Research Article
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Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 230 - 243, 31.01.2022

Abstract

References

  • Akıllıoğlu, T. (1997). Contemporary forms and manifestations of racism and racial discrimination against immigrants. Perceptions Journal of International Affairs, 2(2). Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/perception/issue/49040/625606
  • Barry, D. (2019). Ethnodoxy, national exceptionalism, and xenophobia: A case study of contemporary Russia. National Identities, 21(3), 223–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2018.1431876
  • Bayram, N. (2009). Data analysis with SPSS in social sciences (2nd ed.). Ezgi. Bozdağ, F., & Kocatürk, M. (2017). Development of xenophobia scale: Validity and reliability analysis. Journal of International Social Research, 10(52), 615–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2017.1921
  • Büyüköztürk, B., Çokluk, Ö., & Köklü, N. (2011). Statistics for social sciences (7th ed.). Pegem Academy.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Manual of data analysis for social sciences (12th ed.). Pegem Academy. Canetti-Nisim, D., & Pedahzur, A. (2003). Contributory factors to political xenophobia in a multi-cultural society: The case of Israel. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(3), 307–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(03)00014-2
  • Erdoğan, M., (2014). Syrians in Turkey: Social acceptence and integration. HUGO (Hacettepe University Migration and Politics Research Center).
  • Esses, V. M., Dovidio, J. F., Jackson, L. M., & Armstrong, T. L. (2001). The immigration dilemma: The role of perceived group competition, ethnic prejudice, and national identity. Journal of Social Issues, 57(3), 389–412. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/0022-4537.00220
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statics using SPSS (3rd ed.). Sage.
  • Hambleton, R. K., & Kanjee, A. (1995). Increasing the validity of cross-cultural assessments: Use of improved methods for test adaptations. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 11(3), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.11.3.147
  • Hambleton, R. K., & Patsula, L. (1999). Increasing the validity of adapted tests: Myths to be avoided and guidelines forimproving test adaptation practices. The Journal of Applied Testing Technology, 1(1), 1–13. Retrieved from http://www.jattjournal.com/index.php/atp/article/view/48345/39215
  • Haque, A. E. (2015). Construction and validation of a new measure of xenophobia. Northwestern University.
  • Hjerm, M. (2001). Education, xenophobia and nationalism: A comparative analysis. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(1), 37–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830124482
  • JASP Team. (2021). JASP (0.15 Version) [Computer software].
  • Lee, E. (2020). America first, immigrants last: American xenophobia then and now. The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 19(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537781419000409
  • Lesetedi, G., & Modie-Moroka, T. (2007). Reverse xenophobia: Immigrants attitudes to citizens in Botswana [Conference presentation abstract]. The African Migrations Workshop: Understanding Migration Dynamics in the Continent at the Centre for Migration Studies, University of Ghana, Ghana.
  • Levada, Y. A. (1994). Novyi russkiy natsionalizm: ambitsii, phobii, kompleksi. Ekonomicheskiye i sotsial’nyie peremeni: Monitoring obshchestvennogo mneniya, (1), 15–17.
  • Marsella, A. J., & Ring, E. (2003). Human migration and immigration: An overview. In L. L. Adler & U. P. Gielen (Eds.), Migration: Immigration and emigration in international perspective (pp. 3–22). Westport, CT: Praeger.
  • Nell, I. A. (2009). The tears of Xenophobia: Preaching and violence from a South African Perspective. Practical Theology in South Africa, 24(2), 229–247. Retrieved from https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC88685
  • NGO Committee on Migration. (2001). International migration, racism, discrimination and xenophobia. Retrieved from https://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/migration/taskforce/docs/wcar.pdf
  • Nyamnjoh, F. B. (2006). Insiders & outsiders: Citizenship & xenophobia in contemporary Southern Africa. Zed Books.
