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The Turkey-Armenia-Azerbaijan Triangle: The Unexpected Outcomes of the Zurich Protocols

Year 2013, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 185 - 221, 01.05.2013

Abstract

The Turkish-Armenian rapprochement process generated serious concerns in Azerbaijan, at both the public and governmental levels. The particular worry was how the improvement in Turkish-Armenian relations would affect the resolution of the Azerbaijani- Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. The immediate cause of the closure of the Turkish-Armenian border was Armenia’s 1993 occupation of Kelbajar, one of the seven adjunct districts to Azerbaijan’s Nagorno-Karabakh region. Baku’s resistance to the normalisation process was and is based on the argument that the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and the opening of the Turkish- Armenian border should, given their connection, move forward in parallel. The normalisation process saw an agreement to establish mutual diplomatic recognition, culminating in the Zurich Protocols in October 2009, signed in the presence of the Russian, French and Swiss foreign ministers and the US Secretary of State. However, neither party has ratified the protocols, and the process has essentially been frozen pending progress on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Six months after the signing, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s declaration that Turkish parliamentary ratification was contingent on the conflict resolution progress prompted condemnation from the Armenian side, and an official

References

  • The full text of President Sargsyan’s statement is available at http://www.armenianweekly. com/2010/04/22/president-sarkisian-announces-suspension-of-protocols/ [last visited 21 December 2012].
  • Paule Goble, “Azerbaijan after Georgia: Ten Shattered Assumptions of Azerbaijani Foreign Policy”, ADA Biweekly, Vol. 1, No. 14-15 (1 September 2008).
  • Mamuka Tsereteli, The Impact of the Russia-Georgia War on the South Caucasus Transportation Corridor, Washington DC, Jamestown Foundation Publication, 2009, p. 13.
  • Andrew Kramer, “Peace Plan Offers Russia a Rationale to Advance”, New York Times, 13 August 2008.
  • “Bush condemns ‘bullying’ Russia”, BBC News, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/ europe/7563452.stm [last visited 21 January 2012].
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Policy of Zero Problems with our Neighbors”, at http://www.mfa.gov.tr/policy-of-zero-problems-with-our-neighbors.en.mfa [last visited 22 December 2012].
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  • Igor Torbakov, The Georgian Crisis and Russia–Turkey Relations, Washington DC, Jamestown Foundation Publication, 2008, p. 23.
  • Zaur Shiriyev’s interview with Georgian political analyst Professor Ghia Nodia, 16 August 2011, Tbilisi, Georgia.
  • Igor Torbakov, “Russia and Turkish-Armenian Normalization: Competing Interests in the South Caucasus”, Insight Turkey, Vol. 12, No. 2 (April- June 2010), pp. 31-39.
  • Archive of the US State Department, “1993 UN Security Council Resolutions on Nagorno- Karabakh”, at http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eur/rls/or/13508.htm [last visited 27 December 2012].
  • “Turkish-Armenian Secret Talks Wiretapped”, Musavat, at http://www.musavat.com/new/ G%C3%BCnd%C9%99m/51432-T%C3%9CRK%C4%B0Y%C6%8F-ERM%C6%8F N%C4%B0STAN_G%C4%B0ZL%C4%B0_DANI%C5%9EIQLARI_D%C4%B0NL %C6%8FN%C4%B0L%C4%B0B [last visited 20 January 2012].
  • “Erdoğan in Bid to Mend Fences with Baku”, Today’s Zaman, 13 May 2009.
  • “Erdoğan Puts Baku’s Armenia Concerns to Rest”, Today’s Zaman, 14 May 2009.
  • “Azerbaijan Seeks to Thwart Turkish-Armenian Rapprochement”, RFE/RL, at http:// www.rferl.org/content/Azerbaijan_Seeks_To_Thwart_TurkishArmenian_Rapprochement/ 1603256.html [last visited 26 December 2012].
