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llluminating the thymus mystery in pediatric CT studies

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 686 - 693, 02.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.31362/patd.1636342

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of thymic morphology, attenuation, and anatomical variations in pediatric patients using modern multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT). Additionally, it seeks to establish reference values and analyze the factors influencing thymic density.
Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 622 pediatric chest CT scans obtained between 2017 and 2024. Thymic shape, contour, density, and size parameters were evaluated. Thymic attenuation was graded using a standardized scoring system, and measurements of thymic dimensions were recorded. Statistical analyses were performed to assess correlations between thymic density, age, gender, and morphological characteristics.
Results: Thymic morphology exhibited significant variation, with quadrilateral shape being the most common (42.1%), followed by round-oval (29.7%) and triangular (28.1%). Thymic attenuation showed no significant correlation with age (p=0.156) or gender (p=0.191). Regression analysis revealed a negative association between anteroposterior diameter and thymic density (β=-0.4019, p=0.015), while transverse diameter was positively correlated with thymic density (β=0.5465, p<0.001). No significant association was found between thymic shape, contour, localization, and thymic attenuation.
Conclusion: This study provides a detailed evaluation of normal thymic imaging characteristics in pediatric patients, offering reference values for radiologists. Recognizing thymic variability across different age groups is essential to avoid misdiagnosis and unnecessary interventions. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies and advanced imaging techniques to refine diagnostic criteria.

References

  • 1. Baron RL, Lee JK, Sagel SS, Peterson RR. Computed tomography of the normal thymus. Radiology. 1982;142(1):121-125. doi:10.1148/radiology.142.1.7053521
  • 2. Araki T, Nishino M, Gao W, et al. Normal thymus in adults: appearance on CT and associations with age, sex, BMI and smoking. Eur Radiol. 2016;26(1):15-24. doi:10.1007/s00330-015-3796-y
  • 3. Alamdaran SA, Mahdavi Rashed M, Yekta M, Teimouri Sani F. Changes in the thymus gland with age: A sonographic evaluation. Ultrasound. 2023;31(3):204-211. doi:10.1177/1742271X221124484
  • 4. Jana M, Bhalla AS, Gupta AK. Approach to pediatric chest radiograph. Indian J Pediatr. 2016;83(6):533-542. doi:10.1007/s12098-015-1980-3
  • 5. Manchanda S, Bhalla AS, Jana M, Gupta AK. Imaging of the pediatric thymus: Clinicoradiologic approach. World J Clin Pediatr. 2017;6(1):10-23. Published 2017 Feb 8. doi:10.5409/wjcp.v6.i1.10
  • 6. Pearse G. Normal structure, function and histology of the thymus. Toxicol Pathol. 2006;34(5):504-514. doi:10.1080/01926230600865549
  • 7. Gruver AL, Sempowski GD. Cytokines, leptin, and stress-induced thymic atrophy. J Leukoc Biol. 2008;84(4):915-923. doi:10.1189/jlb.0108025
  • 8. Sklair Levy M, Agid R, Sella T, Strauss Liviatan N, Bar Ziv J. Age-related changes in CT attenuation of the thymus in children. Pediatr Radiol. 2000;30(8):566-569. doi:10.1007/s002470000245
  • 9. Goldstein AJ, Oliva I, Honarpisheh H, Rubinowitz A. A tour of the thymus: a review of thymic lesions with radiologic and pathologic correlation. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2015;66(1):5-15. doi:10.1016/j.carj.2013.09.003
  • 10. Nasseri F, Eftekhari F. Clinical and radiologic review of the normal and abnormal thymus: pearls and pitfalls. Radiographics. 2010;30(2):413-428. doi:10.1148/rg.302095131
  • 11. Qiu L, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Huang H, Cai Z, He J. Thymic rebound hyperplasia post-chemotherapy mistaken as disease progression in a patient with lymphoma involving mediastinum: a case report and reflection. BMC Surg. 2021;21(1):38. Published 2021 Jan 14. doi:10.1186/s12893-021-01048-y
  • 12. Chen CH, Hsiao CC, Chen YC, et al. Rebound Thymic Hyperplasia after Chemotherapy in Children with Lymphoma. Pediatr Neonatol. 2017;58(2):151-157. doi:10.1016/j.pedneo.2016.02.007
  • 13. Jacobs MT, Frush DP, Donnelly LF. The right place at the wrong time: historical perspective of the relation of the thymus gland and pediatric radiology. Radiology. 1999;210(1):11-16. doi:10.1148/radiology.210.1.r99ja4511
  • 14. Leonidas JC. The thymus: from past misconception to present recognition. Pediatr Radiol. 1998;28(5):275-282. doi:10.1007/s002470050351
  • 15. Heiberg E, Wolverson MK, Sundaram M, Nouri S. Normal thymus: CT characteristics in subjects under age 20. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1982;138(3):491-494. doi:10.2214/ajr.138.3.491
  • 16. St Amour TE, Siegel MJ, Glazer HS, Nadel SN. CT appearances of the normal and abnormal thymus in childhood. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1987;11(4):645-650. doi:10.1097/00004728-198707000-00018
  • 17. Çolak E, Özkan B. Multidetector Computed Tomographic Evaluation of the Normal Characteristics of the Thymus in the Pediatric Population. J Belg Soc Radiol. 2022;106(1):110. Published 2022 Nov 17. doi:10.5334/jbsr.2971
  • 18. Ackman JB, Kovacina B, Carter BW, et al. Sex difference in normal thymic appearance in adults 20-30 years of age. Radiology. 2013;268(1):245-253. doi:10.1148/radiol.13121104
  • 19. Feinstein L, Ferrando Martínez S, Leal M, et al. Population Distributions of Thymic Function in Adults: Variation by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Health Status. Biodemography Soc Biol. 2016;62(2):208-221. doi:10.1080/19485565.2016.1172199
  • 20. Gui J, Mustachio LM, Su DM, Craig RW. Thymus Size and Age-related Thymic Involution: Early Programming, Sexual Dimorphism, Progenitors and Stroma. Aging Dis. 2012;3(3):280-290.

