Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan can be defined as Small Powers because their actions in the international arena are relatively limited. At the same time, these two countries have significant reserves of oil and natural gas that allow them to maximize opportunities and use their potential for achieving national interests. The availability of energy is an important driver that affects the formation of their foreign policies. Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan are geographically located on opposite sides of the Caspian Sea. This geographic feature affects their energy strategy and foreign policy. Although energy field exploitation and the formation of export routes appear as a common strategy; there emerge differences in terms of timing and partnership development and level of success in implementation. This article is a comparative study on the cases of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, in which it elaborates on how common and different conditions of the energy factor can affect the capacity of these two Small Powers
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“Малазийская Компания «Петронас» Начинает Промышленную Добычу Нефти в Туркменском Секторе Каспия”, (Malaysian Petronas Company Begins Industrial Oil Production in the Turkmen Sector of the Caspian Sea), at http://energylaws-tm. sitecity.ru/ltext_2503082544.phtml?p_ident=ltext_2503082544.p_0607093815, (last visited 27 November 2016).
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Huseyn Hasanov, “Добыча Газа в Туркменистане Выросла на 5%”, (Gas Production in Turkmenistan Grew by 5%), Trend, at http://www.trend.az/business/energy/2372196. html, (last visited 27 November 2016).
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Year 2017,
Volume: 22 Issue: 2, 131 - 152, 01.08.2017
Vital, “The Inequality of the States: A Study of Small Power in International Relations”, in Jessica Beyer et al (eds.), Small States in International Relations, Seattle
University of Washington Press, 2006, p. 77.
L.G.M. Jaquet, “The Role of Small States Within Alliance Systems”, in A. Schou and A.O. Brundtland (eds.), Small States in International Relations, Stokholm, Almquist and Wiksell, 1971, pp. 58-59.
Maurice A. East, “Size and Foreign Policy Behavior: A Test of Two Models”, World Politics, Vol. 26, No 4 (July 1973), p. 557.
“Azeri Chirag Deep Water Gunashli”, SOCAR, at http://socar.az/socar/en/activities/ production/azeri-chirag-deep-water-gunashli (last visited 20 November 2016).
Nigar Abbassova, “BP: Shah Deniz 2 Project 82 pct Complete”, Azernews, at http:// www.azernews.az/oil_and_gas/102652.html, (last visited 20 November 2016).
For More Information See: “Shah Deniz Stage Two, Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan”, at http:// www.offshore-technology.com/projects/shah-deniz-stage-2-caspian-sea/, (last visited 22 November 2016).
“В Азербайджане Есть Возможность Добывать Нефть и Газ Из Сланцев – SOCAR”, (Azerbaijan Has Opportunity to Extract Oil and Gas from Shale – SOCAR), Trend, at http://www.trend.az/business/energy/2389423.html, (last visited 22 November 2016).
Michael L. Faye, John W. McArthur, Jeffry D. Sachs and Thomas Snow, “The Challenges Facing Land-locked Developing Countries”, Journal of Human Development, Vol. 5, No 1, (2004), p. 45.
Rovshan Ibrahimov, “Azerbaijan Energy Strategy and the Importance of Diversification of Exported Transport Routes”, Journal of Qafqaz University, Qafqaz University, No 29 (2010), p. 25.
“Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum Gas Pipeline”, SOCAR, at http://www.socar.az/socar/en/ activities/transportation/baku-tbilisi-erzurum-gas-pipeline, (last visited 25 November 2016).
Rovshan Ibrahimov, “Газовая Политика» Азербайджана как Страны без Выхода в Мировой Океан”, (“Gas Policy“of Azerbaijan as a Country without Exit to the World Ocean), 1news.az, at http://1news.az/analytics/20120526014613059.html, (last visited 25 November 2016).
Ильхам Алиев: “«Шахдениз» Является Единственным Ресурсным Источником для «Южного Газового Коридора», (Ilham Aliyev: “Shah Deniz” is the only Source for the “Southern Gas Corridor”), 1news.az, at http://www.1news.az/ chronicle/20150317072707068.html, (last visited 25 November, 2016).
“TAP at a Glance”, TAP, at http://www.tap-ag.com/the-pipeline, (last visited 25 November 2016).
“Балканские Страны Построят Два Новых Газопровода”, (The Balkan Countries Will Construct Two New Gas Pipelines), Деловая Газета Взгляд, (Business Newspaper View), at http://www.russia.ru/news/economy/2013/5/24/11973.html, (last visited 25 November, 2016).
“SOCAR Energy Georgia”, SOCAR Georgia, at http://www.socar.ge/page. php?lang=eng&page=00, (last visited 26 November 2016).
“Kulevi Oil and Oil Products` Transhipment Marine Terminal and Port”, at http:// kulevioilterminal.com/public/Brochure/Brochure_2013.PDF, (last visited 26 November 2016).
“SOCAR Обеспечивает Около 90% Поставок Газа Грузии – Ровнаг Абдуллаев”, (SOCAR Provides About 90% of Georgia’s Gas Supply - Rovnag Abdullayev), Salamnews, at http://ru.salamnews.org/ru/news/read/173685#sthash.O7rqk0Yf.dpuf (last visited 26 November, 2016).
“ГНКАР Намерена Приобрести Нефтеперерабатывающий Завод в Европе”, (SOCAR Intends to Purchase Oil Refinery in Europe), 1news.az, at http://www.1news. az/economy/20080925104535367.html, (last visited 26 November 2016).