  • Hasan Selim Özertem, “The Impasse in Turkish-Armenian Relations, Armenia 2010: Previous Activities Future Prospects”, Tehran, University of Tehran, at http://www.usak.org. tr/EN/makale.asp?id=1679 last visited 26 December 2012].
  • “Abdullah Gül’den Önemli Açıklamalar”, Yeni Şafak, 29 April 2009.
  • Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Joint Statement of The Ministries of Foreign Affairs of The Republic of Turkey, The Republic of Armenia and The Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs”, at http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-56_-22-april-2009_-press- release-regarding-the-turkish-armenian-relations.en.mfa. [lat visited 10 January 2013].
  • President’s Library, Ilham Aliyev’s Meetings in 2009, p. 89, at http://files.preslib.az/site/ ialiyev/2009.pdf [last visited 3 January 2013].
  • “Armeniya Vidit Reseniya Karabaxskom Probleme Tolko v Ramkax Minskoy Gruppu”- (Armenia sees Resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict on the Framework of OSCE Minsk Group), News Armenia, 27 April 2009.
  • “MPs Accuse Ankara of Treachery”, Azadliq Radiosu, at http://www.azadliq.org/content/ article/1606342.html [last visited 3 January 2013].
  • “Azerbaijani MP’s visit Bahçeli”, Cihan Haber Ajansı, at http://www.haberler.com/azeri- milletvekilleri-bahceli-yi-ziyaret-etti-haberi/ [last visited 4 January 2013].
  • “Azerbaijani Opposition Leaders Believes in Ankara’s Statements on Impossibility of Opening Turkey-Armenia Border Without Solving Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict”, APA, at http://az.apa.az/news.php?id=151162 [last visited 4 January 2013].
  • “Türkiye’den Ermenistan’a Geçen yıl 11 bin Tır Sefer Yapmıştır”, Bakı Haber, at http://baki- xeber.com/2009/03/04/get=24374 [last visited 5 January 2013].
  • OSCE/ODIHR, Election Observation Mission Final Report: Republic of Azerbaijan, Presidential Election, at http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/azerbaijan/35625 [last visited 4 January 2013].
  • “Government and Pro-Government Media are against Turkey’’, Azadlıq Daily, 10 April 2009.
  • See, “AKP Betrays Azerbaijan”, Yeni Musavat, at http://www.musavat.com/new/wapread. php?news_id=47910 [last visited 5 January 2013].
  • Ismayıl Musayev, Azerbaijan’s Foreign Policy (20th Century), Vol. 1, Baku, Economic University Publication, 2001, p. 226.
  • Sedat Laçiner, “Russia Dupes Azerbaijan?”, USAK, at http://www.usak.org.tr/EN/makale. asp?id=962 [last visited 4 January 2013].
  • Cengiz Çandar, “Does Azerbaijan Follow ‘One Nation-Two States’ Concept?”, Hürriyet, 23 April 2009.
  • “Is Turkey Sinner?”, Azadlıg Daily, 11 April 2009.
  • Konul Shamilgizi, “Why Azerbaijan Don’t Recognize PKK as Terrorist Organization?”
  • Mediaforum, at http://www.mediaforum.az/az/2009/05/21/ AZ%C6%8FRBAYCAN-N%C4%B0Y%C6%8F-PKK-n%C4%B1-TERRO%C3%87U- T%C6%8F%C5%9EK%C4%B0LAT-K%C4%B0M%C4%B0-TANIMIR-061018677c. html [last visited 5 January 2013].
  • “8 Million Azerbaijan have, 70 million Turkey Haven’t National Interest?”, Mediaforum, at http://www.mediaforum.az/articles.php?article_id=20090313074421596&page=02&lang =az [last visited 5 January 2013].
  • Leyla Aliyeva, “Historic Breakthrough Controversies: Will Azerbaijani Lands be Free Soon?”, Today’s Zaman, 10 November 2009.
  • “Regionda Proseslər dəyişir”, Şərq Qəzeti, updated version published 25 December 2009, at http://www.sherg.az/2009/12/25/read=24155 [last visited 5 January 2013].
