Achromobacter Xylosoxidans/Denitrificans Infections: A Review of the Literature

Abstract

Although infections due to gram-negative bacteria of the genus Achromobacter are quite rare in humans, there are various case reports from our country in the literature. In this study, we aimed to review Achromobacter denitrificans infections and their clinical significance. It is among the causes of various nosocomial infections (sepsis, wound infection,etc) that develop in patients with underlying diseases, undergoing various invasive procedures, and hospitalized for a long time. In conclusion, Achromobacter spp. is a rare infectious agent associated with both society and health care. It should be noted that the antibiotic susceptibility pattern must be studied to determine appropriate treatment options.

Keywords

• Achromobacter denitrificans
• Achromobacter spp.
• Achromobacter xylosoxidans

Achromobacter Xylosoxidans/Denitrificans İnfeksiyonları: Literatürün Gözden Geçirilmesi

Abstract

Achromobacter cinsi gram negatif bakterilere bağlı gelişen infeksiyonlar insanlarda oldukça nadir olmakla birlikte, literatürde ülkemizden de çeşitli vaka bildirimleri mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada Achromobacter denitrificans infeksiyonlarını ve klinik önemini gözden geçirmeyi amaçladık. Achromobacter spp. altta yatan hastalıkları olan, çeşitli invaziv girişimler uygulanan, uzun süre hastanede yatan hastalarda gelişen çeşitli nozokomiyal infeksiyonların (sepsis, yara enfeksiyonu, gibi) etkenleri arasındadır. Achromobacter spp. gerek toplum ve gerekse de sağlık bakımı ilişkili nadir bir infeksiyon etkenidir. Sonuç olarak uygun tedavi seçeneklerini belirlemek için antibiyotik duyarlılık paterninin mutlaka çalışılması gerektiği unutulmamalıdır.

Keywords

• Achromobacter denitrificans; Achromobacter spp. ; Achromobacter xylosoxidans
• Achromobacter denitrifican
• Achromobacter denitrificans
• Achromobacter spp.
• Achromobacter xylosoxidans

References

1. Tena D, Martínez NM, Losa C, Solís S. Skin and soft tissue infection caused by Achromobacter xylosoxidans: report of 14 cases. Scand J Infect Dis. 2014; 46(2), 130-135.
2. Raghuraman K, Ahmed NH, Baruah FK, Grover RK. Achromobacter xylosoxidans Bloodstream Infection in Elderly Patient with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Case Report and Review of Literature. J Lab Physicians. 2015;7(2):124-127. doi: 10.4103/0974-2727.163133.
3. Aisenberg G, Rolston KV, Safdar A. Bacteremia caused by Achromobacter and Alcaligenes species in 46 patients with cancer (1989-2003). Cancer. 2004;101(9):2134-2140. doi: 10.1002/cncr.20604.
4. Aundhakar S, Mane M, Bharadiya A, Pawar S. “Watch out! Pneumonia secondary to achromobacter denitrificans”. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2014;4(Suppl 1):22-24. doi: 10.4103/2141-9248.131700.
5. Cankaya E, Keles M, Gulcan E, Uyanik A, Uyanik H. A rare cause of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis: Achromobacter denitrificans. Perit Dial Int. 2014;34(1):135-137. doi: 10.3747/pdi.2013.00063.
6. Tunçel-Başoğlu M, Öztan Ş, Çöpçü HE. A rare wound infection agent: Achromobacter xylosoxidans (a case report). Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2014; 71(1): 41-44.
7. Ozer K, Kankaya Y, Baris R, Bektas CI, Kocer U. Calcaneal osteomyelitis due to Achromobacter xylosoxidans: a case report. J Infect Chemother. 2012;18(6):915-918. doi: 10.1007/s10156-012-0373-z.
8. Demirdal T, Sarı ÜS, Nemli SA. A Case Report: Osteomyelitis of Calcaneus Caused by Achromobacter spp. J Clin Anal Med. 2015;6(suppl 5): 680-1.

