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Competing Interests of Major Powers in the Middle East: The Case Study of Syria and Its Implications for Regional Stability

Year 2018, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 121 - 147, 01.10.2018

Saman Zulfqar Research Officer

Abstract

The Middle East region has always remained the centre of attraction for major powers due to its geostrategic importance and huge energy resources. The Middle East, due to hosting many ethnic and religious nationalities, has been a conflictprone region, facing various conflicts and crises that not only make regional states confront each other but also invite extraregional powers to play their role

References

  • Peter E. Paraschos, “Geopolitical Risk in the Middle East and North Africa: Shatter Belts and Great Power Rivalry”, Japan SPOTLIGHT, March-April 2017, p. 18.
  • Saun Bernard Cohen, Geopolitics: the Geography of International Relations, Maryland, Rowman and Littlefield, 2009, p. 362.
  • Paraschos, “Geopolitical Risk in the Middle East and North Africa: Shatter Belts and Great Power Rivalry”, pp. 9-20. 4 Cohen
  • Geopolitics: the Geography of International Relations, p. 355.
  • Geoffrey Kemp and Robert Harkavy, “Strategic Geography and the Changing Middle East: Strategic Access to Middle East Resources: Lesson from History”, https://acc. teachmideast.org/texts.php?module_id=4&reading_id=202&sequence=2# (last visited 21 December 2017). 6 Ibid.
  • Paul R. Hensel and Paul F. Diehl, “Testing Empirical Propositions about Shatterbelts, 1945-1976”, Political Geography , Vol. 13, No. 1 (January 1994), pp. 33-51. 8 Ibid. 9 Ibid. 10 Ibid.
  • Saul Bernard Cohen quoted in Hensel and Paul F. Diehl, “Testing Empirical Propositions about Shatterbelts, 1945-1976”, www.paulhensel.org/Research/pgq94.pdf (last visited 7 July 2017).
  • Saul Bernard Cohen, Geopolitics: the Geography of International Relations, p.355. 13 Ibid. 14 Ibid.
  • “Full Text of China’s Arab Policy Paper”, Xinhua, 14 January 2016, http://www.china. org.cn/world/2016-01/14/content_37573547.htm (last visited 15 June 2017). 16 Ibid.
  • Saul Bernard Cohen, Geopolitics of the World System, Maryland, Rowman and Littlefield, 2003, p. 328.
  • Ibid, p. 328. 20 Ibid. 22 Ibid, p. 330.
  • The term coined by George Kennan, “The Sources of Soviet Conflict”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 4, (July 1947), pp. 566-582
  • Cohen, Geopolitics of the World System, p. 333. 25 Ibid.
  • Peter L. Hahn, “Securing the Middle East: The Eisenhower Doctrine of 1957”, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 36, No.1 (March 2006), p. 38.
  • Emile Hokayem and Becca Wasser, “Gulf States in an Era of American Retrenchment”, Adelphi Series, No. 447-448 (2014), p. 137.
  • Lloyd I. Rudolph, and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph, “The Making of US Foreign Policy for South Asia: Offshore Balancing in Historical Perspective”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 41, No.8 (February 25 – March 3, 2006), p. 704.
  • Caitlen Talmadge, “Closing Time; Assessing Possible Outcomes of US-Iranian Conflict in the Strait of Hormuz”, International Security, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Summer 2008), pp. 82-117.
  • Barry R. Schneider, “Nuclear Proliferation and Counter-Proliferation: Policy Issues and Debates”, Mershon International Studies Review, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Oct 1994), p. 226.