  • Fariz Ismailzade, “Azerbaijan Nervously Watching Turkish-Armenian Rapprochement”, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Vol. 6, No. 166 (11 September 2009).
  • “En Yaxın Müttəfiqimizi Ermənistanda Itirəcəyimiz Doğrudurmu”, Bizim Yol, 8 April 2009.
  • “Turkish Government’s Betrayal of the People of Azerbaijan”, Olaylar Daily, 8 April 2009.
  • “Would Turkey Betray?”, Yeni Azerbaijan, 9 April 2009.
  • Interview with Ilham Aliyev, at http://www.day.az/news/politics/176095.html [last visited 6 January 2013].
  • Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan”, at http://old.mfa.gov.az/eng/index.php?option=com_ content&task=view&id=580&Itemid=1 [last visited 7 January 2013].
  • “Turkey Repeats Azerbaijan Condition to Normalize Armenia Ties”, Hürriyet Daily News, 11 October 2009.
  • “Azeri Experts Comment on Turkish-Armenian Rapprochement”, UNDP, at http://www. un-az.org/undp/bulnews75/A4.php [last visited 7 January 2013].
  • “Diplomatic Coup at Football Match”, BBC News, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/ europe/8307259.stm [last visited 7 January 2013].
  • “Bahçeli’nin Azerbaycan Eleştirisi”, Posta Gazetesi, 20 October 2009
  • “Russia to Prolong Military Presence in Armenia”, Armenian Weekly, 18 August 2010.
  • “Azerbaijani President No Fan of Turkey’s AKP, Say US Diplomats”, Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review, 29 November 2010.
  • Through Peace and War, New York, NYU Press, 2003.
  • “Turk Says Russia is Tangled in Caucasus War”, New York Times, 15 April 1993.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Joint Statement of The Ministries of Foreign Affairs of The Republic of Turkey, The Republic of Armenia and The Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs”, at http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-56_-22-april-2009_-press- release-regarding-the-turkish-armenian-relations.en.mfa [last visited 28 January 2013].
  • The protocols are available at http://www.mfa.gov.tr/sub.en.mfa?93e41cc9-832f-4ec7-a629- a920bfdbb432.
  • See, the two US Department of State statements that opened this article, as well as, “President Serzh Sargsyan met in Prague with the President of Turkey, Abdullah Gül”, Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia ,at http://www.president.am/en/press-release/ item/2009/05/07/news-511/ [last visited 03 February 2013].
  • See, for example, Charles Recknagel and Andrew Tully, “Turkey Signals Opening to Armenia Must Include Nagorno-Karabakh Process”, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, at http://www.rferl.org/content/Turkey_Signals_Opening_To_Armenia_Must_Include_ NagornoKarabakh_Progress/1613844.html [last visited 21 January 2012]; “Turkey Still Committed to Preconditions in Armenia Talks”, Asbarez, at http://asbarez.com/68790/ turkey-%e2%80%98still-committed%e2%80%99-to-armenia-talks-with-preconditions/ [last visited 22 January 2012].
  • See, for example, “Little Fun for Soccer Fans, Giant Leap for Rapprochement”, Today’s Zaman, 13 October 2009.
  • The last publicly available statement of the Basic Principles is the Organization for the Security and Cooperation in Europe, “Statement by the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chair Countries”, at http://www.osce.org/item/51152 [last visited 20 January 2013].
  • The text of the constitutional court’s ruling is available at http://www.concourt.am/english/ decisions/common/pdf/850.pdf [last visited 08 January 2013]; The text of Armenia’s declaration of independence is available at http://www.gov.am/en/independence/ [last visited 08 January 2013].
  • “Joint press conference of Ilham Aliyev and Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was held”, at http://en.president.az/articles/6053 [last visited 27 December 2012].
  • See, U.S. Department of State, “The U.S. Relationship With Central Europe Under the Obama Administration”, at http://www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/rm/2011/157707.htm [last visited 12 January 2013]; “The United States and Turkey: A View from the Obama Administration”, at www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/rm/2010/138446.htm [last visited 12 January 2013].
