Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi’nden Herakles Aleksikakos’a Sunulan Bir Adağın Düşündürdükleri

Year 2016, Volume: Suppl. 1, 682 - 698, 31.08.2016

Bülent Öztürk

Abstract

Bu makalede Devrek’ten (Zonguldak) satın alınarak
Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi’ne kazandırılan yazılı bir heykelcik kaidesi
tanıtılmaktadır. Kaidede yer alan yazıttan Asklepiodoros adında bir kişinin bir
kehanet uyarınca heykelciği Herakles Aleksikakos’a adadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Bu
adak objesi ve üzerindeki yazıt, Roma dönemi Bithynia bölgesinde ve bilhassa da
adını mitolojik kurucusu olan Herakles’ten alan Herakleia Pontike (Karadeniz
Ereğli) kentinde Herakles kültünün varlığına ve önemine; Herakles Aleksikakos’un
niteliğine ve kökenine ve aynı zamanda da kehanet emrinin alınışı ve yerine
getirilme usullerine dair düşünmeye sevk etmektedir. “Aleksikakos”
epitheton’undan hareketle bu tanrının hastalıklardan ve kötülüklerden uzak
tutan özelliklerinin olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Söz konusu tanrının geçtiği en
erken bilgi M.Ö. 429 yılına dayanmaktadır. Aristophanes’in “Kurbağalar” adlı
eserinin yorumcusunun aktardığına göre Peloponnesos Savaşı’nın ilk yıllarında,
Atina’da bir salgın felaketi baş gösterince, Melite demos’unda Herakles
Aleksikakos için bir tapınak inşa edilmiş ve tanrının iyileştirici ve
kahramanlık özelliklerini onurlandırmak için de Argos’lu ünlü heykeltıraş
Hageladas tarafından tanrının bir heykeli yapılarak bu tapınağa konulmuştur.
Asklepiodoros tarafından Herakles Aleksikakos’a yapılan adağın nedeni de yine
tanrının söz konusu bu iyileştirme özelliğiyle ilişkili olduğu şeklinde
yorumlanabilir.  Muhtemelen bölgede baş gösteren salgına bizzat maruz
kalmamak için Herakles tapınağında uyuyup rüya gördükten  sonra rahiplerce
salık verilen kehanete binaen (inkubasyon) ya da tanrıyla doğrudan iletişime
geçtiği bir rüya sonrası bu adağı yerine getirmişti. Herakleia Pontike
territoryumunda Herakles için bilinen ilk adak yazıtı olmasının yanı sıra,
üzerindeki heykelcik Roma dönemi Bithynia bölgesindeki Herakles kültünün
sürekliğini gösterir. Heykelcik üzerindeki “erkek figüre ait iki ayak”, “sopa”
ve “aslan postu” betimlemeleri bu heykelciğin,  orijinali Lysippos’a
atfedilen meşhur Herakles Fernese’nin yerel bir atölyede üretilen yerel üslupla
yapılmış bir benzeri olduğunu gösteriyor; “sopa altında bulunan domuz” ise
Herakles’in on iki görevinden dördüncüsüne, yani Erymanthos yabandomuzunu
yakalaması mythos’una bir göndermede bulunuyor.

Keywords

Herakles Aleksikakos; Herakleia Pontike; Roma Bithynia’sı; adak; Asklepiodoros

Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi’nden Herakles Aleksikakos’a Sunulan Bir Adağın Düşündürdükleri

Abstract

In this article an inscribed pedestal of a
statuette held in the Karadeniz Ereğli Museum (Zon­guldak/Devrek province) is
presented. From the inscription it is understood that a man named
Asklepiodoros, following the order of an oracle, dedicated the statuette to
Heracles Alexi­kakos. This votive object and inscription encourage reflection
on the presence and impor­tance of Heracles’ cult in Roman Bithynia and
specifically Heraclea Pontica, the city named after Heracles as its
mythological founder, the origin and the character of Heracles Alexikakos, and
the ways that orders given by oracles were received and enacted upon. Based on
the epitheton “Alexi­kakos”, it is understood that this god’s qualities include
warding off ill and mischief. The earliest mention of the god goes back to 429
BC when the commentator of Aristophanes’ Frogs notes that a shrine was built in
his honour in the demos of Melitine following an outbreak of the plague at the
be­ginning of Peloponnessian Wars, a statue of Heracles Alexikakos was created
by the famous sculp­­tor Hageladas of Argos for this shrine to honour the god’s
healing and heroic character. The sug­gested purpose of the dedication by
Asklepiodoros to Heracles Alexikakos is also related to the god’s healing
qualities, and was the result of an order of the oracle after an incubation in
the shrine of Heracles, or after a dream in which he had direct contact with
the god, possibly in order not to be infected with the plague that affected the
region. Besides being the first known votive inscrip­tion to Heracles in the
territory of Heraclea Pontica, the statue demonstrates continuity of the cult
of Heracles in Roman Bithynia. Representations of the “feet of a man”, “club” and
“lion skin” on the statuette puts forth this as a local variation of the famous
Heracles Farnese of Lysippos pro­duced in a local atelier, “a boar under the
club” makes a reference to the fourth of Heracles’ twelve Labours – the capture
the Erymanthian boar.

Keywords

Heracles Alexikakos, Heraclea Pontica, Roman Bithynia, dedication, Asklepiodoros

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