  • Olonisakin, T. T., & Adebayo, S. O. (2021). Xenophobia: scale development and validation. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 39(3), 484–496. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2020.1853686
  • Ommundsen, R., & Larsen, K. S. (1999). Attitudes toward illegal immigration in Scandinavia and United States. Psychological Reports, 84(3), 1331–1338. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3c.1331
  • Omoluabi, P. F. (2008). Psychological foundation of xenophobia. IFE Psychologia, 16(2), 53–71. https://doi.org/10.4314/ifep.v16i3.23777
  • Özer, A., & Akbasli, S. (2020). Adaptation of a cross-national measure of fear-based xenophobia to Turkish culture. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01111-6
  • Özmete, E., Yıldırım, H., & Duru, S. (2018). Adaptation of the scale of xenophobia to Turkish culture: Validity and reliability study. Journal of Social Policy Studies, 40(2), 191–209. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.v18i39974.451063
  • Pallant, J. (2005). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows. Australian Copyright.
  • Psychology Dictionary. (2015). What is xenophobia? Definition of xenophobia. Retrieved from https://psychologydictionary.org/xenophobia/
  • Rzepnikowska, A. (2018). Racism and xenophobia experienced by Polish migrants in the UK before and after Brexit vote. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(1), 61–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1451308
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23–74.
  • Solomon, H., & Kosaka, H. (2013). Xenophobia in South Africa: Reflections, narratives and recommendations. Southern African Peace and Security Studies, 2(2), 5–30. Retrıeved from https://saccps.org/pdf/2-2/SAPSS%202(2)%20Solomon%20&%20Kosaka.pdf
  • Symeonaki, M., & Kazani, A. (2012). Measuring xenophobia in Greece using neural network and fuzzy techniques, [Conference presentation abstract]. Stochastic Models and Data Analysis, Chania, Greece.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Pearson.
  • Tafira, K. (2011). Is xenophobia racism?. Anthropology Southern Africa, 34(3-4), 114-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/23323256.2011.11500015
  • Thalhammer, E., Zucha, V., Enzenhofer, E., Salfinger, B., & Ogris, G. (2001). Attitudes towards minority groups in the European Union-A special analysis of the Eurobarometer 2000 survey on behalf of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia. Vienna, Austria: SORA
  • The United Nations. (2013). Xenophobia. Human right of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Palaisdes Nations. CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland.
  • Ullah, A. K. M. A., & Huque, A. S. Q. (2014). Asian immigrants in North America with HIV/AIDS stigma, vulnerabilities and human rights. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-119-0
  • Urbina, S. (2014). Essentials of psychological testing (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Ünal, S. (2014). Turkey's unexpected guests: Foreign immigrants and refugees experience in the context of “other”. Journal of World of Turks, 6(3), 65–89. Retrieved from http://www.dieweltdertuerken.org/index.php/ZfWT/article/view/643/643
  • van der Veer, K., Ommundsen, R., Krumov, K., Van Le, H., & Larsen, K. S. (2008). Scale development to measure attitudes toward unauthorized migration into a foreign country. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49(4), 357–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00641.x
  • van der Veer, K., Ommundsen, R., Yakushko, O., Higler, L., Woelders, S., & Hagen, K. A. (2013). Psychometrically and qualitatively validating a cross-national cumulative measure of fear-based xenophobia. Quality & Quantity, 47(3), 1429–1444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-011-9599-6
  • van der Veer, K., Yakushko, O., Ommundsen, R., & Higler, R. (2011). Cross-national measure of fear-based xenophobia: Development of a cumulative scale. Psychological Reports, 109(1), 27–42. https://doi.org/10.2466/07.17.PR0.109.4.27-42
  • Yakushko, O. (2009). Xenophobia: Understanding the roots and consequences of negative attitudes toward immigrants. The Counseling Psychologist, 37(1), 36–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000008316034