9. Dirican A, Arda B, Işıkgöz Taşbakan M, Turhan J, Töbü M, Büyükkeçeci F, et al. Nötropenik Ateş Olgusunda Nadir Bir Bakteremi Etkeni: Achromobacter xylosoxidans. Flora. 2007;12(2):108-110.
10. Eren AE, Baştürk G, Akçalı A, Oktun M. Achromobacter Xylosoxidans’a Bağlı Akut Prostatit: Bir Olgu Sunumu. DE Univ Tıp Fak Derg. 2014;28(2):81-83.
11. Kayas Y, Uysal S, Öztürk AM, Simsir IY, Tasbakan MI, Ertam I, et al. Diyabetik ayak enfeksiyonunda nadir rastlanilan bir etken: Achromobacter Xylosoxidans/A rarely seen, causative of the diabetic foot infections: Achromobacter xylosoxidans: Turkish journal of dermatology. Turk J Dermatol. 2014; 8(4): 232-235.
12. Kendi Çelebi Z, Aktürk S, Çelik G, Yalçın S, Ateş K, Karatan O. Sürekli Ayaktan Periton Diyalizi Hastasında Achromobacter Peritoniti: Olgu Sunumu.Turk Neph Dial Transpl. 2015; 24 (2): 210-211.
13. Sarı S, Yeşilyurt E, Yılmaz N, Gürel A, Gürtan E, Şanal L. Achromobacter xylosoxidans infection in urinary tract in a secondary kidney stone patient: Case Report. J Surg Med. 2018;2(3):406-407.
14. Turel O, Kavuncuoglu S, Hosaf E, Ozbek S, Aldemir E, Uygur T, et al. Bacteremia due to Achromobacter xylosoxidans in neonates: clinical features and outcome. Braz J Infect Dis. 2013;17(4):450–454.
15. Steinberg JP, Burd EM. Other Gram-Negative and Gram-Variable Bacilli In: Mandell GL, Douglas R, Bennett JE editors. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7 ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone 2010: pp.3021-3022.
16. Habib S, Fuca N, Azam M, Siddiqui AH, Rajdev K, Chalhoub M. Achromobacter xylosoxidans/denitrificans bacteremia and subsequent fatal Escherichia coli/Streptococcus anginosus pleural empyema. Respir Med Case Rep. 2018; 25:311-313. doi: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2018.10.010
17. Behrens-Muller B, Conway J, Yoder J, Conover CS. Investigation and control of an outbreak of Achromobacter xylosoxidans bacteremia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012; 33:180–184.
18. Derber C, Elam K, Forbes BA, Bearman G. Achromobacter species endocarditis: a case report and literature review. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2011; 22:17–20.
19. Gómez-Cerezo J, Suárez I, Ríos JJ, Peña P, García de Miguel MJ, de José M, et al. Achromobacter xylosoxidans bacteremia: a 10-year analysis of 54 cases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003; 22:36-43.
20. Marion-Sanchez K, Pailla K, Olive C, Le Coutour X, Derancourt C. Achromobacter spp. healthcare associated infections in the French West Indies: a longitudinal study from 2006 to 2016. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):795. doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-4431-3.
21. Swenson CE, Sadikot RT. Achromobacter respiratory infections. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12(2):252-258. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201406-288FR.
22. Teng SO, Ou TY, Hsieh YC, Lee WC, Lin YC, Lee WS. Complicated intra abdominal infection caused by extended drug resistant Achromobacter xylosoxidans. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2009; 42:176 180.
23. Pérez Barragán E, Sandino Pérez J, Corbella L, Orellana MA, Fernández-Ruiz M. Achromobacter xylosoxidans bacteremia: clinical and microbiological features in a 10-year case series. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2018;31(3):268-273.
24. Filipic B, Malesevic M, Vasiljevic Z, Lukic J, Novovic K, Kojic M, et al. Uncovering differences in virulence markers associated with achromobacter species of CF and non-CF origin. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017;7:224. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00224.
25. Molina-Cabrillana J, Santana-Reyes C, Gonzalez-Garcia A,Bordes-Benitez A, Horcajada I. Outbreak of Achromobacter xylosoxidans pseudobacteremia in a neonatal care unit related to contaminated chlorhexidine solution. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007; 26:435–437.
26. Hearn YR, Gander RM. Achromobacter xylosoxidans. An unusual neonatal pathogen. Am J Clin Pathol. 1991; 96:211–214.
27. Foley JF, Gravella CR, Englehard WE, Chin TD. Achromobacter septicemia-fatalities in prematures: I. Clinical and epidemiological study. Am J Dis Child. 1961; 101:279–288.
