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Year 2017, Volume: 22 Issue: 3, 35 - 54, 01.01.2017

Abstract

References

  • Partners are Coventry University (Heaven Crawley, PI), University of Oxford (Franck Düvell), University of Birmingham (Nando Sigona) and international partners are Yaşar University/Turkey, ELIAMEP/Greece, FIERI/Italy and People for Change/Malta, http://www.medmig.info/ (last visited 17 November 2016).
  • “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2015”, at http://www.unhcr.org/576408cd7. pdf (last visited 25 September 2016).
  • UNHCR, “Refugee/Migrants Emergency Response – Mediterranean”, Geneva, UNHCR, 31 December 2015; UNHCR, “Mediterranean situation”, Geneva, UNHCR, at http://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean?page=1&view=grid&Country% 255B%255D=83 (last visited 31 October 2017).
  • Eurostat, “Asylum statistics”, at http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index. php/Asylum_statistics#Further_Eurostat_information (last visited 31 October 2017).
  • See Franck Düvell, “International Relations and Migration Management: The Case of Turkey”, Insight Turkey Vol.16, No.1 (2014), pp. 35- 44.
  • Myron Weiner, “On International Migration and International Relations”, Population and Development Review, Vol. 11, No. 3 (1985), pp.441- 455.
  • European Commission: EU-Turkey Agreement: Questions and Answers, Fact Sheet, Brussels, 19 March 2016.
  • See European Commission, “Commission Calls for Renewed Efforts in Implementing Solidarity Measures under the European Agenda on Migration”, at http://europa.eu/ rapid/press-release_IP-17-348_en.htm (last visited 31 October 2017).
  • Simone Molin Friis, “’Beyond Anything we have Ever Seen’: Beheading Videos and the Visibility of Violence in the War Against ISIS”, International Affairs, Vol. 91, No. 4 (2015), p. 726.
  • Amnesty International, “Iraq: Yezidi Women and Girls Face Harrowing Sexual Violence”, at https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/12/iraq-yezidi-women- and-girls-face-harrowing-sexual-violence/ (last visited 26 May 2016).
  • BBC News, “Islamic State Group: Crisis in Seven Charts”, at http://www.bbc.com/ news/world-middle-east-27838034 (last visited 26 May 2016).
  • Ibid., also see BBC News, “Powers to stop British Jihadists rReturning to UK – PM”, at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-30041923 (last visited 26 May 2016).
  • European Council: Statement of the EU heads and EU institutions on attacks in Paris (14/11/2015, Statements and remarks 825/1, Justice, Home Affairs, Foreign affairs & international relations).
  • European Council: Conclusions of the Council of the EU and of the Member States meeting within the Council on Counter-Terrorism (20/11/2015, Press release 848/15, Security & defence, Justice, Home Affairs, Foreign affairs & international relations).
  • “Übergriffe in Köln, Frankfurt und Stuttgart: Frauen Überfallen – Was Bisher Bekannt Ist”, Die Tagesschau, at https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/uebergriffe-koeln-103.html (last visited 26 May 2017).
  • BBC News, “Paris Attacks – who were the Attackers”, at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ world-europe-34832512 (last visited 18 November 2016).
  • BBC News, “Paris Attacks – Who were the Attackers”
  • Ole Waever, Barry Buzan, Morten Kelstrup and Pierre Lemaitre, Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe, New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1993.
  • European Council: Conclusions (Brussels, 27 June 2014, EUCO 79/14); also see European Council: Response to foreign terrorist fighters and recent terrorist attacks in Europe, at http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/fight-against-terrorism/ foreign-fighters/ (last visited 26 May 2016).
  • Tony Bunyan, “Trevi, Europol and the European State”, in Statewatch, Statewatching the new Europe, London, Statewatch, 1993, pp.7-39
  • See, for instance, Sheri Berman, “The Promise of the Arab Spring”, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2013, at https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/syria/2012-12-03/ promise-arab-spring (last visited 24 May 2016).
  • Leila Vignal, “Syria: Anatomy of a Revolution”, Books & Ideas, at http://www. booksandideas.net/IMG/pdf/201209syria_vignalen.pdf (last visited 10 May 2016).
