumlu etki 2 gün içinde geri dönmektedir.

Keywords

İzokinetik egzersiz, DNA hasarı

Investigation of the effects of an acute bout of isokinetic exercise on DNA damage in active male subjects

Abstract

Purpose: Isokinetic exercise is used to reduce
strength imbalance and to enhance performance. Although previous studies
presented alterations on DNA induced by different exercise types; effects of
isokinetic exercise on DNA remain unknown. Present study was designed to
explore the time course of possible DNA damage following an acute bout of
isokinetic exercise.

Materials and Methods: 11 healthy,
male, active subjects (mean age 19.45±0.31,
Body mass index 22.05±0.51) were enrolled. They
performed eccentric contractions of knee flexors and extensors with dominant
leg on a dynamometer (Humac Norm Testing Rehabilitation system, CSMI Medikal
Solutions, USA). Isokinetic hamstring, quadriceps strength were recorded at
eccentric (30, 120°s^-1) angular velocities. Blood was obtained before, after and 2 days following the
exercise. DNA damage was
measured by Comet analysis. Friedman test was used for statistical analysis, p≤0.05
was considered statistically significant.

Results: In terms of DNA
damage parameters following isokinetic exercise tail length (18.76±3.08 vs. 16.21±1.14; p=0.027)
was significantly decreased, whereas it was increased again on the 2nd day
following the exercise compared to the post-exercise value (16.21±1.14
vs.18.33±1.23; p=0.011).

Conclusion: Decreased
tail length immediately after exercise suggests that the applied isokinetic
exercise may positively influence genotoxicity. This favorable effect returns
within 2 days. 