28. Dai J, Huen AO, Kestenbaum LA, Sarezky MD, Coughlin CC, Yan AC. Achromobacter xylosoxidans Bacteremia and Cellulitis: A Report of a Case. Pediatr Dermatol. 2015;32(4): e186-187. doi: 10.1111/pde.12608.
29. Tugcu D, Turel O, Aydogan G, Akcay A, Salcioglu Z, Akici F, et al. Successful treatment of multiresistant Achromobacter xylosoxidans bacteremia in a child with acute myeloid leukemia. Ann Saudi Med. 2015;35(2):168-169. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2015.168.
30. Lee WS, Ou TY, Hsieh TC, Chen FL, Jean SS. Arteriovenous fistula-related bacteremia caused by Achromobacter xylosoxidans in a uremic patient. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2015;48(5):578-579. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2014.03.011.
31. Shie SS, Huang CT, Leu HS. Characteristics of Achromobacter xylosoxidans bacteremia in northern Taiwan. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian yu gan ran za zhi. 2005;38(4):277-282.
32. Sgrelli A, Mencacci A, Fiorio M, Orlandi C, Baldelli F, De Socio GV. Achromobacter denitrificans renal abscess. New Microbiol. 2012;35(2):245-247.
33. Vinod V, Kumar A, Sanjeevan KV, Dinesh KR, Karim S. Perinephric abscess due to Achromobacter xylosoxidans following de-roofing of renal cyst. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2013;14(4):422-423. doi: 10.1089/sur.2012.142.
34. Srinivasan S, McAllum P, Poutanen SM, Slomovic AR. Bilateral simultaneous Achromobacter xylosoxidans keratitis following penetrating keratoplasty. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2006;32(12):2149-2152. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2006.06.041.
35. Olson DA Hoeprich PD. Post-operative infection of an aortic prothesis with Achromobacter xylosoxidans. West J Med. 1982;136: 153-157.
36. Claassen SL, Reese JM, Mysliwiec V, Mahlen SD. Achromobacter xylosoxidans infection presenting as a pulmonary nodule mimicking cancer. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(7):2751-2754. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02571-10.
37. Manckoundia P, Mazen E, Coste AS, Somana S, Marilier S, Duez JM, et al. A case of meningitis due to Achromobacter xylosoxidans denitrificans 60 years after a cranial trauma. Med Sci Monit. 2011;17(6):CS63-65. doi: 10.12659/msm.881796.
38. Hearn YR, Gander RM. Achromobacter xylosoxidans. An unusual neo¬natal pathogen. Am J Clin Pathol, 1991; 96: 211–214.
39. Manjra AI, Moosa A, Bhamjee A. Fatal neonatal meningitis and ventric¬ulitis caused by multiresistant Achromobacter xylosoxidans. A case report. S Afr Med J. 1989; 76: 571-573.
40. Sepkowitz DV, Bostic DE, Maslow MJ. Achromobacter xylosoxidans menin¬gitis: case report and review of the literature. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1987; 26: 483-485.
41. Namnyak SS, Holmes B, Fathalla SE: Neonatal meningitis caused by Achromobacter xylosoxidans. J Clin Microbiol, 1985; 22: 470-471.
42. Espinoza-Gómez F, Newton-Sánchez OA, Melnikov V, Virgen-González O, Unrau J. Meningitis caused by Alcaligenes xylosoxidans in a patient with HIV/AIDS. Braz J Infect Dis. 2007;11(6):603-4. doi: 10.1590/s1413-86702007000600015.
43. Fujioka M, Oka K, Kitamura R, Yakabe A, Chikaaki N. Alcaligenes xylosoxidans cholecystitis and meningitis acquired during bathing procedures in a burn unit: a case report. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2008;54(12):48-53.
44. Atalay S, Ece G, Samlioğlu P, Kose S, Maras G, Gonullu M. Clinical and microbiological evaluation of eight patients with isolated Achromobacter xylosoxidans. Scand J Infect Dis. 2012;44(10):798-801. doi: 10.3109/00365548.2012.664780.
45. Duggan JM, Goldstein SJ, Chenoweth CE, Kauffman CA, Bradley SF. Achromobacter xylosoxidans bacteremia: report of four cases and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 1996; 23:569–557.
46. Legrand C, Anaissie E. Bacteremia due to Achromobacter xylosoxidans in patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis.1992; 14:479–484.
47. Manfredi R, Nanetti A, Ferri M, Chiodo F. Bacteremia and respiratory involvement by Alcaligenes xylosoxidans in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1997; 16:933-938.
48. Şenol Akar Ş, Dindar Demiray EK, Alkan S, Özer D, Kurutepe S. Bir üniversite hastanesindeki Achromobacter xylosoxidans subsp.denitrificans infeksiyonlarının değerlendirilmesi. Flora Derg. 2022;27(1):65-73.