  • To these justifications might be added two others that could help explain US support for dropping conditionality: responsiveness to domestic lobbying and a possible opportunity to shift the balance of influence in the Caucasus away from Russia and toward the West. These, however, have not been publicly articulated justifications.
  • See, Thomas de Waal, “Armenia and Turkey: Bridging the Gap”, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, at http://carnegieendowment.org/2010/10/05/armenia-and-turkey- bridging-gap/22p [last visited 25 January 2013].
  • On the “constructive ambiguity” of the Basic Principles, see, Thomas de Waal, “The Karabakh Trap: Dangers and Dilemmas of the Nagorny Karabakh Conflict”, Conciliation Resources, December 2008, p. 10.
  • See, for instance, the discussion of “interim status” in, Conciliation Resources, “Beyond Exclusion: Rethinking Approaches to Status in the Nagorno Karabakh Peace Process”, Discussion Paper (February 2012).
  • On problematising the issue of “return” and a discussion of restitution and other alternatives, see Gerard Toal, “Return and its Alternatives: International Law, Norms and Practices, and Dilemmas of Ethnocratic Power, Implementation, Justice and Development” and the other contributions in Forced Displacement in the Nagorny Karabakh Conflict: Return and its Alternatives, London, Conciliation Resources, August 2011.
  • See, Conciliation Resources, “Beyond Exclusion”, p. 7.
Year 2013, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 185 - 221, 01.05.2013

Abstract

References

  • The full text of President Sargsyan’s statement is available at http://www.armenianweekly. com/2010/04/22/president-sarkisian-announces-suspension-of-protocols/ [last visited 21 December 2012].
  • Paule Goble, “Azerbaijan after Georgia: Ten Shattered Assumptions of Azerbaijani Foreign Policy”, ADA Biweekly, Vol. 1, No. 14-15 (1 September 2008).
  • Mamuka Tsereteli, The Impact of the Russia-Georgia War on the South Caucasus Transportation Corridor, Washington DC, Jamestown Foundation Publication, 2009, p. 13.
  • Andrew Kramer, “Peace Plan Offers Russia a Rationale to Advance”, New York Times, 13 August 2008.
  • “Bush condemns ‘bullying’ Russia”, BBC News, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/ europe/7563452.stm [last visited 21 January 2012].
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Policy of Zero Problems with our Neighbors”, at http://www.mfa.gov.tr/policy-of-zero-problems-with-our-neighbors.en.mfa [last visited 22 December 2012].
  • Şaban Kardaş, “Turkey’s Push for Caucasus Stability and Cooperation Platform”, ADA Biweekly, at http://biweekly.ada.edu.az/issues/154/20090327042427262.html [last visited 20 January 2012].
  • Igor Torbakov, The Georgian Crisis and Russia–Turkey Relations, Washington DC, Jamestown Foundation Publication, 2008, p. 23.
  • Zaur Shiriyev’s interview with Georgian political analyst Professor Ghia Nodia, 16 August 2011, Tbilisi, Georgia.
  • Igor Torbakov, “Russia and Turkish-Armenian Normalization: Competing Interests in the South Caucasus”, Insight Turkey, Vol. 12, No. 2 (April- June 2010), pp. 31-39.
  • Archive of the US State Department, “1993 UN Security Council Resolutions on Nagorno- Karabakh”, at http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eur/rls/or/13508.htm [last visited 27 December 2012].
  • “Turkish-Armenian Secret Talks Wiretapped”, Musavat, at http://www.musavat.com/new/ G%C3%BCnd%C9%99m/51432-T%C3%9CRK%C4%B0Y%C6%8F-ERM%C6%8F N%C4%B0STAN_G%C4%B0ZL%C4%B0_DANI%C5%9EIQLARI_D%C4%B0NL %C6%8FN%C4%B0L%C4%B0B [last visited 20 January 2012].
  • “Erdoğan in Bid to Mend Fences with Baku”, Today’s Zaman, 13 May 2009.
