İn vivo floresan görüntüleme ve in vivo uygulamalarda kullanılan florofor bileşikler

Year 2020, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 235 - 247, 21.01.2020

Erdal Tunç

https://doi.org/10.31362/patd.589329

Abstract

Bir dalga boyundaki ışıkla uyarıldığında, daha uzun dalga
boyunda ışık üreten maddelere (moleküllere/bileşiklere) floresan maddeler; bu
olguya floresan ışıma denir. Geleneksel olarak kültür ve hücre izlemelerinde
kullanılan floresan ışımaya dayalı görüntüleme teknikleri, son on-yıllarda in
vivo izlemelerde de kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. FLIM, FRET, FRI gibi in vivo
görüntüleme düzenekleri çoğunlukla küçük laboratuvar hayvanlarına uygulanırlar
ve ilgilenilen protein veya biyo-molekülün gerçek zaman-mekanda in vivo
görüntülerinin alınmasını olanaklı kılarlar. Bu düzenekler genel olarak,
hayvanın üzerine konacağı sahne,  bir
floresan uyarıcı ışık kaynağı,  gelen ve
emisyon ışık filtreleri, kamera aparatı (CCD kamera) ve dataları alıp analiz
eden bir yazılım programı elemanlarından oluşmaktadırlar. Herhangi bir in vivo
izleme sisteminde, öncelikle hedef protein ya bir doğal floresan reporter
proteinle kaynaştırılır ya da uygun görülen floresan boya (florofor bileşik)
ile kimyasal olarak işaretlenir; bundan sonra işaretli protein canlı bünyede
izlenir. Başarılı bir in vivo izleme için uygun floresan probun seçilmesi çok
önemlidir. İn vivo uygulamalarda kullanılan floresan problar genel olarak hedef
gözetmeyen problar, hedefli aktif problar, hedefli aktive edilebilen problar ve
nano-partiküller şeklinde sınıflandırılabilirler. Bu konudaki teknolojinin
ilerlemesi ve daha etkili floresan probların keşfedilmesi floresan ışımaya
dayalı in vivo izlemelerin daha yaygın olarak kullanılmalarına yol
açacaktır.  Bu izlemeler sayesinde
hastalıkların etiyoloji, prognoz ve tedavi süreçleri hakkında daha detaylı
bilgilere ulaşılacağı öngörülmektedir. Bu derlemede floresan ışımanın mekanizması, floresan
ışıma prensibine dayalı olarak çalışan ve önemli görülen in vivo görüntüleme
sistemleri ve florofor bileşikler hakkında bilgi verilmesi ve konuyla ilgili
önemli çalışmaların gözden geçirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. 

Keywords

floresan, prob, ışıma, görüntüleme, teknik

In vivo fluorescent imaging and fluorophores used in in-vivo applications

Abstract

Substances
that absorb light at specific wavelengths and emit light at longer wavelengths
are defined as fluorescent substances and this event is defined as
fluorescence. Fluorescence imaging techniques have conventionally been used in
culture and cell assays, but in the last decades those techniques have come
into use in in-vivo assays. In vivo fluorescent assay set-ups such as FLIM,
FRET, FRI, which are mostly applied to small laboratory animals, provide
spatiotemporal in vivo images of any protein or biomolecule. Those set-ups
constitute mainly from animal placement stage, convenient light source,
excitation and emission light filters, camera (charge couple device, CCD) and
data collecting and processing software components. For any fluorescent in vivo
assay system, firstly target protein is fused to a florescent reporter or bound
to appropriate fluorophore and then this fusion or tagged protein is visualized
in the body of live animal. Selection of proper fluorescent probe(s) are
vitally important for functionality of assay system. In vivo fluorescent probes
can be classified as non-targeting probes, active targeting probes, activable
targeting probes and fluorescent nanoparticles. Technological advancements in
this field and exploration of new effective fluorescent probes will further
generalize the use of fluorescence-based in-vivo assays which will provide deep
insights into etiology, prognosis and treatment aspects of diseases.  In this study, it was aimed to review
important studies and provide knowledge about general mechanism of
fluorescence, in-vivo applicable fluorophore compounds and some
fluorescence-based in vivo imaging techniques. 

Keywords

fluorescence, probe, emission, imaging, technique

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