  • Daveed Gartenstein-Ross and Joshua D. Goodman, “The Attack on Syria’s Al Kibar Nuclear Facility”, http://www.jewishpolicycenter.org/2009/02/28/the-attack-on- syrias-al-kibar-nuclear-facility/ (last visited 10 December 2017).
  • “WMD Free Middle East Proposal at a Glance”, Arms Control Association, https:// www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/mewmdfz (last visited 20 June 2017)
  • Dina Esfandiary, “In the Middle East, Get Rid of Chemical Weapons First”, Arms Control Today, Vol.44, No.1 (January – February 2014), p. 27.
  • Daniel Byman and Sara Bjerg Moller, “The United States and the Middle East: Interests, Risks and Costs” in Bengamin Valentino and Jeremy Suri (eds.), Sustainable Security; Rethinking American National Security Strategy, Oxford University Press, 2016, pp.267- 269.
  • Jeremy M. Sharp, “US Foreign Aid to Israel”, Congressional Research Service, 12 March 2012, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33222.pdf (last visited 10 August 2017).
  • Michele Dunne and Frederic Wehrey, “US-Arab Counterterrorism Cooperation in a Region Ripe for Extremism”, Policy Outlook, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, (October 2014), http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/DunneWehrey_ USArabCounterterrorism_Oct2014.pdf (last visited 10 December 2017). 37 Ibid.
  • Hokayem and Wasser, “Gulf States in an Era of American Retrenchment”, Adelphi Series 54,No. 447-448 (2014), ( , p. 146. 39 Ibid., p. 145. 40 Ibid., p. 143.
  • Samuel Charap, “Is Russia an Outside Power in the Gulf ”, Adelphi Series 54, No. 447- 448 (2014),, (2014), p. 187. 42 Ibid., p. 188.
  • Ronald Dannreuther, “Russia and the Middle East: A Cold War Paradigm” Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 64, No. 3 (2012), p. 547. 45 Ibid, p. 549.
  • Charap, “Is Russia an Outside Power in the Gulf ”, p.192. 47 48 Ibid. 49 Ibid., 190. 50 Ibid. 51 Ibid., 192.
  • Ronald Dannreuther, “Russia and the Middle East: A Cold War Paradigm”, p. 551.
  • Ronald Dannreuther, “Russia and the Arab Spring Supporting the Counter Revolution’, Journal of European Integration, Vol, 37,No.1, (2015), p. 89.
  • Dannreuther, “Russia and the Middle East: A Cold War Paradigm”, p. 553. 55 Ibid. 56 Ibid. 57 Ibid, 554.
  • Stephen Blank and Edward Levitzky, “Geostrategic Aims of the Russian Arms Trade in East Asia and Middle East” Defence Studies, Vol.15,No.1, (2015), 71. 59 Ibid., 82. 60 Ibid., 83.
  • Dannreuther, “Russia and the Arab Spring Supporting the Counter Revolution”, p. 84.
  • Kristina Kausch, “Competitive Multipolarity in the Middle East”, International Spectator, Vol. 50, No. 3 (2015), p. 5.
  • Andrew Scobell and Alireza Nader, “China in the Middle East – The Wary Dragon”, Santa Monica, Rand, 2016, pp. 7-8. 64 Ibid., p. 10.
  • Paraschos, “Geopolitical Risk in the Middle East and North Africa: Shatter Belts and Great Power Rivalry”, p. 20. 66 Ibid. 67 Ibid.
  • Scobell and Nader, “China in the Middle East – The Wary Dragon”, p. 13. 69 Ibid, 14.
  • Ben Blanchard, “China Sends Troops to Open First Overseas Military Base in Djibouti”, Reuters, 12 July 2017, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-djibouti- idUSKBN19X049 (last visited 19 July 2017). 71 Ibid.
  • Emile Simpson, “This is How Great Power Wars Get Started”, Foreign Policy, June 21, 2017, www.foreignpolicy.com/2017/06/21/this-is-how-great-power-wars-get-started/ (last visited 15 June 2017). 73 Ibid. 74 Ibid.
  • Scobell and Nader, “China in the Middle East – The Wary Dragon”, p. 16.