  • “Erdoğan Puts Baku’s Armenia Concerns to Rest”, Today’s Zaman, 14 May 2009.
  • “Azerbaijan Seeks to Thwart Turkish-Armenian Rapprochement”, RFE/RL, at http:// www.rferl.org/content/Azerbaijan_Seeks_To_Thwart_TurkishArmenian_Rapprochement/ 1603256.html [last visited 26 December 2012].
  • Hasan Selim Özertem, “The Impasse in Turkish-Armenian Relations, Armenia 2010: Previous Activities Future Prospects”, Tehran, University of Tehran, at http://www.usak.org. tr/EN/makale.asp?id=1679 last visited 26 December 2012].
  • “Abdullah Gül’den Önemli Açıklamalar”, Yeni Şafak, 29 April 2009.
  • Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Joint Statement of The Ministries of Foreign Affairs of The Republic of Turkey, The Republic of Armenia and The Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs”, at http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-56_-22-april-2009_-press- release-regarding-the-turkish-armenian-relations.en.mfa. [lat visited 10 January 2013].
  • President’s Library, Ilham Aliyev’s Meetings in 2009, p. 89, at http://files.preslib.az/site/ ialiyev/2009.pdf [last visited 3 January 2013].
  • “Armeniya Vidit Reseniya Karabaxskom Probleme Tolko v Ramkax Minskoy Gruppu”- (Armenia sees Resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict on the Framework of OSCE Minsk Group), News Armenia, 27 April 2009.
  • “MPs Accuse Ankara of Treachery”, Azadliq Radiosu, at http://www.azadliq.org/content/ article/1606342.html [last visited 3 January 2013].
  • “Azerbaijani MP’s visit Bahçeli”, Cihan Haber Ajansı, at http://www.haberler.com/azeri- milletvekilleri-bahceli-yi-ziyaret-etti-haberi/ [last visited 4 January 2013].
  • “Azerbaijani Opposition Leaders Believes in Ankara’s Statements on Impossibility of Opening Turkey-Armenia Border Without Solving Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict”, APA, at http://az.apa.az/news.php?id=151162 [last visited 4 January 2013].
  • “Türkiye’den Ermenistan’a Geçen yıl 11 bin Tır Sefer Yapmıştır”, Bakı Haber, at http://baki- xeber.com/2009/03/04/get=24374 [last visited 5 January 2013].
  • OSCE/ODIHR, Election Observation Mission Final Report: Republic of Azerbaijan, Presidential Election, at http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/azerbaijan/35625 [last visited 4 January 2013].
  • “Government and Pro-Government Media are against Turkey’’, Azadlıq Daily, 10 April 2009.
  • See, “AKP Betrays Azerbaijan”, Yeni Musavat, at http://www.musavat.com/new/wapread. php?news_id=47910 [last visited 5 January 2013].
  • Ismayıl Musayev, Azerbaijan’s Foreign Policy (20th Century), Vol. 1, Baku, Economic University Publication, 2001, p. 226.
  • Sedat Laçiner, “Russia Dupes Azerbaijan?”, USAK, at http://www.usak.org.tr/EN/makale. asp?id=962 [last visited 4 January 2013].
  • Cengiz Çandar, “Does Azerbaijan Follow ‘One Nation-Two States’ Concept?”, Hürriyet, 23 April 2009.
  • “Is Turkey Sinner?”, Azadlıg Daily, 11 April 2009.
  • Konul Shamilgizi, “Why Azerbaijan Don’t Recognize PKK as Terrorist Organization?”
  • Mediaforum, at http://www.mediaforum.az/az/2009/05/21/ AZ%C6%8FRBAYCAN-N%C4%B0Y%C6%8F-PKK-n%C4%B1-TERRO%C3%87U- T%C6%8F%C5%9EK%C4%B0LAT-K%C4%B0M%C4%B0-TANIMIR-061018677c. html [last visited 5 January 2013].
