Legio XII Fulminata’da optio olarak Askerlik Yapmış Olan C. Iulius’un Mezartaşı

Öz

Kappadokia’da Vespasianus Devri’nin hemen başından itibaren iki lejyon bulunmaktaydı: Melitene’de Legio XII Fulminata ve Satala’da Legio XVI Flavia Firma (İ.S. 120 yılından itibaren Legio XV Apollinaris). Bununla birlikte Cappadokia’da konuşlu lejyonlarda görev yapmış askerlere ilişkin veri hala son derece kısıtlıdır. Bunun temel sebebi Kappadokia’da konuya ilişkin çok az yazıt bulunmuş olmasıdır. Kappadokia lejyonlarından terhis olmuş askerlere dair her bir yeni belge tam da bu nedenle son derece önemlidir. Legio XII Fulminata’da optio olarak askerlik yaptıktan sonra memleketine geri dönen C. Iulius’un burada tanıtılan mezar yazıtı bu bağlamda ilgili konuya dair yeni bir veri sunmaktadır. Yazıt Adana İli, Saimbeyli İlçesi’ne bağlı Himmetli Köyü’nde bulunmuştur. Harf karakterleri temelinde yazıtı İ.S. II.–III. yüzyıla tarihlendirmek mümkündür. Mezar yazıtının dikildiği kırsal yerleşim Kappadokia ile Kilikia arasında Gülek Boğazı’ndan Mazgaç Geçiti istikametinde ilerleyen sınır hattının hemen kuzeyinde yer almaktadır. Buna göre Kappadokia sınırları içinde kalan kırsal yerleşim, biri Kaisareia ile Melitene, diğeri ise Satala ile Tarsos arasındaki yolların kesiştiği önemli bir kavşak noktası olan Kukusos Kenti’nin territoryumunda yer almış olmalıdır. Bu yeni yazıt temelinde yazarlar şu sonuçlara ulaşmaktadırlar: 1) Roma lejyonlarına Anadolu’dan asker alımları İ.S. 2. ve 3. yüzyıllar boyunca önemli oranda devam etmiştir, 2) terhis olmuş askerlere ilişkin yeni malzemeler askerlik hizmetinin ardından memleketine dönenlerin sayısının azımsanmaması gerektiği yönünde uyarıcı olarak görülebilirler ve 3) Kappadokia’lı emekli asker C. Iulius’un mezar yazıtı, Kappadokia’nın özellikle de sınır bölgelerinin, Kappadokia lejyonları için önemli bir asker kaynağı olduğu görüşünü destekler mahiyettedir. Makaleye konu olan yazıtın çevirisi şöyledir: 

«Gaius Iulius, 12. Legio’da optio olarak saygın bir şekilde askerlik hizmeti yaptıktan sonra (vatanına) geri dönünce Priscus’un kızı olan eşi Valeria Ma ile birlikte (bu mezarı) kendileri için yaptırdı.»

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Optio,Veteran,Kappadokia Lejyonları,Kukusos,Melitene,Satala,C. Iulius,Valeria Ma

The Gravestone of C. Iulius, optio of the Legio XII Fulminata

Abstract

Cappadocia had two legionary garrisons from the very beginning of Vespasian’s reign: Legio XII Fulminata at Melitene, and Legio XVI Flavia Firma at Satala (from 120 AD replaced by Legio XV Apollinaris). The evidence for the recruits of these Cappadocian legions is, however, still slight. This is mainly because very few relevant inscriptions have been found in Cappadocia itself. For this reason every new document of veterans who served in Cappadocian legions is crucial. In this context the funerary inscription of C. Iulius who returned to his homeland after serving as optio in the Legio XII Fulminata gives new evidence on the subject. It was found in the village of Himmetli situated in the territory of Saimbeyli, the district of the Pro¬vince of Adana. Judging from the letter forms the inscription can be assigned to the II.–III. century AD. The rural settlement where the gravestone was erected is situated immediately to the north of the border between Cappadocia and Cilicia, lying through the line between Kilikiai Pylai and Mazgaç Pass. Accordingly it must have lied in the territory of the Cappadocian polis Kukusos, an important junction of the roads from Kaisareia to Melitene and from Sebasteia to Tarsos. On the basis of the new inscription the authors conclude that the practice of recruitment from Asia Minor continued on a considerable scale throughout the second and third centuries AD; that new materials concerning veterans may indi-cate that the number of those who returned to their hometown must not be underestimated; and that the funerary inscription of the Cappadocian veteran, C. Iulius, may support the suggestion that Cappadocia, and especially its frontier areas, supplied a high proportion of the total recruits for the Cappadocian legions, like those of the other eastern provinces.

Keywords

• Optio,Veteran,Cappadocian Legions,Kukusos,Melitene,Satala,C. Iulius,Valeria Ma

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