  • Dannreuther, “Russia and the Arab Spring Supporting the Counter Revolution”, p. 84.
  • Raymond Hinnebusch, and Anoushiravan Ehteshami, The Foreign Policies of Middle East States, Boulder/London, Lynne Rienner, 2002, p. 144.
  • Jeffrey Martini, Erin York, and William Young, Syria as an Arena of Strategic Competition, Santa Monica, Rand, 2013. 79 Ibid. 80 Ibid. 81 Ibid.
  • Stephen Blank and Edward Levitzky, “Geostrategic Aims of the Russian Arms Trade in East Asia and Middle East”, p. 84. 83 Ibid.
  • Jiri Valenta and Leni Friedman Valenta, “Why Putin Wants Syria”, Middle East Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Spring 2016), p. 5.
  • Ben Quinn, “Russia’s Military Action in Syria – Timeline”, Guardian, 14 March 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/14/russias-military-action-in-syria- timeline (last visited 19 July 2017). 87 Ibid.
  • Chester Crocker, “Syria’s Crisis of Transition”, National Interest, March/April 2013, p. 19.
  • “US Launches Cruise Missiles on Syrian Airbase”, Al Jazeera, 7 April 2017, http:// www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/us-missiles-syria-170407013424492.html (last visited 19 July 2017).
  • Dmitri Trenin, “Putin’s Plan for Syria: How Russia Wants to End the War”, Foreign Affairs, 13 December 2017, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/syria/2017-12-13/ putins-plan-syria#/new_tab (last visited 10 April 2018).
  • “Syrian Government Ground Forces Attack Ghouta Despite Russia Truce Plan”, Reuters, 28 February 2018. 94 Ibid.
  • Kausch, “Competitive Multipolarity in the Middle East”, pp. 10-11. 96 Ibid, 7.
  • Geraint Alun Hughes, “Syria and the Perils of Proxy War”, Small Wars and Insurgencies, Vol. 25, No. 3 (2014), p. 530.
  • Payam Mohseni and Hussein Kalout, “Iran’s Axis of Resistance Rises”, Foreign Affairs, 24 January 2017, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/iran/2017-01-24/irans-axis- resistance-rises (last visited 12 March 2018).
  • “The Sunni-Shia Divide”, https://www.cfr.org/interactives/sunni-shia-divide# /sunni- shia-divide (last visited 20 December 2017).
  • Emma Graham-Harrison, “Iraq Announces ‘Victory’ Over Islamic State in Mosul”, Guardian, 9 July 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/09/iraq- announces-victory-over-islamic-state-mosul (last visited19 July 2017). 101 Ibid.
  • “Asia and the Middle East Lead Rising Trend in Arms Import, US Imports Grow Significantly, Says SIPRI”, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 12 March 2018, https://www.sipri.org/news/press-release/2018/asia-and-middle-east-lead- rising-trend-arms-imports-us-exports-grow-significantly-says-sipri (last visited 12 March 2018).
  • “About IMCTC” https://imctc.org/English/About (last visited 12 March 2018).
  • “Riyadh Summit Discusses Ways of Rooting Out Terrorism’, Aljazeera, 31 May 2017.
  • “The Arab-Islamic-American Summit: A New Partnership to Confront the Terrorists and Iranian Threats”, International Institute for Iranian Studies, 28 May 2017, https:// arabiangcis.org/english/monitoring-and-translation/reports/the-arab-islamic- american-summit-a-new-partnership-to-confront-the-terrorists-and-iranian-threats / (last visited 4 January 2018).
  • “Iran and Iraq Sign Accord to Boost Military Cooperation”, Reuters, 23 July 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-iraq-military/iran-and-iraq-sign-accord-to- boost-military-cooperation-idUSKBN1A80HJ
  • Paraschos, “Geopolitical Risk in the Middle East and North Africa: Shatter Belts and Great Power Rivalry”, p. 19.

