The present article looks into the psychometric properties of the Revised Youth Purpose Survey RYPS in the case of a group of Romanian students emerging adults N = 500 . RYPS is a ten‐item scale made of two sub‐scales which measure Purpose Exploration 4 items and Purpose Commitment 6 items . Confirmatory factorial analysis indicated an adequate fit of a two‐factor model GFI = .96; AGFI = .94; RMSEA = .057 . This structure was confirmed and it was invariant for gender. Cronbachʹs alpha coefficients show good internal consistency: .87 Purpose Exploration subscale and .77 Purpose Commitment subscale . The correlations of both scales of RYPS with validation measures of psychological and subjective well‐being and of identity orientations were positive, indicating good convergent validity. The study validated the conceptual vision of the authors of the instruments in a previously unstudied cultural context.
Bayley, T. C., & Snyder, C. R. (2007). Satisfaction with Life and hope: A look at age and marital status. The Psychological Record, 57(2), 223-240.
Blattner, M. C. C., Liang, B., Lund, T., & Spencer, R. (2013). Searching for a sense of purpose: The role of parents and effects on self-esteem among female adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 839–848. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.06.008
Bronk, K. C. (2014). Purpose in life. A critical component of optimal youth development, London, England: Springer
Bronk, K. C. (2011). Portraits of purpose: The role of purpose in identity formation. A special issue on instructing for and supporting youth purpose. New Directions in Youth Development, 2011(132), 31– 44. doi:10.1002/yd.426.
Bronk, K. C., Finch, W. H., & Talib, T. L. (2010). Purpose in life among high ability adolescents. High Ability Studies, 21(2), 133–145. doi:10.1080/17439760903271439
Bronk, K. C., & Finch, W. H. (2010). Adolescent characteristics by type of long-term aim in life. Applied Developmental Science, 14(1), 35-44. doi:10.1080/10888690903510331
Bronk, K. C., Hill, P., Lapsley, D., Talib, T. L., & Finch, W. H. (2009). Purpose, hope, and life satisfaction in three age groups. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 500–510. doi:10.1080/17439760903271439
Bundick, M. (2011). The benefits of reflecting on and discussing purpose in life in emerging adulthood. New Directions for Student Leadership, 132, 89–104. doi:10.1002/yd.430.
Bundick, M., Andrews, M., Jones, A., Mariano, J. M., Bronk, K. C., & Damon, W. (2006). Revised youth purpose survey. Unpublished instrument, Stanford Center on Adolescence, Stanford, CA. Retrieved from https://coa.stanford.edu/publications/revised-youth-purpose-survey
Burrow, A. L., & Hill, P. L. (2011). Purpose as a form of identity capital for positive youth adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 47(4), 1196 –1206. doi:10.1037/a0023818
Burrow, A. L., O’Dell, A. C., & Hill, P. L. (2010). Profiles of a developmental asset: Youth purpose as a context for hope and well-being. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(11), 1265–1273. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9481-1
Caycho-Rodríguez, T., Ventura-León, J. L., García Cadena, C. H., Barboza-Palomin, M., Arias-Gallegos, W. L., Dominguez-Vergara, J., et al. (2018). Psychometric evidence of the Diener’s Satisfaction with Life Scale in Peruvian elderly. Revista Ciencias de la Salud, 16(3), 488-506. doi:10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/revsalud/a.7267
Cazan, A. M. (2014) The Romanian version of the satisfaction with life scale. Romanian Journal of Experimental Applied Psychology, 5, 42-47.