  • For instance, Chris Stephens, “Libya’s Arab Spring: The Revolution that Ate its Children”, The Guardian, 16 February 2015; for an alternative interpretation also see Vijay Prashad, “Arab Spring, Libyan Winter”, Oakland, AK Press, 2012.
  • Council on Foreign Relations, “The Sunni-Shia Divide”, at https://www.cfr.org/ interactives/sunni-shia-divide?cid=otr-marketing_url-sunni_shia_infoguide# /sunni- shia-divide?cid=otr-marketing_url-sunni_shia_infoguide (last visited 31 October 2017).
  • Charlie Winter, “Libya: The Strategic Gateway for the Islamic State”, at https://www. quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/libya-the-strategic- gateway-for-the-is.pdf (last visited 24 May 2016).
  • See, for instance, Soufan Group, “Foreign Fighters in Syria”, at http://soufangroup.com/ wp-content/uploads/2014/06/TSG-Foreign-Fighters-in-Syria.pdf (last visited 5 May 2016).
  • Shadi Hamid, “Islamism, the Arab Spring, and the Failure of America’s Do-Nothing Policy in the Middle East”, The Atlantic, 9 October 2015; Moulay Hicham Ben Abdallah, “Gone with the Wind? Four Years after the Arab Spring”, MENA inaugural conference, Evanston, Northwest University, October 2015.
  • Mikhail Minakov, “A Decisive Turn? Risks for Ukrainian Democracy After the Euromaidan”, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, at http://carnegieendowment. org/2016/02/03/decisive-turn-risks-for-ukrainian-democracy-after-euromaidan/itf4 (last visited 25 May 2016).
  • See Council on Foreign Relations, “Global Conflict Tracker”, at http://www.cfr.org/ global/global-conflict-tracker/p32137# / (last visited 25 May 2016); Freedom House, “Freedom in the world 2016”, at https://freedomhouse.org/report-types/freedom-world (last visited 25 May 2016).
  • Richard Haass, “American Foreign Policy in a Turbulent World”, Warden’s special lecture, Oxford, St Antony’s College, 28 April 2015.
  • Yury Barmin, “Why does Russia continue to protect Assad in Syria?”, Russia Direct, 20 April 2016.
  • Randa Slim, “Putin’s Master Plan for Syria, Foreign Affairs, 18 March 2016.
  • Lizzy Dearden, “Russia and Syria ‘Weaponising’ Refugee Crisis to Destabilise Europe, NATO Commander Claims”, The Independent, 3 March 2016.
  • Peter Foster and Matthew Holehouse, “Russia Accused of Clandestine Funding of European Parties as US Conducts Major Review of Vladimir Putin’s Strategy. Exclusive: UK Warns of ‘New Cold War’ as Kremlin Seeks to Divide and Rule in Europe”, The Telegraph, 16 January 2016.
  • For the purpose of this paper, it is not relevant whether or not this is substantiated, all what matters is peoples’ perceptions as it is these which drive politics.
  • See European Commission, “Turkey 2016 Report. Communication on EU Enlargement Policy (COM(2016) 715 final)”, 9 November 2016, (last visited 18 November 2016).
  • Richard Haass, “American Foreign Policy in a Turbulent World”.
  • Council of the European Union: Council conclusions on the Review of the European Neighbourhood Policy (20/04/2015, Press release 188/15, Foreign affairs & international relations) (italics added by Düvell).
  • European Commission, “Temporary reintroduction of border controls”, at http:// ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen/ reintroduction-border-control/index_en.htm (last visited 17 November 2016).
  • Reuters, “Police, migrants clash on Macedonia border; soldiers build fence”, at http:// uk.reuters.com/article/uk-europe-migrants-macedonia-idUKKBN0TH07H20151128 (last visited 17 November 2016).
  • NATO, “NATO’s deployment in the Aegean Sea”, at http://www.nato.int/nato_static_ fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2016_05/20160519_1605-factsheet-aegean-sea.pdf (last visited 17 November 2016).
  • Gregor Aisch, Adam Pearce and Bryant Rousseau, “How far Is Europe swinging to the right?”, New York Times, 22 May 2016.