Competing Interests of Major Powers in the Middle East: The Case Study of Syria and Its Implications for Regional Stability – Saman ZULFQAR

Year 2018, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 121 - 147, 01.10.2018

Saman Zulfqar Research Officer

Abstract

References

  • Peter E. Paraschos, “Geopolitical Risk in the Middle East and North Africa: Shatter Belts and Great Power Rivalry”, Japan SPOTLIGHT, March-April 2017, p. 18.
  • Saun Bernard Cohen, Geopolitics: the Geography of International Relations, Maryland, Rowman and Littlefield, 2009, p. 362.
  • Paraschos, “Geopolitical Risk in the Middle East and North Africa: Shatter Belts and Great Power Rivalry”, pp. 9-20. 4 Cohen
  • Geopolitics: the Geography of International Relations, p. 355.
  • Geoffrey Kemp and Robert Harkavy, “Strategic Geography and the Changing Middle East: Strategic Access to Middle East Resources: Lesson from History”, https://acc. teachmideast.org/texts.php?module_id=4&reading_id=202&sequence=2# (last visited 21 December 2017). 6 Ibid.
  • Paul R. Hensel and Paul F. Diehl, “Testing Empirical Propositions about Shatterbelts, 1945-1976”, Political Geography , Vol. 13, No. 1 (January 1994), pp. 33-51. 8 Ibid. 9 Ibid. 10 Ibid.
  • Saul Bernard Cohen quoted in Hensel and Paul F. Diehl, “Testing Empirical Propositions about Shatterbelts, 1945-1976”, www.paulhensel.org/Research/pgq94.pdf (last visited 7 July 2017).
  • Saul Bernard Cohen, Geopolitics: the Geography of International Relations, p.355. 13 Ibid. 14 Ibid.
  • “Full Text of China’s Arab Policy Paper”, Xinhua, 14 January 2016, http://www.china. org.cn/world/2016-01/14/content_37573547.htm (last visited 15 June 2017). 16 Ibid.
  • Saul Bernard Cohen, Geopolitics of the World System, Maryland, Rowman and Littlefield, 2003, p. 328.
  • Ibid, p. 328. 20 Ibid. 22 Ibid, p. 330.
  • The term coined by George Kennan, “The Sources of Soviet Conflict”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 4, (July 1947), pp. 566-582
  • Cohen, Geopolitics of the World System, p. 333. 25 Ibid.
  • Peter L. Hahn, “Securing the Middle East: The Eisenhower Doctrine of 1957”, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 36, No.1 (March 2006), p. 38.
  • Emile Hokayem and Becca Wasser, “Gulf States in an Era of American Retrenchment”, Adelphi Series, No. 447-448 (2014), p. 137.
  • Lloyd I. Rudolph, and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph, “The Making of US Foreign Policy for South Asia: Offshore Balancing in Historical Perspective”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 41, No.8 (February 25 – March 3, 2006), p. 704.
  • Caitlen Talmadge, “Closing Time; Assessing Possible Outcomes of US-Iranian Conflict in the Strait of Hormuz”, International Security, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Summer 2008), pp. 82-117.
  • Barry R. Schneider, “Nuclear Proliferation and Counter-Proliferation: Policy Issues and Debates”, Mershon International Studies Review, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Oct 1994), p. 226.
  • Daveed Gartenstein-Ross and Joshua D. Goodman, “The Attack on Syria’s Al Kibar Nuclear Facility”, http://www.jewishpolicycenter.org/2009/02/28/the-attack-on- syrias-al-kibar-nuclear-facility/ (last visited 10 December 2017).
  • “WMD Free Middle East Proposal at a Glance”, Arms Control Association, https:// www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/mewmdfz (last visited 20 June 2017)
  • Dina Esfandiary, “In the Middle East, Get Rid of Chemical Weapons First”, Arms Control Today, Vol.44, No.1 (January – February 2014), p. 27.
  • Daniel Byman and Sara Bjerg Moller, “The United States and the Middle East: Interests, Risks and Costs” in Bengamin Valentino and Jeremy Suri (eds.), Sustainable Security; Rethinking American National Security Strategy, Oxford University Press, 2016, pp.267- 269.
  • Jeremy M. Sharp, “US Foreign Aid to Israel”, Congressional Research Service, 12 March 2012, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33222.pdf (last visited 10 August 2017).
  • Michele Dunne and Frederic Wehrey, “US-Arab Counterterrorism Cooperation in a Region Ripe for Extremism”, Policy Outlook, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, (October 2014), http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/DunneWehrey_ USArabCounterterrorism_Oct2014.pdf (last visited 10 December 2017). 37 Ibid.
  • Hokayem and Wasser, “Gulf States in an Era of American Retrenchment”, Adelphi Series 54,No. 447-448 (2014), ( , p. 146. 39 Ibid., p. 145. 40 Ibid., p. 143.
  • Samuel Charap, “Is Russia an Outside Power in the Gulf ”, Adelphi Series 54, No. 447- 448 (2014),, (2014), p. 187. 42 Ibid., p. 188.
  • Ronald Dannreuther, “Russia and the Middle East: A Cold War Paradigm” Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 64, No. 3 (2012), p. 547. 45 Ibid, p. 549.
  • Charap, “Is Russia an Outside Power in the Gulf ”, p.192. 47 48 Ibid. 49 Ibid., 190. 50 Ibid. 51 Ibid., 192.
  • Ronald Dannreuther, “Russia and the Middle East: A Cold War Paradigm”, p. 551.