Cheek, J. M., & Briggs, S. R.. (2013) Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (AIQ-IV). Measurement Instrument Database for the Social Science. Retrieved from http://www.midss.org/content/aspects-identityquestionnaire-aiq-iv
Cheek, J. M., Smith, S., & Tropp, L. R. (2002). Relational identity orientation: a fourth scale for the AIQ, Conference: Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Annual Meeting, February 2002, Savannah. doi:10.13140/2.1.1643.7763
Crumbaugh, J. C. (1977). The Seeking of Noetic Goals Test (SONG): A complimentary scale to the Purpose in Life Test (PIL). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(3), 900–907. doi:10.1002/1097- 4679(197707)33:33.0.CO;2-8
Crumbaugh, J. C., & Maholick, L. T. (1964). An experimental study in existentialism: The psychometric approach to Frankl’s concept of noogenic neurosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20(2), 200–207. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(196404)20:23.0.CO;2-U
Damon, W. (2008). The path to purpose: How young people find their calling in life. New York, US: The Free Press.
Damon, W., Menon, J., & Bronk, K. C. (2003). The development of purpose during adolescence. Applied Developmental Science, 7(3), 119–128. doi:10.1207/S1532480XADS0703_2
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2009). New measures well-being: flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicator Research, 39, 247–266. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_12
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Douglas, I. (2015). What makes life meaningful? A study of urban youth and the relationship between prosocial tendencies, civic engagement, and purpose in life. (Doctoral dissertation, Trinity College, Hartford, CT), Retrieved from http://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses/466
Frankl, V. E. (1959). Man’s search for meaning. Boston, US: Beacon Press.
Galanakis, M., Lakioti, A., Pezirkianidis, C., Karakasidou, E., & Stalikas, A. (2017). Reliability and validity of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) in a Greek sample. The International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies, 5(2), 120-127.
Hablas, R., & Hutzell, R. (1982). The Life Purpose Questionnaire: An alternative to the Purpose in Life test for geriatric, neuropsychiatric patients. In S. A. Wawrytko (Ed.), Analecta Frankliana: The proceedings of the First World Congress of Logotherapy: 1980 (pp. 211–215). Berkeley, CA: Strawberry Hill.
Han, H., Kim, J., Jeong, C., & Cohen, G. L. (2017). Attainable and relevant moral exemplars are more effective than extraordinary exemplars in promoting voluntary service engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 283. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00283
Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis, 7th edition, Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited
Hardy, S. A., Walker, L. J., Olsen, J. A., Woodbury, R. D., & Hickman, J. R. (2014). Moral identity as moral ideal self: Links to adolescent outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 50(1), 45–57. doi:10.1037/a0033598.
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York, US: Guilford Press.
Hill, P. L., & Burrow, A. L. (2012). Viewing purpose through an Eriksonian lens. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 12(1), 74–91. doi:10.1080/15283488.2012.632394
Hill, P. L., Burrow, A. L., Brandenberger, J. W., Lapsley, D. K., & Quaranto, J. C. (2010). Collegiate purpose orientations and well-being in early and middle adulthood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 31(2), 173–179. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2009.12.001
Hutzell, R. R. (1989). Life Purpose Questionnaire overview sheet. Berkeley, US: Institute of LogotherapyPress.
Kiang, L., & Fuligni, A. J. (2010). Meaning in life as a mediator of ethnic identity and adjustment among adolescents from Latin, Asian, and European American backgrounds. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 1253–1264. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9475-z
Law, B. M. F. (2012). Psychometric properties of the existence subscale of the Purpose in Life questionnaire for Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. The Scientific World Journal, 2012. doi:10.1100/2012/685741
Li, F., Bai, X., & Wang, Y. (2013) The scale of positive and negative experience (SPANE): Psychometric properties and normative data in a large Chinese sample, PLoSOne, 8(4), 1–9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061137
Lin, C. C. (2015) Validation of the Psychological Well-being Scale for use in Taiwan. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 43(5), 867-874. doi:10.2224/sbp.2015.43.5.867