  • European Commission, “Standard Eurobarometer 83, Spring 2015”, at http://ec.europa. eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb83/eb83_first_en.pdf (last seen 17 November 2016). 44 Ibid.
  • Peter Hall, “Der Ökonomische Wandel hat die SPD ins Herz Getroffen“, Der Spiegel, 22 May 2016.
  • Gerald Gartner, “Wer wen gewählt hat”, Der Standard, 22 May 2016.
  • Freedom House, “Transit Nations report 2016”, at https://freedomhouse.org/sites/ default/files/FH_NIT2016_Final_FWeb.pdf (last visited 3 March 2017).
  • See Sonja Kaufmann, Gunter Rieck Moncayo, Lena Ringleb and Martin Thunert, “Dinner à la carte”, in Monika Sus and Franziska Pfeifer (eds.), European Union in the World 2025. Scenarios for EU Relations with its Neighbours and Strategic Partners, Berlin, Dahrendorf Forum, 2016, pp.7-9.
  • OECD, “Understanding the socio-economic divide in Europe”, at https://www.oecd. org/els/soc/cope-divide-europe-2017-background-report.pdf (last visited 31 October 2017).
  • Hall, “Der Ökonomische Wandel hat die SPD ins Herz Getroffen”.
  • European Commission, “Standard Eurobarometer 83, Spring 2015”.
  • “Migration: Needed not Wanted”,The Economist, 1 October 2016.
  • Gartner, “Wer wen gewählt hat”.
  • Amina Mohammed, “Deepening Income Inequality”, World Economic Forum, at http://reports.weforum.org/outlook-global-agenda-2015/top-10-trends-of-2015/1- deepening-income-inequality/ (last visited 17 November 2016).
  • European Commission, “European Pillar of Social Rights”, at http://ec.europa.eu/ malta/news/european-pillar-social-rights-what-progress-has-been-made-towards-its- achievement_en (last visited 18 November 2016).
  • See Igor Ivanov, “Russia, Turkey and the vision of Greater Europe”, Russian International Affairs Council, at http://russiancouncil.ru/en/inner/?id_4=5055#top-content (last visited 17 November 2016).
  • European Commission, “Turkey 2016 Report”.
  • See, for instance, Oxfam, “Syria Refugee Crisis: Is Your Country Doing Its Fair Share?”, at syria-refugee-crisis-your-country-doing-its-fair (last visited 17 November 2016).
  • UNHCR, “Syrian refugee carries Olympic torch through Brasilia”, at http://www.unhcr. org/news/latest/2016/5/5728cd996/syrian-refugee-carries-olympic-torch-brasilia.html (last visited 24 May 2016).
  • BBC News, “Malaysia Accepts first 3,000 Syrian Refugees”, at http://www.bbc.co.uk/ news/world-asia-35048291 (last visited 17 November 2016); “Canada Meets Target to Resettle 25,000 Syrian Refugees”, The Guardian, 1 March 2016.
  • United Nations, “Summit for Refugees and Migrants”, at http://refugeesmigrants. un.org/summit (last visited 17 November 2016).
  • Angela Merkel, “Sommerpressekonferenz: Aktuelle Themen der Innen- und Aussenpolitik“, Berlin, Bundesregierung, at https://www.bundesregierung.de/Content/ DE/Mitschrift/Pressekonferenzen/2015/08/2015-08-31-pk-merkel.html (last visited 17 November 2016).
  • See Ben Tonra and Thomas Christiansen (eds), Rethinking European Union Foreign Policy, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2004, p.7.
  • E.g. Spiegel Online international, “Refugee Crisis Pushes Europe to the Brink”, at http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/border-closures-spell-refugee-back-up-in- greece-a-1080643.html (last visited 17 November 2016).
  • Norbert Roettgen, “Europe must Unite or Become Irrelevant”, at http://www.dahrendorf- forum.eu/dahrendorf-symposium-europe-must-unite-or-become-irrelevant/ (last visited 28 May 2016).
  • Dimitris Avramopoulos, “Remarks by Commissioner Avramopoulos to the Committee on Federal and European Affairs of the Bavarian Parliament”, at http://europa.eu/rapid/ press-release_SPEECH-16-1588_en.htm (last visited 5 May 2016).