  • Ronald Dannreuther, “Russia and the Arab Spring Supporting the Counter Revolution’, Journal of European Integration, Vol, 37,No.1, (2015), p. 89.
  • Dannreuther, “Russia and the Middle East: A Cold War Paradigm”, p. 553. 55 Ibid. 56 Ibid. 57 Ibid, 554.
  • Stephen Blank and Edward Levitzky, “Geostrategic Aims of the Russian Arms Trade in East Asia and Middle East” Defence Studies, Vol.15,No.1, (2015), 71. 59 Ibid., 82. 60 Ibid., 83.
  • Dannreuther, “Russia and the Arab Spring Supporting the Counter Revolution”, p. 84.
  • Kristina Kausch, “Competitive Multipolarity in the Middle East”, International Spectator, Vol. 50, No. 3 (2015), p. 5.
  • Andrew Scobell and Alireza Nader, “China in the Middle East – The Wary Dragon”, Santa Monica, Rand, 2016, pp. 7-8. 64 Ibid., p. 10.
  • Paraschos, “Geopolitical Risk in the Middle East and North Africa: Shatter Belts and Great Power Rivalry”, p. 20. 66 Ibid. 67 Ibid.
  • Scobell and Nader, “China in the Middle East – The Wary Dragon”, p. 13. 69 Ibid, 14.
  • Ben Blanchard, “China Sends Troops to Open First Overseas Military Base in Djibouti”, Reuters, 12 July 2017, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-djibouti- idUSKBN19X049 (last visited 19 July 2017). 71 Ibid.
  • Emile Simpson, “This is How Great Power Wars Get Started”, Foreign Policy, June 21, 2017, www.foreignpolicy.com/2017/06/21/this-is-how-great-power-wars-get-started/ (last visited 15 June 2017). 73 Ibid. 74 Ibid.
  • Scobell and Nader, “China in the Middle East – The Wary Dragon”, p. 16.
  • Dannreuther, “Russia and the Arab Spring Supporting the Counter Revolution”, p. 84.
  • Raymond Hinnebusch, and Anoushiravan Ehteshami, The Foreign Policies of Middle East States, Boulder/London, Lynne Rienner, 2002, p. 144.
  • Jeffrey Martini, Erin York, and William Young, Syria as an Arena of Strategic Competition, Santa Monica, Rand, 2013. 79 Ibid. 80 Ibid. 81 Ibid.
  • Stephen Blank and Edward Levitzky, “Geostrategic Aims of the Russian Arms Trade in East Asia and Middle East”, p. 84. 83 Ibid.
  • Jiri Valenta and Leni Friedman Valenta, “Why Putin Wants Syria”, Middle East Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Spring 2016), p. 5.
  • Ben Quinn, “Russia’s Military Action in Syria – Timeline”, Guardian, 14 March 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/14/russias-military-action-in-syria- timeline (last visited 19 July 2017). 87 Ibid.
  • Chester Crocker, “Syria’s Crisis of Transition”, National Interest, March/April 2013, p. 19.
  • “US Launches Cruise Missiles on Syrian Airbase”, Al Jazeera, 7 April 2017, http:// www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/us-missiles-syria-170407013424492.html (last visited 19 July 2017).
  • Dmitri Trenin, “Putin’s Plan for Syria: How Russia Wants to End the War”, Foreign Affairs, 13 December 2017, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/syria/2017-12-13/ putins-plan-syria#/new_tab (last visited 10 April 2018).
  • “Syrian Government Ground Forces Attack Ghouta Despite Russia Truce Plan”, Reuters, 28 February 2018. 94 Ibid.
  • Kausch, “Competitive Multipolarity in the Middle East”, pp. 10-11. 96 Ibid, 7.
  • Geraint Alun Hughes, “Syria and the Perils of Proxy War”, Small Wars and Insurgencies, Vol. 25, No. 3 (2014), p. 530.
  • Payam Mohseni and Hussein Kalout, “Iran’s Axis of Resistance Rises”, Foreign Affairs, 24 January 2017, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/iran/2017-01-24/irans-axis- resistance-rises (last visited 12 March 2018).
  • “The Sunni-Shia Divide”, https://www.cfr.org/interactives/sunni-shia-divide# /sunni- shia-divide (last visited 20 December 2017).
  • Emma Graham-Harrison, “Iraq Announces ‘Victory’ Over Islamic State in Mosul”, Guardian, 9 July 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/09/iraq- announces-victory-over-islamic-state-mosul (last visited19 July 2017). 101 Ibid.
  • “Asia and the Middle East Lead Rising Trend in Arms Import, US Imports Grow Significantly, Says SIPRI”, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 12 March 2018, https://www.sipri.org/news/press-release/2018/asia-and-middle-east-lead- rising-trend-arms-imports-us-exports-grow-significantly-says-sipri (last visited 12 March 2018).
  • “About IMCTC” https://imctc.org/English/About (last visited 12 March 2018).
  • “Riyadh Summit Discusses Ways of Rooting Out Terrorism’, Aljazeera, 31 May 2017.
  • “The Arab-Islamic-American Summit: A New Partnership to Confront the Terrorists and Iranian Threats”, International Institute for Iranian Studies, 28 May 2017, https:// arabiangcis.org/english/monitoring-and-translation/reports/the-arab-islamic- american-summit-a-new-partnership-to-confront-the-terrorists-and-iranian-threats / (last visited 4 January 2018).
  • “Iran and Iraq Sign Accord to Boost Military Cooperation”, Reuters, 23 July 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-iraq-military/iran-and-iraq-sign-accord-to- boost-military-cooperation-idUSKBN1A80HJ
  • Paraschos, “Geopolitical Risk in the Middle East and North Africa: Shatter Belts and Great Power Rivalry”, p. 19.
There are 61 citations in total.