Pediatrik BT çalışmalarında timusun gizemini aydınlatmak

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 686 - 693, 02.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.31362/patd.1636342

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışma, modern çok kesitli bilgisayarlı tomografi (MDCT) kullanarak pediatrik hastalarda timusun morfolojisi, dansitesi ve anatomik varyasyonlarını kapsamlı bir şekilde değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca, referans değerler belirlemeyi ve timus dansitesini etkileyen faktörleri analiz etmeyi hedeflemektedir.
Gereç ve yöntem: 2017 ile 2024 yılları arasında elde edilen 622 pediatrik göğüs BT taraması retrospektif olarak analiz edildi. Timusun şekli, konturu, dansitesi ve boyut parametreleri değerlendirildi. Timus dansitesi standart bir skorlama sistemi kullanılarak sınıflandırıldı ve timusun boyutsal ölçümleri kaydedildi. Timus dansitesi ile yaş, cinsiyet ve morfolojik özellikler arasındaki ilişkileri değerlendirmek için istatistiksel analizler yapıldı.
Bulgular: Timus morfolojisinde belirgin farklılıklar gözlendi; en yaygın şekil dörtgen (%42,1) olup, bunu yuvarlak-oval (%29,7) ve üçgen (%28,1) şekiller takip etti. Timus dansitesi ile yaş (p=0.156) veya cinsiyet (p=0.191) arasında anlamlı bir korelasyon saptanmadı. Regresyon analizinde, ön-arka çap ile timus dansitesi arasında negatif bir ilişki (β=-0.4019, p=0.015) bulunurken, transvers çap ile timus dansitesi arasında pozitif bir ilişki (β=0.5465, p<0.001) gözlendi. Timus şekli, konturu ve lokalizasyonu ile timus dansitesi arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmadı.
Sonuç: Bu çalışma, pediatrik hastalarda normal timus görüntüleme özelliklerini ayrıntılı olarak değerlendirerek radyologlar için referans değerler sunmaktadır. Farklı yaş gruplarındaki timus varyasyonlarının tanınması, yanlış tanıların ve gereksiz girişimlerin önlenmesi açısından kritiktir. Gelecekteki araştırmaların, uzunlamasına çalışmalar ve ileri görüntüleme tekniklerini içerecek şekilde tanı kriterlerini daha da geliştirmeye odaklanması gerekmektedir.