  • Jean-Claude Juncker, “Speech by European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker at the 20th anniversary of the European Policy Centre – ‘The road to Rome: from crisis management to governing the EU’”, at http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_ SPEECH-16-3433_en.htm (last visited 28 May 2016).
  • For these categorizations see Anne-Marie Slaughter, “International relations, principle theories”, in E. Wolfrum, (ed.) Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011, https://www.princeton.edu/~slaughtr/ Articles/722_IntlRelPrincipalTheories_Slaughter_20110509zG.pdf (last visited 30 October 2017).
  • Ben Tonra and Thomas Christiansen (eds), Rethinking European Union Foreign Policy.
  • See Kenneth Neal Waltz, Theory of International Politics, Reading, Addison-Wesley, 1979.

The EU’s International Relations and Migration Diplomacy at Times of Crisis: Key Challenges and Priorities

Year 2017, Volume: 22 Issue: 3, 35 - 54, 01.01.2017

Abstract

This contribution explores the key challenges of contemporary EU policies that shape and can contribute to explaining the EU’s foreign policy and diplomacy in the fields of neighbourhood policy and accession as well as migration policies, and, notably, its responses to the 2015/2016 migration and refugee crisis. It analyses how social unrest, uprisings and wars in the Middle East, Northern Africa and Eastern Europe, the rise of terrorism and Jihadism, the refugee crisis as well as inequality within the EU fuelled the rise of illiberal, anti-EU and anti-immigrant sentiments, resulting in a security crisis, ruptures between EU member states and subsequently a crisis of the European project and thus the postwar European peace project. It argues that stabilising and protecting the EU overrides all other policy considerations. This priority subsequently also informs EU foreign policy vis-à-vis Turkey

References

  • Partners are Coventry University (Heaven Crawley, PI), University of Oxford (Franck Düvell), University of Birmingham (Nando Sigona) and international partners are Yaşar University/Turkey, ELIAMEP/Greece, FIERI/Italy and People for Change/Malta, http://www.medmig.info/ (last visited 17 November 2016).
  • “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2015”, at http://www.unhcr.org/576408cd7. pdf (last visited 25 September 2016).
  • UNHCR, “Refugee/Migrants Emergency Response – Mediterranean”, Geneva, UNHCR, 31 December 2015; UNHCR, “Mediterranean situation”, Geneva, UNHCR, at http://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean?page=1&view=grid&Country% 255B%255D=83 (last visited 31 October 2017).
  • Eurostat, “Asylum statistics”, at http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index. php/Asylum_statistics#Further_Eurostat_information (last visited 31 October 2017).
  • See Franck Düvell, “International Relations and Migration Management: The Case of Turkey”, Insight Turkey Vol.16, No.1 (2014), pp. 35- 44.
  • Myron Weiner, “On International Migration and International Relations”, Population and Development Review, Vol. 11, No. 3 (1985), pp.441- 455.
  • European Commission: EU-Turkey Agreement: Questions and Answers, Fact Sheet, Brussels, 19 March 2016.
  • See European Commission, “Commission Calls for Renewed Efforts in Implementing Solidarity Measures under the European Agenda on Migration”, at http://europa.eu/ rapid/press-release_IP-17-348_en.htm (last visited 31 October 2017).
  • Simone Molin Friis, “’Beyond Anything we have Ever Seen’: Beheading Videos and the Visibility of Violence in the War Against ISIS”, International Affairs, Vol. 91, No. 4 (2015), p. 726.
  • Amnesty International, “Iraq: Yezidi Women and Girls Face Harrowing Sexual Violence”, at https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/12/iraq-yezidi-women- and-girls-face-harrowing-sexual-violence/ (last visited 26 May 2016).
  • BBC News, “Islamic State Group: Crisis in Seven Charts”, at http://www.bbc.com/ news/world-middle-east-27838034 (last visited 26 May 2016).
  • Ibid., also see BBC News, “Powers to stop British Jihadists rReturning to UK – PM”, at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-30041923 (last visited 26 May 2016).
  • European Council: Statement of the EU heads and EU institutions on attacks in Paris (14/11/2015, Statements and remarks 825/1, Justice, Home Affairs, Foreign affairs & international relations).