Keywords

Isokinetic exercise test, DNA damage, eccentric exercise

References

• 1- Petrović J, Stanić D, Dmitrašinović G, et al. Magnesium Supplementation Diminishes Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte DNA Oxidative Damage in Athletes and Sedentary Young Man. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016;2016:2019643.
• 2- Cogswell ME, Weisberg P, Spong C. Cigarette smoking, alcohol use and adverse pregnancy outcomes: implications for micronutrient supplementation. J Nutr 2003 May;133(5 Suppl 2):1722S-1731S. Review.
• 3- Ji BT, Shu XO, Linet MS, et al. Paternal cigarette smoking and the risk of childhood cancer among offspring of nonsmoking mothers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997 Feb 5;89(3):238-244.
• 4- Kim YJ, Hong YC, Lee KH, et al. Oxidative stress in pregnant women and birth weight reduction. Reprod Toxicol 2005 Mar-Apr;19(4):487-492.
• 5- Raimondi S, Garte S, Sram RJ, et al. Effects of diet on biomarkers of exposure and effects, and on oxidative damage. Mutat Res 2007 Jul 1;620(1-2):93-102.
• 6- Jenkins FJ, Van Houten B, Bovbjerg DH. Effects on DNA Damage and/or Repair Processes as Biological Mechanisms Linking Psychological Stress to Cancer Risk. J Appl Biobehav Res 2014 Feb 1;19(1):3-23.
• 7- Furness DL, Dekker GA, Roberts CT. DNA damage and health in pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 2011 May;89(2):153-162.
• 8- Wagner KH, Reichhold S, Hölzl C, et al. Well-trained, healthy triathletes experience no adverse health risks regarding oxidative stress and DNA damage by participating in an ultra-endurance event. Toxicology 2010 Dec 5;278(2):211-216.
• 9- Coudeyre E, Jegu AG, Giustanini M, et al. Isokinetic muscle strengthening for knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials with meta-analysis. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2016 Jun;59(3):207-215.
• 10- Pincivero DM, Lephart SM, Karunakara RA. Reliability and precision of isokinetic strength and muscular endurance for the quadriceps and hamstrings. Int J Sports Med 1997;18, 113-117.
• 11- Newton RU, Gerber A, Nimphius S, et al. Determination of functional strength imbalance of the lower extremities. J Strength Cond Res 2006 Nov;20(4):971-977.
• 12- Impellizzeri FM, Rampinini E, Maffiuletti N, et al. A vertical jump force test for assessing bilateral strength asymmetry in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007 Nov;39(11):2044-2050.
• 13- Chamorro C, Armijo-Olivo S, De la Fuente C, et al. Absolute Reliability and Concurrent Validity of Hand Held Dynamometry and Isokinetic Dynamometry in the Hip, Knee and Ankle Joint: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Open Med (Wars) 2017;12:359-375.
• 14- Drouin JM, Valovich-McLeod TC, Shultz SJ, et al. Reliability and validity of the Biodex system 3 pro isokinetic dynamometer velocity, torque and position measurements. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004;91:22-29.
• 15- Douglas J, Pearson S, Ross A, et al. Chronic Adaptations to Eccentric Training: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2017;47(5):917-941.
• 16- Mike JN, Cole N, Herrera C, et al. The Effects of Eccentric Contraction Duration on Muscle Strength, Power Production, Vertical Jump, and Soreness. J Strength Cond Res 2017;31(3):773-786.
• 17- Hollander DB, Kraemer RR, Kilpatrick MW, et al. Maximal eccentric and concentric strength discrepancies between young men and women for dynamic resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2007;21:34-40.
• 18- Roig M, O’Brien K, Kirk G, et al. The effects of eccentric versus concentric resistance training on muscle strength and mass in healthy adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2009;43:556-568.
• 19- Hartmann A, Plappert U, Raddata K, et al. Does physical activity induce DNA damage? Mutagenesis 1994;9,269-272. 20- Niess A, Hartmann A, Grunert-Fuchs M, et al. DNA damage after exhaustive treadmill running in trained and untrained men. Int J Sports Med 1996;17,397-403.
• 21- Peters E, Eden M, Tyler N, et al. Prolonged exercise does not cause lymphocyte DNA damage or increased apoptosis in well-trained endurance athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006;98,124-131.
• 22- Briviba K, Watzl B, Nickel K, et al. A half-marathon and a marathon run induce oxidative DNA damage, reduce antioxidant capacity to protectDNAagainst damage and modify immune function in hobby runners. Redox Rep 2005;10, 325-331.
• 23- Reichhold S, Neubauer O, Ehrlich V, et al. No acute and persistent DNA damage after an Ironman triathlon. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prevent 2008;17,1913-1919.
• 24- Reichhold S, Neubauer O, Hoelzl C, et al. DNA damage in response to an Ironman triathlon. Free Radic Res 2009;43, 753-760.
• 25- Arden CL, Pizzari T, Wollin MR, et al. Hamstrings Strength Imbalance In Professional Football (Soccer) Players In Australia. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29(4)/997-1002.
• 26- Nandhakumar S, Parasuraman S, Shanmugam MM, et al. Evaluation of DNA damage using single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet Assay). J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2011;2:107-111.
• 27- Løhr M, Jensen A, Eriksen L, et al. Age and metabolic risk factors associated with oxidatively damaged DNA in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Oncotarget 2015 Feb 20;6(5):2641-2653.
• 28- Pilger A, Germadnik D, Formanek D, et al. Habitual long-distance running does not enhance urinary excretion of 8- hydroxydeoxyguanosine. Eur J Appl Physiol 1997;75:467-469.
• 29- Sumida S, Doi T, Sakurai M, et al. Effect of a single bout of exercise and beta-carotene supplementation on the urinary excretion of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine in humans. Free Radic Res 1997:27;607-618.
• 30- Kaiser J. Sipping from a poisoned chalice. Science 2003;302:376-379.
• 31- Umegaki K, Daohua P, Sugisawa A, et al. Influence of one bout of vigorous exercise on ascorbic acid in plasma and oxidative damage to DNA in blood cells and muscle in untrained rats. J Nutr Biochem 2000;11:401-407.
• 32- Sacheck JM, Milbury PE, Cannon JG, et al. Effect of vitamin E and eccentric exercise on selected biomarkers of oxidative stress in young and elderly men. Free Radic Biol Med 2003;34:1575-1588.
• 33- Sato Y, Nanri H, Ohta M, et al. Increase of human MTH1 and decrease of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in leukocyte DNA by acute and chronic exercise in healthy male subjects. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;305:333-338.
• 34- Hartmann A, Niess AM, Grünert-Fuchs M, et al. Vitamin E prevents exercise-induced DNA damage. Mutat Res 1995 Apr;346(4):195-202.