References

  • 1. Baron RL, Lee JK, Sagel SS, Peterson RR. Computed tomography of the normal thymus. Radiology. 1982;142(1):121-125. doi:10.1148/radiology.142.1.7053521
  • 2. Araki T, Nishino M, Gao W, et al. Normal thymus in adults: appearance on CT and associations with age, sex, BMI and smoking. Eur Radiol. 2016;26(1):15-24. doi:10.1007/s00330-015-3796-y
  • 3. Alamdaran SA, Mahdavi Rashed M, Yekta M, Teimouri Sani F. Changes in the thymus gland with age: A sonographic evaluation. Ultrasound. 2023;31(3):204-211. doi:10.1177/1742271X221124484
  • 4. Jana M, Bhalla AS, Gupta AK. Approach to pediatric chest radiograph. Indian J Pediatr. 2016;83(6):533-542. doi:10.1007/s12098-015-1980-3
  • 5. Manchanda S, Bhalla AS, Jana M, Gupta AK. Imaging of the pediatric thymus: Clinicoradiologic approach. World J Clin Pediatr. 2017;6(1):10-23. Published 2017 Feb 8. doi:10.5409/wjcp.v6.i1.10
  • 6. Pearse G. Normal structure, function and histology of the thymus. Toxicol Pathol. 2006;34(5):504-514. doi:10.1080/01926230600865549
  • 7. Gruver AL, Sempowski GD. Cytokines, leptin, and stress-induced thymic atrophy. J Leukoc Biol. 2008;84(4):915-923. doi:10.1189/jlb.0108025
  • 8. Sklair Levy M, Agid R, Sella T, Strauss Liviatan N, Bar Ziv J. Age-related changes in CT attenuation of the thymus in children. Pediatr Radiol. 2000;30(8):566-569. doi:10.1007/s002470000245
  • 9. Goldstein AJ, Oliva I, Honarpisheh H, Rubinowitz A. A tour of the thymus: a review of thymic lesions with radiologic and pathologic correlation. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2015;66(1):5-15. doi:10.1016/j.carj.2013.09.003
  • 10. Nasseri F, Eftekhari F. Clinical and radiologic review of the normal and abnormal thymus: pearls and pitfalls. Radiographics. 2010;30(2):413-428. doi:10.1148/rg.302095131
  • 11. Qiu L, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Huang H, Cai Z, He J. Thymic rebound hyperplasia post-chemotherapy mistaken as disease progression in a patient with lymphoma involving mediastinum: a case report and reflection. BMC Surg. 2021;21(1):38. Published 2021 Jan 14. doi:10.1186/s12893-021-01048-y
  • 12. Chen CH, Hsiao CC, Chen YC, et al. Rebound Thymic Hyperplasia after Chemotherapy in Children with Lymphoma. Pediatr Neonatol. 2017;58(2):151-157. doi:10.1016/j.pedneo.2016.02.007
  • 13. Jacobs MT, Frush DP, Donnelly LF. The right place at the wrong time: historical perspective of the relation of the thymus gland and pediatric radiology. Radiology. 1999;210(1):11-16. doi:10.1148/radiology.210.1.r99ja4511
  • 14. Leonidas JC. The thymus: from past misconception to present recognition. Pediatr Radiol. 1998;28(5):275-282. doi:10.1007/s002470050351
  • 15. Heiberg E, Wolverson MK, Sundaram M, Nouri S. Normal thymus: CT characteristics in subjects under age 20. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1982;138(3):491-494. doi:10.2214/ajr.138.3.491
  • 16. St Amour TE, Siegel MJ, Glazer HS, Nadel SN. CT appearances of the normal and abnormal thymus in childhood. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1987;11(4):645-650. doi:10.1097/00004728-198707000-00018
  • 17. Çolak E, Özkan B. Multidetector Computed Tomographic Evaluation of the Normal Characteristics of the Thymus in the Pediatric Population. J Belg Soc Radiol. 2022;106(1):110. Published 2022 Nov 17. doi:10.5334/jbsr.2971
  • 18. Ackman JB, Kovacina B, Carter BW, et al. Sex difference in normal thymic appearance in adults 20-30 years of age. Radiology. 2013;268(1):245-253. doi:10.1148/radiol.13121104
  • 19. Feinstein L, Ferrando Martínez S, Leal M, et al. Population Distributions of Thymic Function in Adults: Variation by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Health Status. Biodemography Soc Biol. 2016;62(2):208-221. doi:10.1080/19485565.2016.1172199
  • 20. Gui J, Mustachio LM, Su DM, Craig RW. Thymus Size and Age-related Thymic Involution: Early Programming, Sexual Dimorphism, Progenitors and Stroma. Aging Dis. 2012;3(3):280-290.
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Radiology and Organ Imaging, Anatomy
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Gülay Güngör 0000-0002-4470-9076

Nazan Piri This is me 0009-0003-7846-0218

Early Pub Date March 17, 2025
Publication Date July 2, 2025
Submission Date February 9, 2025
Acceptance Date March 12, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 18 Issue: 3

Cite

AMA Güngör G, Piri N. llluminating the thymus mystery in pediatric CT studies. Pam Med J. July 2025;18(3):686-693. doi:10.31362/patd.1636342

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