SOCAR, “Construction of the oil Refinery for Petkim to be 40% Cheaper Than Construction of the Oil Refinery in Ceyhan”, Abs.az, at http://abc.az/eng/news/35592. html, (last visited 26 November 2016).
Merve Erdil, “Star Refinery Online by March 2018: Socar Turkey Chief ”, Hürriyet Daily News, 16 June 2015.
“Azeri SOCAR interested in buying OMV’s Turkish subsidiary”, Reuters, at http://www. reuters.com/article/azerbaijan-socar-omv-idUSL8N18T3Z6, (last visited 26 November 2016).
“OMV Petrol Ofisi Agrees Sale of Aliaga Terminal to SOCAR for Further Improvement of OMV Petrol Ofisi’s Terminal Network Efficiency”, at http://www.omv.com/portal/ generic-list/display?lang=en&contentId=125577234478221, (last visited 26 November, 2016).
“SOCAR Investment in Turkey to Exceed $18 Billion”, Azernews, at http://www. azernews.az/oil_and_gas/106550.html (last visited 25 December 2016).
“Нефть в мире, Туркменистан”, (Oil in the world, Turkmenistan), at http://www. nefte.ru/oilworld/s2.htm, (last visited 27 November 2016).
“Нефтегазовая Отрасль Туркменистана”, (Oil and Gas Industry of Turkmenistan), at http://www.rpi-research.com/content/Sample_OG_Turkmenistan_rus.pdf, (last visited 27 November 2016).
“Малазийская Компания «Петронас» Начинает Промышленную Добычу Нефти в Туркменском Секторе Каспия”, (Malaysian Petronas Company Begins Industrial Oil Production in the Turkmen Sector of the Caspian Sea), at http://energylaws-tm. sitecity.ru/ltext_2503082544.phtml?p_ident=ltext_2503082544.p_0607093815, (last visited 27 November 2016).
Oleg Lukin, “Ключи от Подземных Кладовых”, (Keys from Underground Pantries), International Magazine Turkmenistan, No 11 (2010), at http://www.turkmenistaninfo. ru/?page_id=6&type=article&elem_id=page_6/magazine_110/971&lang_id=ru, (last visited 27 November 2016).
“«Багтыярлык» - Территория Стратегического Взаимодействия”, (“Bagtyyarlyk” - Territory of Strategic Interaction), at http://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/?id=8303, (last visited 27 November 2016).
Huseyn Hasanov, “Добыча Газа в Туркменистане Выросла на 5%”, (Gas Production in Turkmenistan Grew by 5%), Trend, at http://www.trend.az/business/energy/2372196. html, (last visited 27 November 2016).
“Iran Lobbies its Interests in Turkmenistan”, Caspianbarrel, at http://caspianbarrel. org/?p=30051, (last visited 27 November 2016).
“Новые Газопроводы Туркмении Ускоряют Раздел Газового Рынка Евразии”, (New Gas Pipelines of Turkmenistan Accelerate the Section of the Gas Market of Eurasia), at http://www.rodon.org/polit-100127124917, (last visited 27 November 2016).
“New Turkmenistan - Iran Gas Pipeline Launched”, at http://www.turkmenistan. ru/?page_id=3&lang_id=en&elem_id=16118&type=event&sort=date_desc, (last visited 20 December 2016).
Manish Vaid and Sanjay Kar, “TAPI Pipeline Progresses, but Future Uncertain”, at http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-114/issue-5/transportation/tapi-pipeline- progresses-but-future-uncertain.html (last visited 24 December 2016).
Huseyn Hasanov, “Turkmenistan Completing East-West Gas Pipeline Construction”, Trend, at http://en.trend.az/business/energy/2468538.html (last visited 24 December 2016).
Casey Michel, “Chatter Surrounds Turkmenistan’s Gas Export Plans”, Diplomat, http:// thediplomat.com/2016/06/chatter-surrounds-turkmenistans-gas-export-plans/, (last visited 25 December 2016).
The UN General Assembly Unanimously Adopted a Resolution “Reliable and Stable Transit of Energy and its Role in Ensuring Sustainable Development and International Cooperation”, Official Site of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan, at http:// www.mfa.gov.tm/en/news-en/133-the-un-general-assembly-unanimously-adopted- a-resolution-reliable-and-stable-transit-of-energy-and-its-role-in-ensuring- sustainable-development-and-international-cooperation, (last visited 25 December 2016).
Ibrahımov, R. (2017). Energy and Power Politics in the Cases of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 131-152.
AMA
Ibrahımov R. Energy and Power Politics in the Cases of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. PERCEPTIONS. August 2017;22(2):131-152.
Chicago
Ibrahımov, Rovshan. “Energy and Power Politics in the Cases of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 22, no. 2 (August 2017): 131-52.
EndNote
Ibrahımov R (August 1, 2017) Energy and Power Politics in the Cases of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 22 2 131–152.
IEEE
R. Ibrahımov, “Energy and Power Politics in the Cases of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan”, PERCEPTIONS, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 131–152, 2017.
ISNAD
Ibrahımov, Rovshan. “Energy and Power Politics in the Cases of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 22/2 (August 2017), 131-152.
JAMA
Ibrahımov R. Energy and Power Politics in the Cases of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. PERCEPTIONS. 2017;22:131–152.
MLA
Ibrahımov, Rovshan. “Energy and Power Politics in the Cases of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, vol. 22, no. 2, 2017, pp. 131-52.
Vancouver
Ibrahımov R. Energy and Power Politics in the Cases of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. PERCEPTIONS. 2017;22(2):131-52.