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Year 1997, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 0 - 0, 01.03.1997

Abstract

References

  • Anderson, M.S. (1970), The Eastern Question, 1774-1923, A study in International Relations, reprint 1968, London.
  • Anderson, M.S. (1958-59), 'The Great Powers and the Russian Annexation of the Crimea, 1783-4', Slavonic and East European Review, XXXVII, pp. 17-41.
  • Anderson, M.S. (1958), Britain's Discovery of Russia, 1551-1815, London.
  • Akurgal, Ekrem (1993), Ancient Civilisations and Ruins of Turkey, 8th edn., _stanbul.
  • Bayar, Y.H. (1995), Türkiye Devletinin D__ Siyasas_, 2. Bask_, Ankara.
  • Bayar, Y.H. (1963-67), Türk _nk_lab_ Tarihi, 4 Vols, Ankara.
  • Beer, A. (1883), Die orientalische Politik österreichs seit 1774, Prague.
  • Cevdet Tarihi, Vols. XI and XVII, new edition _stanbul Howard, H.N. (1931), The Partition of Turkey: A Diplomatic History, 1913-1923, Norman.
  • Hurewitz, J.C. (1961-62), 'Russia and the Turkish Straits: a Revaluation of the Origins of the Problem', World Politics, XIV, pp. 605
  • Hurewitz, J.C. (1961), 'Ottoman Diplomacy and the European State System', Middle East Journal, Spring, pp. 141-52.
  • Hurewitz, J.C. (1956) Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East, A Documentary Record: 1914-1956, 2 Vols, Princeton.
  • Langer, W.L. (1951), The Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1890-1902, New York.
  • Langer, W.L. (1950), European Alliances and Alignments, 1871-1840, New York.
  • Molden, E. (1913), Die Orient politik des Fürsten Metternich, 1829-1833, Vienna.
  • Mosely, P.E. (1934), Russian Diplomacy and the opening of the Eastern Question in 1832 and 1839, Cambridge, Mass.
  • Mumcu, A. (1988), Tarih aç_s_ndan Türk Devriminin Temelleri ve Geli_imi, _stanbul.
  • Naff, T. (1960), Ottoman Diplomacy and the Great European Powers, 1797-1802, London Ph.D. thesis.
  • Puryear, V.J. (1931), England, Russia and the Straits Question, 1844-1856, Berkeley.
  • Sorel, A. (1902), La Question d'Orient an XVIII siecle, Paris.
  • Soysal, I. (1993), Türk D__ Politikas_ _ncelemeleri için K_lavuz (1919-1993), _stanbul: an important guide for the literature on the subject in Turkish.
  • Temperley, H.W. (1964), England and the Near East: The Crimea, London.
  • Temperley, H.W. (1925), The Foreign Policy of Canning, 1822-7, London.
  • Toynbee, Arnold J. (1922), The Western Question in Greece and Turkey, London.
  • Tuncer, H. (1996), Metternich'in Osmanl_ Politikas_, (1815-1848), Ankara.
  • For the Ottoman Empire's economic relations with Europe now see _nalc_k, H. and Quataert, D. (ed.) (1994), An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Cambridge University Press.
  • For Ottomans and the European state system, see _nalc_k, H. (1993), The Middle East and the Balkans under the Ottoman Empire
  • Bloomington; _nalc_k,, H. (1973), The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, 1300-1600, London; Vaughan, D.M. (1954), Europe and the Turk, A Pattern of Alliances, Liverpool. von Srbik, H.R. (1925), 'Metternichs Plan der Neuordnung Europe 1815/15', Mitteilungen des österreichischen Instituts für
  • Geschichtsforschung, 60, pp. 109-126; Schmals, H.W. (1940), Versuche einer gesarnteuropalischen Organisation, 1815-1820, Aarau
  • Tuncer, H. (1996), Metternich'in Osmanl_ Politikas_ (1815-1848), Ankara. This study in Turkish with a complete bibliography has largely been followed in this paper; its version in German is expected to be published in 1997.
  • Tarih-i Cevdet, 2nd edition _stanbul, vol.XI, 1309 H., pp. 156-161, 181.

TURKEY AND EUROPE:A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Year 1997, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 0 - 0, 01.03.1997

Abstract

The earliest known Neolithic site of Hac_lar and Çatalhöyük, dating back to 7000BC "stands out as an incomparable prehistoric centre of culture. It was here that man created one of his first great works of art" Prof. Dr. Ekrem Akurgal, Ancient Civilisations, p. 3 . Agriculture was then practised, as revealed by the excavations. Anatolian civilisation seems to have been retarded and remained at the stage of a village civilisation until 2500BC when the Bronze Age started with the Hatti. The Hatti gave their name to Asia Minor which was then called the Land of the Hatti. Before the Hittites, an Indo-European people, began to arrive from 2200BC, the Hatti had reached a high level of urban civilisation, writing in cuneiform from the beginning of the eighteenth century BC. The Hatti's cultural influence, particularly in religion and state organisation on the Old Hittite Kingdom 1750- 1450BC , was paramount. The Hatti language was different from all other Near Eastern languages. In its basic structure it has common characteristics with the Altaic or Turkic language family.