  • European Council: Conclusions of the Council of the EU and of the Member States meeting within the Council on Counter-Terrorism (20/11/2015, Press release 848/15, Security & defence, Justice, Home Affairs, Foreign affairs & international relations).
  • “Übergriffe in Köln, Frankfurt und Stuttgart: Frauen Überfallen – Was Bisher Bekannt Ist”, Die Tagesschau, at https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/uebergriffe-koeln-103.html (last visited 26 May 2017).
  • BBC News, “Paris Attacks – who were the Attackers”, at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ world-europe-34832512 (last visited 18 November 2016).
  • BBC News, “Paris Attacks – Who were the Attackers”
  • Ole Waever, Barry Buzan, Morten Kelstrup and Pierre Lemaitre, Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe, New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1993.
  • European Council: Conclusions (Brussels, 27 June 2014, EUCO 79/14); also see European Council: Response to foreign terrorist fighters and recent terrorist attacks in Europe, at http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/fight-against-terrorism/ foreign-fighters/ (last visited 26 May 2016).
  • Tony Bunyan, “Trevi, Europol and the European State”, in Statewatch, Statewatching the new Europe, London, Statewatch, 1993, pp.7-39
  • See, for instance, Sheri Berman, “The Promise of the Arab Spring”, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2013, at https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/syria/2012-12-03/ promise-arab-spring (last visited 24 May 2016).
  • Leila Vignal, “Syria: Anatomy of a Revolution”, Books & Ideas, at http://www. booksandideas.net/IMG/pdf/201209syria_vignalen.pdf (last visited 10 May 2016).
  • For instance, Chris Stephens, “Libya’s Arab Spring: The Revolution that Ate its Children”, The Guardian, 16 February 2015; for an alternative interpretation also see Vijay Prashad, “Arab Spring, Libyan Winter”, Oakland, AK Press, 2012.
  • Council on Foreign Relations, “The Sunni-Shia Divide”, at https://www.cfr.org/ interactives/sunni-shia-divide?cid=otr-marketing_url-sunni_shia_infoguide# /sunni- shia-divide?cid=otr-marketing_url-sunni_shia_infoguide (last visited 31 October 2017).
  • Charlie Winter, “Libya: The Strategic Gateway for the Islamic State”, at https://www. quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/libya-the-strategic- gateway-for-the-is.pdf (last visited 24 May 2016).
  • See, for instance, Soufan Group, “Foreign Fighters in Syria”, at http://soufangroup.com/ wp-content/uploads/2014/06/TSG-Foreign-Fighters-in-Syria.pdf (last visited 5 May 2016).
  • Shadi Hamid, “Islamism, the Arab Spring, and the Failure of America’s Do-Nothing Policy in the Middle East”, The Atlantic, 9 October 2015; Moulay Hicham Ben Abdallah, “Gone with the Wind? Four Years after the Arab Spring”, MENA inaugural conference, Evanston, Northwest University, October 2015.
  • Mikhail Minakov, “A Decisive Turn? Risks for Ukrainian Democracy After the Euromaidan”, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, at http://carnegieendowment. org/2016/02/03/decisive-turn-risks-for-ukrainian-democracy-after-euromaidan/itf4 (last visited 25 May 2016).
  • See Council on Foreign Relations, “Global Conflict Tracker”, at http://www.cfr.org/ global/global-conflict-tracker/p32137# / (last visited 25 May 2016); Freedom House, “Freedom in the world 2016”, at https://freedomhouse.org/report-types/freedom-world (last visited 25 May 2016).
  • Richard Haass, “American Foreign Policy in a Turbulent World”, Warden’s special lecture, Oxford, St Antony’s College, 28 April 2015.
  • Yury Barmin, “Why does Russia continue to protect Assad in Syria?”, Russia Direct, 20 April 2016.
  • Randa Slim, “Putin’s Master Plan for Syria, Foreign Affairs, 18 March 2016.
  • Lizzy Dearden, “Russia and Syria ‘Weaponising’ Refugee Crisis to Destabilise Europe, NATO Commander Claims”, The Independent, 3 March 2016.