López-Ortega, M., Torres-Castro, S., & Rosas-Carrasco, O. (2016). Psychometric properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS): secondary analysis of the Mexican Health and aging study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 14(1), 170. doi:10.1186/s12955-016-0573-9
Luştrea, A., Al Ghazi, L., & Predescu, M. (2018) Adapting and validating Ryff`s psychological well-being scale on Romanian student population. Educaţia 21 Journal, 1, 117-126. doi:10.24193/ed21.2018.16.15
Massey, E. K., Gebhardt, W. A., & Garnefski, N. (2008). Adolescent goal content and pursuit: A review of the literature from the past 16 years. Developmental Review, 28(4), 421–460. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2008.03.002
McKnight, P. E., & Kashdan, T.B. (2009), Purpose in life as a system that creates and sustains health and wellbeing: An integrative, testable theory. Review of General Psychology, 13(3), 242-251. doi:10.1037/a0017152
Moran, S. (2009). Purpose: Giftedness in intrapersonal intelligence. High Ability Studies, 20(2), 143–159. doi:10.1080/13598130903358501
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 164- 172. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.5.2.164
Pavot, W., Diener, E., Colvin, C. R., & Sandvik, E. (1991). Further validation of the Satisfaction With Life Scale: Evidence for the cross-method convergence of well-being measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57(1), 149–161. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5701_17
Reker, G. (1992). The Life Attitude Profile-Revised (LAP-R). Procedures manual: Research edition. Peterborough, Canada: Student Psychologists Press.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141–166. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998). The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9(1), 1–28. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0901_1
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–727. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80–93. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80
Sumner, R., Burrow, A., & Hill, P.L. (2015). Identity and purpose as predictors of subjective well-being in emerging adulthood. Emerging adulthood, 3(1), 46-54. doi:10.1177/2167696814532796
Villarosa, J.B., & Ganotice, F.A., (2018) Construct Validation of Ryff's Psychological Well-being Scale: Evidence From Filipino Teachers in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 51(1), 1-20. doi:10.31710/pjp/0051.01.01
. S., Bundick, M. J., & Johnson, R. (2012) The role of future work goal motives in adolescent identity development: A longitudinal mixed-methods investigation, Contemporary Educational Psychology, 37(3), 206-217. doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2012.01.004
Yeager, D. S., & Bundick, M. J. (2009). The role of purposeful work goals in promoting meaning in life and school work during adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Research, 24(4), 423–452. doi.org/10.1177/0743558409336749
Yalom, I. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. New York, US: Basic Books.
Yin, R., & Etilé, F. (2019), Measuring identity orientations for understanding preferences: A French validation of the Aspects-of-Identity Questionnaire, Retrieved from https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs02057130/document
Year 2019,
Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 15 - 25, 01.05.2019
Bayley, T. C., & Snyder, C. R. (2007). Satisfaction with Life and hope: A look at age and marital status. The Psychological Record, 57(2), 223-240.
Blattner, M. C. C., Liang, B., Lund, T., & Spencer, R. (2013). Searching for a sense of purpose: The role of parents and effects on self-esteem among female adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 839–848. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.06.008
Bronk, K. C. (2014). Purpose in life. A critical component of optimal youth development, London, England: Springer
Bronk, K. C. (2011). Portraits of purpose: The role of purpose in identity formation. A special issue on instructing for and supporting youth purpose. New Directions in Youth Development, 2011(132), 31– 44. doi:10.1002/yd.426.
Bronk, K. C., Finch, W. H., & Talib, T. L. (2010). Purpose in life among high ability adolescents. High Ability Studies, 21(2), 133–145. doi:10.1080/17439760903271439
Bronk, K. C., & Finch, W. H. (2010). Adolescent characteristics by type of long-term aim in life. Applied Developmental Science, 14(1), 35-44. doi:10.1080/10888690903510331
Bronk, K. C., Hill, P., Lapsley, D., Talib, T. L., & Finch, W. H. (2009). Purpose, hope, and life satisfaction in three age groups. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 500–510. doi:10.1080/17439760903271439
Bundick, M. (2011). The benefits of reflecting on and discussing purpose in life in emerging adulthood. New Directions for Student Leadership, 132, 89–104. doi:10.1002/yd.430.
