GIS-BASED SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF PLANTS IN HISTORICAL CITY SQUARES; CASE OF ISTANBUL

Abstract

By the 19th century, the increase in urbanization and the fact that the effects of climate change were felt more intensely in cities, enabled plants to take a more active role in squares. However, due to the influence of anthropogenic factors, the spatial distribution and composition of plant such urban areas has been constantly changed and ignored. Yet, plant distributions, the distance between plants or the association of the same species in plant design affect ecosystem functions and ecosystem services at the individual level. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between plant material and spatial distribution in the squares that have witnessed different events throughout history. In this context, Beyazıt, Dolmabahçe, Eminönü, Eyüp, Galata, Ortaköy, Sultan Ahmet, Taksim, Tophane, Üsküdar Squares in Istanbul were examined in terms of plant species and density-spatial distribution relations. According to the findings of the study, it was determined that a total of 58 different species from 27 different families were preferred. Beyazıt, Eminönü, Ortaköy and Üsküdar at the significance level of p <0.01; At p <0.10 significance level, it shows a clustered distribution in Sultanahmet squares. Taksim at p <0.01 significance level; Dolmabahçe and Galata at the significance level of p <0.05; p <0.10 significance level, there is a scattered distribution in Tophane Squares. The highest heterogeneity in squares is observed in Eyüp Square. According to the results of the kernel density analysis, it was determined that the density in Eyüp and Sultanahmet Square are equally distributed throughout the square. In Galata Square, the plants are both few in number and the lowest in density. As a result, the vegetative distribution in the squares affects both the ecological and aesthetic functions in that space.

Keywords

• Average nearest neighbor analysis
• Kernel density analysis
• Point pattern analysis
• Spatial distribution
• urban square

TARİHİ KENT MEYDANLARINDAKİ BİTKİLERİN CBS TABANLI MEKANSAL DAĞILIM ANALİZİ; İSTANBUL ÖRNEĞİ

Abstract

19. Yüzyıl itibari ile kentleşmenin artması ve iklim değişikliği etkilerinin kentlerde daha yoğun olarak hissedilmesi bitkilerin meydanlarda daha etkin rol almasını sağlamıştır. Ancak antropojenik faktörlerin etkisi nedeniyle bu tür kentsel alanlardaki bitki kompozisyonlarının mekânsal dağılımı ve bileşimi sürekli olarak değişmiş ve göz ardı edilmiştir. Oysa ki, bitki dağılımları bitkiler arası mesafe veya aynı türlerin bitki tasarımındaki birliktelikleri ekosistem fonksiyonlarına ve ekosistem hizmetlerine birey düzeyinde etki etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı;tarih boyunca farklı olaylara tanıklık eden meydanlardaki bitki materyali ve mekan ilişkisini incelemektir. Bu kapsamda İstanbul’ da yer alan Beyazıt, Dolmabahçe, Eminönü, Eyüp, Galata, Ortaköy, Sultan Ahmet, Taksim, Tophane, Üsküdar meydanları bitki türleri ve yoğunluk-mekasal dağılım ilişkileri açısından irdelenmiştir. Çalışma bulgularına göre, 27 faklı aileden toplam 58 farklı tür tercih edildiği belirlenmiştir. P<0,01 anlamlılık düzeyinde Beyazıt, Eminönü, Ortaköy ve Üsküdar; p<0,10 anlamlılık düzeyinde Sultanahmet meydanlarında kümelenmiş dağılım göstermektedir. p<0,01 anlamlılık düzeyinde Taksim; p<0,05 anlamlılık düzeyinde Dolmabahçe ve Galata; p<0,10 anlamlılık düzeyinde Tophane meydanlarında dağınık dağlım söz konusudur. Meydanlarda heterojenlik en yüksek Eyüp Meydanında görülmektedir. Kernel density analizi sonuçlarına göre, Eyüp ve Sultanahmet Meydanı’ nda yoğunluğu tüm meydanda eşit dağıldığı belirlenmiştir. Galata Meydanı’nda bitkiler hem sayıca az hem de en düşük yoğunluğa sahiptir. Sonuç olarak, meydanlardaki bitkisel dağılım o mekandaki hem ekolojik hem estetik fonksiyonlara etki etmektedir. 

Keywords

• Average Nearest Neighbor analizi
• Kent meydanı
• kernel yoğunluk analizi
• Mekansal dağılım
• Nokta örüntü analizi

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