  • Peter Foster and Matthew Holehouse, “Russia Accused of Clandestine Funding of European Parties as US Conducts Major Review of Vladimir Putin’s Strategy. Exclusive: UK Warns of ‘New Cold War’ as Kremlin Seeks to Divide and Rule in Europe”, The Telegraph, 16 January 2016.
  • For the purpose of this paper, it is not relevant whether or not this is substantiated, all what matters is peoples’ perceptions as it is these which drive politics.
  • See European Commission, “Turkey 2016 Report. Communication on EU Enlargement Policy (COM(2016) 715 final)”, 9 November 2016, (last visited 18 November 2016).
  • Richard Haass, “American Foreign Policy in a Turbulent World”.
  • Council of the European Union: Council conclusions on the Review of the European Neighbourhood Policy (20/04/2015, Press release 188/15, Foreign affairs & international relations) (italics added by Düvell).
  • European Commission, “Temporary reintroduction of border controls”, at http:// ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen/ reintroduction-border-control/index_en.htm (last visited 17 November 2016).
  • Reuters, “Police, migrants clash on Macedonia border; soldiers build fence”, at http:// uk.reuters.com/article/uk-europe-migrants-macedonia-idUKKBN0TH07H20151128 (last visited 17 November 2016).
  • NATO, “NATO’s deployment in the Aegean Sea”, at http://www.nato.int/nato_static_ fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2016_05/20160519_1605-factsheet-aegean-sea.pdf (last visited 17 November 2016).
  • Gregor Aisch, Adam Pearce and Bryant Rousseau, “How far Is Europe swinging to the right?”, New York Times, 22 May 2016.
  • European Commission, “Standard Eurobarometer 83, Spring 2015”, at http://ec.europa. eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb83/eb83_first_en.pdf (last seen 17 November 2016). 44 Ibid.
  • Peter Hall, “Der Ökonomische Wandel hat die SPD ins Herz Getroffen“, Der Spiegel, 22 May 2016.
  • Gerald Gartner, “Wer wen gewählt hat”, Der Standard, 22 May 2016.
  • Freedom House, “Transit Nations report 2016”, at https://freedomhouse.org/sites/ default/files/FH_NIT2016_Final_FWeb.pdf (last visited 3 March 2017).
  • See Sonja Kaufmann, Gunter Rieck Moncayo, Lena Ringleb and Martin Thunert, “Dinner à la carte”, in Monika Sus and Franziska Pfeifer (eds.), European Union in the World 2025. Scenarios for EU Relations with its Neighbours and Strategic Partners, Berlin, Dahrendorf Forum, 2016, pp.7-9.
  • OECD, “Understanding the socio-economic divide in Europe”, at https://www.oecd. org/els/soc/cope-divide-europe-2017-background-report.pdf (last visited 31 October 2017).
  • Hall, “Der Ökonomische Wandel hat die SPD ins Herz Getroffen”.
  • European Commission, “Standard Eurobarometer 83, Spring 2015”.
  • “Migration: Needed not Wanted”,The Economist, 1 October 2016.
  • Gartner, “Wer wen gewählt hat”.
  • Amina Mohammed, “Deepening Income Inequality”, World Economic Forum, at http://reports.weforum.org/outlook-global-agenda-2015/top-10-trends-of-2015/1- deepening-income-inequality/ (last visited 17 November 2016).
  • European Commission, “European Pillar of Social Rights”, at http://ec.europa.eu/ malta/news/european-pillar-social-rights-what-progress-has-been-made-towards-its- achievement_en (last visited 18 November 2016).
  • See Igor Ivanov, “Russia, Turkey and the vision of Greater Europe”, Russian International Affairs Council, at http://russiancouncil.ru/en/inner/?id_4=5055#top-content (last visited 17 November 2016).
  • European Commission, “Turkey 2016 Report”.
  • See, for instance, Oxfam, “Syria Refugee Crisis: Is Your Country Doing Its Fair Share?”, at syria-refugee-crisis-your-country-doing-its-fair (last visited 17 November 2016).
  • UNHCR, “Syrian refugee carries Olympic torch through Brasilia”, at http://www.unhcr. org/news/latest/2016/5/5728cd996/syrian-refugee-carries-olympic-torch-brasilia.html (last visited 24 May 2016).