Bundick, M., Andrews, M., Jones, A., Mariano, J. M., Bronk, K. C., & Damon, W. (2006). Revised youth purpose survey. Unpublished instrument, Stanford Center on Adolescence, Stanford, CA. Retrieved from https://coa.stanford.edu/publications/revised-youth-purpose-survey
Burrow, A. L., & Hill, P. L. (2011). Purpose as a form of identity capital for positive youth adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 47(4), 1196 –1206. doi:10.1037/a0023818
Burrow, A. L., O’Dell, A. C., & Hill, P. L. (2010). Profiles of a developmental asset: Youth purpose as a context for hope and well-being. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(11), 1265–1273. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9481-1
Caycho-Rodríguez, T., Ventura-León, J. L., García Cadena, C. H., Barboza-Palomin, M., Arias-Gallegos, W. L., Dominguez-Vergara, J., et al. (2018). Psychometric evidence of the Diener’s Satisfaction with Life Scale in Peruvian elderly. Revista Ciencias de la Salud, 16(3), 488-506. doi:10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/revsalud/a.7267
Cazan, A. M. (2014) The Romanian version of the satisfaction with life scale. Romanian Journal of Experimental Applied Psychology, 5, 42-47.
Cheek, J. M., & Briggs, S. R.. (2013) Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (AIQ-IV). Measurement Instrument Database for the Social Science. Retrieved from http://www.midss.org/content/aspects-identityquestionnaire-aiq-iv
Cheek, J. M., Smith, S., & Tropp, L. R. (2002). Relational identity orientation: a fourth scale for the AIQ, Conference: Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Annual Meeting, February 2002, Savannah. doi:10.13140/2.1.1643.7763
Crumbaugh, J. C. (1977). The Seeking of Noetic Goals Test (SONG): A complimentary scale to the Purpose in Life Test (PIL). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(3), 900–907. doi:10.1002/1097- 4679(197707)33:33.0.CO;2-8
Crumbaugh, J. C., & Maholick, L. T. (1964). An experimental study in existentialism: The psychometric approach to Frankl’s concept of noogenic neurosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20(2), 200–207. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(196404)20:23.0.CO;2-U
Damon, W. (2008). The path to purpose: How young people find their calling in life. New York, US: The Free Press.
Damon, W., Menon, J., & Bronk, K. C. (2003). The development of purpose during adolescence. Applied Developmental Science, 7(3), 119–128. doi:10.1207/S1532480XADS0703_2
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2009). New measures well-being: flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicator Research, 39, 247–266. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_12
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Douglas, I. (2015). What makes life meaningful? A study of urban youth and the relationship between prosocial tendencies, civic engagement, and purpose in life. (Doctoral dissertation, Trinity College, Hartford, CT), Retrieved from http://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses/466
Frankl, V. E. (1959). Man’s search for meaning. Boston, US: Beacon Press.
Galanakis, M., Lakioti, A., Pezirkianidis, C., Karakasidou, E., & Stalikas, A. (2017). Reliability and validity of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) in a Greek sample. The International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies, 5(2), 120-127.
Hablas, R., & Hutzell, R. (1982). The Life Purpose Questionnaire: An alternative to the Purpose in Life test for geriatric, neuropsychiatric patients. In S. A. Wawrytko (Ed.), Analecta Frankliana: The proceedings of the First World Congress of Logotherapy: 1980 (pp. 211–215). Berkeley, CA: Strawberry Hill.
Han, H., Kim, J., Jeong, C., & Cohen, G. L. (2017). Attainable and relevant moral exemplars are more effective than extraordinary exemplars in promoting voluntary service engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 283. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00283
Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis, 7th edition, Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited
Hardy, S. A., Walker, L. J., Olsen, J. A., Woodbury, R. D., & Hickman, J. R. (2014). Moral identity as moral ideal self: Links to adolescent outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 50(1), 45–57. doi:10.1037/a0033598.
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York, US: Guilford Press.