Adaptation of Xenophobia Scale to Turkish: A Validity and Reliability Study

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 230 - 243, 31.01.2022

Abstract

In this research, we aimed to adapt the Xenophobia Scale developed by Olonisakin and Adebayo (2021) into Turkish. We conducted research on two separate study groups comprising 563 teacher candidates. Before starting the adaptation process of the scale, we obtained necessary permissions from the authors, who developed the original form. When developing the translation form, we removed two of the scale items from the instrument because they were not suitable for the Turkish culture. Afterwards, we performed an item analysis and found that the item correlations of two of the items in the scale remained less than the threshold value of .30. We removed the two items in question, thereby leaving 20 items in the scale. In the applied EFA and CFA, we obtained a two-dimensional structure that overlaps with the original form of the scale. In the reliability analysis, we determined that the internal consistency coefficients exceeded .70 criterion values for both subscales. In conclusion, the results we acquired from psychometric analyses indicate that the Turkish form of the Xenophobia Scale yielded valid and reliable measurements.

References

  • Akıllıoğlu, T. (1997). Contemporary forms and manifestations of racism and racial discrimination against immigrants. Perceptions Journal of International Affairs, 2(2). Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/perception/issue/49040/625606
  • Barry, D. (2019). Ethnodoxy, national exceptionalism, and xenophobia: A case study of contemporary Russia. National Identities, 21(3), 223–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2018.1431876
  • Bayram, N. (2009). Data analysis with SPSS in social sciences (2nd ed.). Ezgi. Bozdağ, F., & Kocatürk, M. (2017). Development of xenophobia scale: Validity and reliability analysis. Journal of International Social Research, 10(52), 615–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2017.1921
  • Büyüköztürk, B., Çokluk, Ö., & Köklü, N. (2011). Statistics for social sciences (7th ed.). Pegem Academy.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Manual of data analysis for social sciences (12th ed.). Pegem Academy. Canetti-Nisim, D., & Pedahzur, A. (2003). Contributory factors to political xenophobia in a multi-cultural society: The case of Israel. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(3), 307–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(03)00014-2
  • Erdoğan, M., (2014). Syrians in Turkey: Social acceptence and integration. HUGO (Hacettepe University Migration and Politics Research Center).
  • Esses, V. M., Dovidio, J. F., Jackson, L. M., & Armstrong, T. L. (2001). The immigration dilemma: The role of perceived group competition, ethnic prejudice, and national identity. Journal of Social Issues, 57(3), 389–412. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/0022-4537.00220
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statics using SPSS (3rd ed.). Sage.
  • Hambleton, R. K., & Kanjee, A. (1995). Increasing the validity of cross-cultural assessments: Use of improved methods for test adaptations. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 11(3), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.11.3.147
  • Hambleton, R. K., & Patsula, L. (1999). Increasing the validity of adapted tests: Myths to be avoided and guidelines forimproving test adaptation practices. The Journal of Applied Testing Technology, 1(1), 1–13. Retrieved from http://www.jattjournal.com/index.php/atp/article/view/48345/39215
  • Haque, A. E. (2015). Construction and validation of a new measure of xenophobia. Northwestern University.
  • Hjerm, M. (2001). Education, xenophobia and nationalism: A comparative analysis. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(1), 37–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830124482
  • JASP Team. (2021). JASP (0.15 Version) [Computer software].
  • Lee, E. (2020). America first, immigrants last: American xenophobia then and now. The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 19(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537781419000409
  • Lesetedi, G., & Modie-Moroka, T. (2007). Reverse xenophobia: Immigrants attitudes to citizens in Botswana [Conference presentation abstract]. The African Migrations Workshop: Understanding Migration Dynamics in the Continent at the Centre for Migration Studies, University of Ghana, Ghana.
  • Levada, Y. A. (1994). Novyi russkiy natsionalizm: ambitsii, phobii, kompleksi. Ekonomicheskiye i sotsial’nyie peremeni: Monitoring obshchestvennogo mneniya, (1), 15–17.
  • Marsella, A. J., & Ring, E. (2003). Human migration and immigration: An overview. In L. L. Adler & U. P. Gielen (Eds.), Migration: Immigration and emigration in international perspective (pp. 3–22). Westport, CT: Praeger.
  • Nell, I. A. (2009). The tears of Xenophobia: Preaching and violence from a South African Perspective. Practical Theology in South Africa, 24(2), 229–247. Retrieved from https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC88685