  • BBC News, “Malaysia Accepts first 3,000 Syrian Refugees”, at http://www.bbc.co.uk/ news/world-asia-35048291 (last visited 17 November 2016); “Canada Meets Target to Resettle 25,000 Syrian Refugees”, The Guardian, 1 March 2016.
  • United Nations, “Summit for Refugees and Migrants”, at http://refugeesmigrants. un.org/summit (last visited 17 November 2016).
  • Angela Merkel, “Sommerpressekonferenz: Aktuelle Themen der Innen- und Aussenpolitik“, Berlin, Bundesregierung, at https://www.bundesregierung.de/Content/ DE/Mitschrift/Pressekonferenzen/2015/08/2015-08-31-pk-merkel.html (last visited 17 November 2016).
  • See Ben Tonra and Thomas Christiansen (eds), Rethinking European Union Foreign Policy, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2004, p.7.
  • E.g. Spiegel Online international, “Refugee Crisis Pushes Europe to the Brink”, at http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/border-closures-spell-refugee-back-up-in- greece-a-1080643.html (last visited 17 November 2016).
  • Norbert Roettgen, “Europe must Unite or Become Irrelevant”, at http://www.dahrendorf- forum.eu/dahrendorf-symposium-europe-must-unite-or-become-irrelevant/ (last visited 28 May 2016).
  • Dimitris Avramopoulos, “Remarks by Commissioner Avramopoulos to the Committee on Federal and European Affairs of the Bavarian Parliament”, at http://europa.eu/rapid/ press-release_SPEECH-16-1588_en.htm (last visited 5 May 2016).
  • Jean-Claude Juncker, “Speech by European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker at the 20th anniversary of the European Policy Centre – ‘The road to Rome: from crisis management to governing the EU’”, at http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_ SPEECH-16-3433_en.htm (last visited 28 May 2016).
  • For these categorizations see Anne-Marie Slaughter, “International relations, principle theories”, in E. Wolfrum, (ed.) Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011, https://www.princeton.edu/~slaughtr/ Articles/722_IntlRelPrincipalTheories_Slaughter_20110509zG.pdf (last visited 30 October 2017).
  • Ben Tonra and Thomas Christiansen (eds), Rethinking European Union Foreign Policy.
  • See Kenneth Neal Waltz, Theory of International Politics, Reading, Addison-Wesley, 1979.
There are 69 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Frank Düvell This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 22 Issue: 3

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APA Düvell, F. (2017). The EU’s International Relations and Migration Diplomacy at Times of Crisis: Key Challenges and Priorities. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, 22(3), 35-54.
AMA Düvell F. The EU’s International Relations and Migration Diplomacy at Times of Crisis: Key Challenges and Priorities. PERCEPTIONS. January 2017;22(3):35-54.
Chicago Düvell, Frank. “The EU’s International Relations and Migration Diplomacy at Times of Crisis: Key Challenges and Priorities”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 22, no. 3 (January 2017): 35-54.
EndNote Düvell F (January 1, 2017) The EU’s International Relations and Migration Diplomacy at Times of Crisis: Key Challenges and Priorities. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 22 3 35–54.
IEEE F. Düvell, “The EU’s International Relations and Migration Diplomacy at Times of Crisis: Key Challenges and Priorities”, PERCEPTIONS, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 35–54, 2017.
ISNAD Düvell, Frank. “The EU’s International Relations and Migration Diplomacy at Times of Crisis: Key Challenges and Priorities”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 22/3 (January 2017), 35-54.
JAMA Düvell F. The EU’s International Relations and Migration Diplomacy at Times of Crisis: Key Challenges and Priorities. PERCEPTIONS. 2017;22:35–54.
MLA Düvell, Frank. “The EU’s International Relations and Migration Diplomacy at Times of Crisis: Key Challenges and Priorities”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, vol. 22, no. 3, 2017, pp. 35-54.
Vancouver Düvell F. The EU’s International Relations and Migration Diplomacy at Times of Crisis: Key Challenges and Priorities. PERCEPTIONS. 2017;22(3):35-54.