Hill, P. L., & Burrow, A. L. (2012). Viewing purpose through an Eriksonian lens. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 12(1), 74–91. doi:10.1080/15283488.2012.632394
Hill, P. L., Burrow, A. L., Brandenberger, J. W., Lapsley, D. K., & Quaranto, J. C. (2010). Collegiate purpose orientations and well-being in early and middle adulthood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 31(2), 173–179. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2009.12.001
Hutzell, R. R. (1989). Life Purpose Questionnaire overview sheet. Berkeley, US: Institute of LogotherapyPress.
Kiang, L., & Fuligni, A. J. (2010). Meaning in life as a mediator of ethnic identity and adjustment among adolescents from Latin, Asian, and European American backgrounds. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 1253–1264. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9475-z
Law, B. M. F. (2012). Psychometric properties of the existence subscale of the Purpose in Life questionnaire for Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. The Scientific World Journal, 2012. doi:10.1100/2012/685741
Li, F., Bai, X., & Wang, Y. (2013) The scale of positive and negative experience (SPANE): Psychometric properties and normative data in a large Chinese sample, PLoSOne, 8(4), 1–9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061137
Lin, C. C. (2015) Validation of the Psychological Well-being Scale for use in Taiwan. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 43(5), 867-874. doi:10.2224/sbp.2015.43.5.867
López-Ortega, M., Torres-Castro, S., & Rosas-Carrasco, O. (2016). Psychometric properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS): secondary analysis of the Mexican Health and aging study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 14(1), 170. doi:10.1186/s12955-016-0573-9
Luştrea, A., Al Ghazi, L., & Predescu, M. (2018) Adapting and validating Ryff`s psychological well-being scale on Romanian student population. Educaţia 21 Journal, 1, 117-126. doi:10.24193/ed21.2018.16.15
Massey, E. K., Gebhardt, W. A., & Garnefski, N. (2008). Adolescent goal content and pursuit: A review of the literature from the past 16 years. Developmental Review, 28(4), 421–460. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2008.03.002
McKnight, P. E., & Kashdan, T.B. (2009), Purpose in life as a system that creates and sustains health and wellbeing: An integrative, testable theory. Review of General Psychology, 13(3), 242-251. doi:10.1037/a0017152
Moran, S. (2009). Purpose: Giftedness in intrapersonal intelligence. High Ability Studies, 20(2), 143–159. doi:10.1080/13598130903358501
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 164- 172. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.5.2.164
Pavot, W., Diener, E., Colvin, C. R., & Sandvik, E. (1991). Further validation of the Satisfaction With Life Scale: Evidence for the cross-method convergence of well-being measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57(1), 149–161. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5701_17
Reker, G. (1992). The Life Attitude Profile-Revised (LAP-R). Procedures manual: Research edition. Peterborough, Canada: Student Psychologists Press.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141–166. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998). The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9(1), 1–28. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0901_1
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–727. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80–93. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80
Sumner, R., Burrow, A., & Hill, P.L. (2015). Identity and purpose as predictors of subjective well-being in emerging adulthood. Emerging adulthood, 3(1), 46-54. doi:10.1177/2167696814532796
Villarosa, J.B., & Ganotice, F.A., (2018) Construct Validation of Ryff's Psychological Well-being Scale: Evidence From Filipino Teachers in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 51(1), 1-20. doi:10.31710/pjp/0051.01.01
. S., Bundick, M. J., & Johnson, R. (2012) The role of future work goal motives in adolescent identity development: A longitudinal mixed-methods investigation, Contemporary Educational Psychology, 37(3), 206-217. doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2012.01.004
Yeager, D. S., & Bundick, M. J. (2009). The role of purposeful work goals in promoting meaning in life and school work during adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Research, 24(4), 423–452. doi.org/10.1177/0743558409336749
Yalom, I. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. New York, US: Basic Books.
Yin, R., & Etilé, F. (2019), Measuring identity orientations for understanding preferences: A French validation of the Aspects-of-Identity Questionnaire, Retrieved from https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs02057130/document
Balgiu, B. A. (2019). The Romanian Version of the Revised Youth Purpose Survey RYPS : Psychometric Evaluation for Emerging Adults. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 6(2), 15-25. https://doi.org/10.17220/ijpes.2019.02.002