  • “8 Million Azerbaijan have, 70 million Turkey Haven’t National Interest?”, Mediaforum, at http://www.mediaforum.az/articles.php?article_id=20090313074421596&page=02&lang =az [last visited 5 January 2013].
  • Leyla Aliyeva, “Historic Breakthrough Controversies: Will Azerbaijani Lands be Free Soon?”, Today’s Zaman, 10 November 2009.
  • “Regionda Proseslər dəyişir”, Şərq Qəzeti, updated version published 25 December 2009, at http://www.sherg.az/2009/12/25/read=24155 [last visited 5 January 2013].
  • Fariz Ismailzade, “Azerbaijan Nervously Watching Turkish-Armenian Rapprochement”, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Vol. 6, No. 166 (11 September 2009).
  • “En Yaxın Müttəfiqimizi Ermənistanda Itirəcəyimiz Doğrudurmu”, Bizim Yol, 8 April 2009.
  • “Turkish Government’s Betrayal of the People of Azerbaijan”, Olaylar Daily, 8 April 2009.
  • “Would Turkey Betray?”, Yeni Azerbaijan, 9 April 2009.
  • Interview with Ilham Aliyev, at http://www.day.az/news/politics/176095.html [last visited 6 January 2013].
  • Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan”, at http://old.mfa.gov.az/eng/index.php?option=com_ content&task=view&id=580&Itemid=1 [last visited 7 January 2013].
  • “Turkey Repeats Azerbaijan Condition to Normalize Armenia Ties”, Hürriyet Daily News, 11 October 2009.
  • “Azeri Experts Comment on Turkish-Armenian Rapprochement”, UNDP, at http://www. un-az.org/undp/bulnews75/A4.php [last visited 7 January 2013].
  • “Diplomatic Coup at Football Match”, BBC News, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/ europe/8307259.stm [last visited 7 January 2013].
  • “Bahçeli’nin Azerbaycan Eleştirisi”, Posta Gazetesi, 20 October 2009
  • “Russia to Prolong Military Presence in Armenia”, Armenian Weekly, 18 August 2010.
  • “Azerbaijani President No Fan of Turkey’s AKP, Say US Diplomats”, Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review, 29 November 2010.
  • Through Peace and War, New York, NYU Press, 2003.
  • “Turk Says Russia is Tangled in Caucasus War”, New York Times, 15 April 1993.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Joint Statement of The Ministries of Foreign Affairs of The Republic of Turkey, The Republic of Armenia and The Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs”, at http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-56_-22-april-2009_-press- release-regarding-the-turkish-armenian-relations.en.mfa [last visited 28 January 2013].
  • The protocols are available at http://www.mfa.gov.tr/sub.en.mfa?93e41cc9-832f-4ec7-a629- a920bfdbb432.
  • See, the two US Department of State statements that opened this article, as well as, “President Serzh Sargsyan met in Prague with the President of Turkey, Abdullah Gül”, Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia ,at http://www.president.am/en/press-release/ item/2009/05/07/news-511/ [last visited 03 February 2013].
  • See, for example, Charles Recknagel and Andrew Tully, “Turkey Signals Opening to Armenia Must Include Nagorno-Karabakh Process”, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, at http://www.rferl.org/content/Turkey_Signals_Opening_To_Armenia_Must_Include_ NagornoKarabakh_Progress/1613844.html [last visited 21 January 2012]; “Turkey Still Committed to Preconditions in Armenia Talks”, Asbarez, at http://asbarez.com/68790/ turkey-%e2%80%98still-committed%e2%80%99-to-armenia-talks-with-preconditions/ [last visited 22 January 2012].
  • See, for example, “Little Fun for Soccer Fans, Giant Leap for Rapprochement”, Today’s Zaman, 13 October 2009.
  • The last publicly available statement of the Basic Principles is the Organization for the Security and Cooperation in Europe, “Statement by the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chair Countries”, at http://www.osce.org/item/51152 [last visited 20 January 2013].
  • The text of the constitutional court’s ruling is available at http://www.concourt.am/english/ decisions/common/pdf/850.pdf [last visited 08 January 2013]; The text of Armenia’s declaration of independence is available at http://www.gov.am/en/independence/ [last visited 08 January 2013].