  • NGO Committee on Migration. (2001). International migration, racism, discrimination and xenophobia. Retrieved from https://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/migration/taskforce/docs/wcar.pdf
  • Nyamnjoh, F. B. (2006). Insiders & outsiders: Citizenship & xenophobia in contemporary Southern Africa. Zed Books.
  • Olonisakin, T. T., & Adebayo, S. O. (2021). Xenophobia: scale development and validation. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 39(3), 484–496. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2020.1853686
  • Ommundsen, R., & Larsen, K. S. (1999). Attitudes toward illegal immigration in Scandinavia and United States. Psychological Reports, 84(3), 1331–1338. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3c.1331
  • Omoluabi, P. F. (2008). Psychological foundation of xenophobia. IFE Psychologia, 16(2), 53–71. https://doi.org/10.4314/ifep.v16i3.23777
  • Özer, A., & Akbasli, S. (2020). Adaptation of a cross-national measure of fear-based xenophobia to Turkish culture. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01111-6
  • Özmete, E., Yıldırım, H., & Duru, S. (2018). Adaptation of the scale of xenophobia to Turkish culture: Validity and reliability study. Journal of Social Policy Studies, 40(2), 191–209. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.v18i39974.451063
  • Pallant, J. (2005). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows. Australian Copyright.
  • Psychology Dictionary. (2015). What is xenophobia? Definition of xenophobia. Retrieved from https://psychologydictionary.org/xenophobia/
  • Rzepnikowska, A. (2018). Racism and xenophobia experienced by Polish migrants in the UK before and after Brexit vote. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(1), 61–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1451308
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23–74.
  • Solomon, H., & Kosaka, H. (2013). Xenophobia in South Africa: Reflections, narratives and recommendations. Southern African Peace and Security Studies, 2(2), 5–30. Retrıeved from https://saccps.org/pdf/2-2/SAPSS%202(2)%20Solomon%20&%20Kosaka.pdf
  • Symeonaki, M., & Kazani, A. (2012). Measuring xenophobia in Greece using neural network and fuzzy techniques, [Conference presentation abstract]. Stochastic Models and Data Analysis, Chania, Greece.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Pearson.
  • Tafira, K. (2011). Is xenophobia racism?. Anthropology Southern Africa, 34(3-4), 114-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/23323256.2011.11500015
  • Thalhammer, E., Zucha, V., Enzenhofer, E., Salfinger, B., & Ogris, G. (2001). Attitudes towards minority groups in the European Union-A special analysis of the Eurobarometer 2000 survey on behalf of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia. Vienna, Austria: SORA
  • The United Nations. (2013). Xenophobia. Human right of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Palaisdes Nations. CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland.
  • Ullah, A. K. M. A., & Huque, A. S. Q. (2014). Asian immigrants in North America with HIV/AIDS stigma, vulnerabilities and human rights. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-119-0
  • Urbina, S. (2014). Essentials of psychological testing (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Ünal, S. (2014). Turkey's unexpected guests: Foreign immigrants and refugees experience in the context of “other”. Journal of World of Turks, 6(3), 65–89. Retrieved from http://www.dieweltdertuerken.org/index.php/ZfWT/article/view/643/643
  • van der Veer, K., Ommundsen, R., Krumov, K., Van Le, H., & Larsen, K. S. (2008). Scale development to measure attitudes toward unauthorized migration into a foreign country. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49(4), 357–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00641.x
  • van der Veer, K., Ommundsen, R., Yakushko, O., Higler, L., Woelders, S., & Hagen, K. A. (2013). Psychometrically and qualitatively validating a cross-national cumulative measure of fear-based xenophobia. Quality & Quantity, 47(3), 1429–1444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-011-9599-6
  • van der Veer, K., Yakushko, O., Ommundsen, R., & Higler, R. (2011). Cross-national measure of fear-based xenophobia: Development of a cumulative scale. Psychological Reports, 109(1), 27–42. https://doi.org/10.2466/07.17.PR0.109.4.27-42
  • Yakushko, O. (2009). Xenophobia: Understanding the roots and consequences of negative attitudes toward immigrants. The Counseling Psychologist, 37(1), 36–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000008316034
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Other Fields of Education
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Melehat Gezer 0000-0001-7701-3203

Mustafa İlhan This is me 0000-0003-1804-002X

Publication Date January 31, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gezer, M., & İlhan, M. (2022). Adaptation of Xenophobia Scale to Turkish: A Validity and Reliability Study. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 9(1), 230-243.