References

  • Anderson, M.S. (1970), The Eastern Question, 1774-1923, A study in International Relations, reprint 1968, London.
  • Anderson, M.S. (1958-59), 'The Great Powers and the Russian Annexation of the Crimea, 1783-4', Slavonic and East European Review, XXXVII, pp. 17-41.
  • Anderson, M.S. (1958), Britain's Discovery of Russia, 1551-1815, London.
  • Akurgal, Ekrem (1993), Ancient Civilisations and Ruins of Turkey, 8th edn., _stanbul.
  • Bayar, Y.H. (1995), Türkiye Devletinin D__ Siyasas_, 2. Bask_, Ankara.
  • Bayar, Y.H. (1963-67), Türk _nk_lab_ Tarihi, 4 Vols, Ankara.
  • Beer, A. (1883), Die orientalische Politik österreichs seit 1774, Prague.
  • Cevdet Tarihi, Vols. XI and XVII, new edition _stanbul Howard, H.N. (1931), The Partition of Turkey: A Diplomatic History, 1913-1923, Norman.
  • Hurewitz, J.C. (1961-62), 'Russia and the Turkish Straits: a Revaluation of the Origins of the Problem', World Politics, XIV, pp. 605
  • Hurewitz, J.C. (1961), 'Ottoman Diplomacy and the European State System', Middle East Journal, Spring, pp. 141-52.
  • Hurewitz, J.C. (1956) Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East, A Documentary Record: 1914-1956, 2 Vols, Princeton.
  • Langer, W.L. (1951), The Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1890-1902, New York.
  • Langer, W.L. (1950), European Alliances and Alignments, 1871-1840, New York.
  • Molden, E. (1913), Die Orient politik des Fürsten Metternich, 1829-1833, Vienna.
  • Mosely, P.E. (1934), Russian Diplomacy and the opening of the Eastern Question in 1832 and 1839, Cambridge, Mass.
  • Mumcu, A. (1988), Tarih aç_s_ndan Türk Devriminin Temelleri ve Geli_imi, _stanbul.
  • Naff, T. (1960), Ottoman Diplomacy and the Great European Powers, 1797-1802, London Ph.D. thesis.
  • Puryear, V.J. (1931), England, Russia and the Straits Question, 1844-1856, Berkeley.
  • Sorel, A. (1902), La Question d'Orient an XVIII siecle, Paris.
  • Soysal, I. (1993), Türk D__ Politikas_ _ncelemeleri için K_lavuz (1919-1993), _stanbul: an important guide for the literature on the subject in Turkish.
  • Temperley, H.W. (1964), England and the Near East: The Crimea, London.
  • Temperley, H.W. (1925), The Foreign Policy of Canning, 1822-7, London.
  • Toynbee, Arnold J. (1922), The Western Question in Greece and Turkey, London.
  • Tuncer, H. (1996), Metternich'in Osmanl_ Politikas_, (1815-1848), Ankara.
  • For the Ottoman Empire's economic relations with Europe now see _nalc_k, H. and Quataert, D. (ed.) (1994), An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Cambridge University Press.
  • For Ottomans and the European state system, see _nalc_k, H. (1993), The Middle East and the Balkans under the Ottoman Empire
  • Bloomington; _nalc_k,, H. (1973), The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, 1300-1600, London; Vaughan, D.M. (1954), Europe and the Turk, A Pattern of Alliances, Liverpool. von Srbik, H.R. (1925), 'Metternichs Plan der Neuordnung Europe 1815/15', Mitteilungen des österreichischen Instituts für
  • Geschichtsforschung, 60, pp. 109-126; Schmals, H.W. (1940), Versuche einer gesarnteuropalischen Organisation, 1815-1820, Aarau
  • Tuncer, H. (1996), Metternich'in Osmanl_ Politikas_ (1815-1848), Ankara. This study in Turkish with a complete bibliography has largely been followed in this paper; its version in German is expected to be published in 1997.
  • Tarih-i Cevdet, 2nd edition _stanbul, vol.XI, 1309 H., pp. 156-161, 181.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Halil İnalcık This is me

Publication Date March 1, 1997
Published in Issue Year 1997 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA İnalcık, H. (1997). TURKEY AND EUROPE:A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, 2(1).
AMA İnalcık H. TURKEY AND EUROPE:A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. PERCEPTIONS. March 1997;2(1).
Chicago İnalcık, Halil. “TURKEY AND EUROPE:A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 2, no. 1 (March 1997).
EndNote İnalcık H (March 1, 1997) TURKEY AND EUROPE:A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 2 1
IEEE H. İnalcık, “TURKEY AND EUROPE:A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE”, PERCEPTIONS, vol. 2, no. 1, 1997.
ISNAD İnalcık, Halil. “TURKEY AND EUROPE:A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 2/1 (March 1997).
JAMA İnalcık H. TURKEY AND EUROPE:A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. PERCEPTIONS. 1997;2.
MLA İnalcık, Halil. “TURKEY AND EUROPE:A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, vol. 2, no. 1, 1997.
Vancouver İnalcık H. TURKEY AND EUROPE:A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. PERCEPTIONS. 1997;2(1).