  • “Joint press conference of Ilham Aliyev and Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was held”, at http://en.president.az/articles/6053 [last visited 27 December 2012].
  • See, U.S. Department of State, “The U.S. Relationship With Central Europe Under the Obama Administration”, at http://www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/rm/2011/157707.htm [last visited 12 January 2013]; “The United States and Turkey: A View from the Obama Administration”, at www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/rm/2010/138446.htm [last visited 12 January 2013].
  • To these justifications might be added two others that could help explain US support for dropping conditionality: responsiveness to domestic lobbying and a possible opportunity to shift the balance of influence in the Caucasus away from Russia and toward the West. These, however, have not been publicly articulated justifications.
  • See, Thomas de Waal, “Armenia and Turkey: Bridging the Gap”, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, at http://carnegieendowment.org/2010/10/05/armenia-and-turkey- bridging-gap/22p [last visited 25 January 2013].
  • On the “constructive ambiguity” of the Basic Principles, see, Thomas de Waal, “The Karabakh Trap: Dangers and Dilemmas of the Nagorny Karabakh Conflict”, Conciliation Resources, December 2008, p. 10.
  • See, for instance, the discussion of “interim status” in, Conciliation Resources, “Beyond Exclusion: Rethinking Approaches to Status in the Nagorno Karabakh Peace Process”, Discussion Paper (February 2012).
  • On problematising the issue of “return” and a discussion of restitution and other alternatives, see Gerard Toal, “Return and its Alternatives: International Law, Norms and Practices, and Dilemmas of Ethnocratic Power, Implementation, Justice and Development” and the other contributions in Forced Displacement in the Nagorny Karabakh Conflict: Return and its Alternatives, London, Conciliation Resources, August 2011.
  • See, Conciliation Resources, “Beyond Exclusion”, p. 7.
There are 65 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zaur Shırıyev This is me

Celia Davıes This is me

Publication Date May 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 18 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Shırıyev, Z., & Davıes, C. (2013). The Turkey-Armenia-Azerbaijan Triangle: The Unexpected Outcomes of the Zurich Protocols. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, 18(1), 185-221.
AMA Shırıyev Z, Davıes C. The Turkey-Armenia-Azerbaijan Triangle: The Unexpected Outcomes of the Zurich Protocols. PERCEPTIONS. May 2013;18(1):185-221.
Chicago Shırıyev, Zaur, and Celia Davıes. “The Turkey-Armenia-Azerbaijan Triangle: The Unexpected Outcomes of the Zurich Protocols”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 18, no. 1 (May 2013): 185-221.
EndNote Shırıyev Z, Davıes C (May 1, 2013) The Turkey-Armenia-Azerbaijan Triangle: The Unexpected Outcomes of the Zurich Protocols. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 18 1 185–221.
IEEE Z. Shırıyev and C. Davıes, “The Turkey-Armenia-Azerbaijan Triangle: The Unexpected Outcomes of the Zurich Protocols”, PERCEPTIONS, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 185–221, 2013.
ISNAD Shırıyev, Zaur - Davıes, Celia. “The Turkey-Armenia-Azerbaijan Triangle: The Unexpected Outcomes of the Zurich Protocols”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 18/1 (May 2013), 185-221.
JAMA Shırıyev Z, Davıes C. The Turkey-Armenia-Azerbaijan Triangle: The Unexpected Outcomes of the Zurich Protocols. PERCEPTIONS. 2013;18:185–221.
MLA Shırıyev, Zaur and Celia Davıes. “The Turkey-Armenia-Azerbaijan Triangle: The Unexpected Outcomes of the Zurich Protocols”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, vol. 18, no. 1, 2013, pp. 185-21.
Vancouver Shırıyev Z, Davıes C. The Turkey-Armenia-Azerbaijan Triangle: The Unexpected Outcomes of the Zurich Protocols. PERCEPTIONS. 2013;18(1):185-221.