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Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Saman Zulfqar This is me

Research Officer This is me

Publication Date October 1, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 23 Issue: 1

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APA Zulfqar, S., & Officer, R. (2018). Competing Interests of Major Powers in the Middle East: The Case Study of Syria and Its Implications for Regional Stability. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, 23(1), 121-147.
AMA Zulfqar S, Officer R. Competing Interests of Major Powers in the Middle East: The Case Study of Syria and Its Implications for Regional Stability. PERCEPTIONS. October 2018;23(1):121-147.
Chicago Zulfqar, Saman, and Research Officer. “Competing Interests of Major Powers in the Middle East: The Case Study of Syria and Its Implications for Regional Stability”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 23, no. 1 (October 2018): 121-47.
EndNote Zulfqar S, Officer R (October 1, 2018) Competing Interests of Major Powers in the Middle East: The Case Study of Syria and Its Implications for Regional Stability. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 23 1 121–147.
IEEE S. Zulfqar and R. Officer, “Competing Interests of Major Powers in the Middle East: The Case Study of Syria and Its Implications for Regional Stability”, PERCEPTIONS, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 121–147, 2018.
ISNAD Zulfqar, Saman - Officer, Research. “Competing Interests of Major Powers in the Middle East: The Case Study of Syria and Its Implications for Regional Stability”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 23/1 (October 2018), 121-147.
JAMA Zulfqar S, Officer R. Competing Interests of Major Powers in the Middle East: The Case Study of Syria and Its Implications for Regional Stability. PERCEPTIONS. 2018;23:121–147.
MLA Zulfqar, Saman and Research Officer. “Competing Interests of Major Powers in the Middle East: The Case Study of Syria and Its Implications for Regional Stability”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, vol. 23, no. 1, 2018, pp. 121-47.
Vancouver Zulfqar S, Officer R. Competing Interests of Major Powers in the Middle East: The Case Study of Syria and Its Implications for Regional Stability. PERCEPTIONS. 2018;23(1):121-47.