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A New Biomarker in the Differential Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis: Zonulin

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 113 - 117, 13.01.2026

Abstract

Objective: Acute appendicitis is the most frequently encountered emergency abdominal surgery worldwide, and the clinical diagnosis is based on the history, physical examination, laboratory evaluation and imaging. Zonulin is a measurable protein that reflects intestinal permeability. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of serum zonulin levels in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis.
Material and Method: This prospective, observational study included patients aged ≥18 years who presented to the emergency medicine department of a city hospital with clinical and examination findings and were pathologically confirmed with appendicitis after the operation. A control group was formed of healthy subjects aged >18 years. Serum zonulin levels were compared between the two groups.
Results: Evaluation was made of a total of 123 voluntary subjects who met the study inclusion criteria, as 64 (52%) in the patient group and 59 (48%) in the control group. The serum zonulin levels were determined to be significantly low in the appendicitis patient group at 15.2 ± 10.3 ng/mL (p<0.001). According to the pathology reports of acute appendicitis, no significant difference was observed in the serum zonulin levels between acute phlegmonous appendicitis and acute perforated appendicitis.
Conclusion: Serum zonulin levels were determined to be significantly reduced in appendicitis patients. This suggests that serum zonulin could be a potential negative biomarker in acute appendicitis pathogenesis.

References

  • Moris D, Paulson EK, Pappas TN. Diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis in adults: a review. JAMA. 2021;326(22):2299–2311. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.20502.
  • Tripathi A, Lammers KM, Goldblum S, Shea-Donohue T, Netzel-Arnett S, Buzza MS, et al. Identification of human zonulin, a physiological modulator of tight junctions, as prehaptoglobin-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(39):16799–804. doi:10.1073/pnas.0906773106.
  • El Asmar R, Panigrahi P, Bamford P, Berti I, Not T, Coppa GV, et al. Host-dependent zonulin secretion causes the impairment of the small intestine barrier function after bacterial exposure. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:1607–15. doi:10.1053/gast.2002.36578.
  • Gerdes S, Osadtschy S, Buhles N, Mrowietz U. Zonulin may not be a marker of autoimmunity in patients with psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012;92(2):171–2. doi:10.2340/00015555-1208.
  • Fasano A. Surprises from celiac disease. Sci Am. 2009;301(2):54–61. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0809-54.
  • Sturgeon C, Fasano A. Zonulin, a regulator of epithelial and endothelial barrier functions, and its involvement in chronic inflammatory diseases. Tissue Barriers. 2016;4(4):e1251384. doi:10.1080/21688370.2016.1251384.
  • Avcıoğlu U, Eruzun H. Serum zonulin levels as an early biomarker in predicting the severity and complications of acute pancreatitis. Eurasian J Med. 2023;55(1):78–82. doi:10.5152/eurasianjmed.2022.0272.
  • Kalkan A. Serum zonulin düzeylerinin ileus hastalarının tanı ve prognozunu öngörmedeki faydasının değerlendirilmesi. Emergency Medicine Department of the Prof. Dr. Cemil Taşcıoğlu City Hospital: University of Health Sciences; 2024.
  • Guttman JA, Finlay BB. Tight junctions as targets of infectious agents. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1788(4):832–41. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.10.028.
  • Malíčková K, Francová I, Lukáš M, Kolář M, Králíková E, Bortlík M, et al. Fecal zonulin is elevated in Crohn’s disease and in cigarette smokers. Pract Lab Med. 2017;9:39–44. doi:10.1016/j.plabm.2017.09.001.
  • Qi Y, Goel R, Kim S, Richards EM, Carter CS, Pepine CJ, et al. Intestinal permeability biomarker zonulin is elevated in healthy aging. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2017;18(9):810.e1–810.e4. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2017.05.018.
  • Thomas KE, Sapone A, Fasano A, Vogel SN. Gliadin stimulation of murine macrophage inflammatory gene expression and intestinal permeability are MyD88-dependent: role of the innate immune response in celiac disease. J Immunol. 2006;176(4):2512–21. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.176.4.2512.
  • Wang X, Li MM, Niu Y, Zhang X, Yin JB, Zhao CJ, Wang RT. Serum zonulin in HBV-associated chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Dis Markers. 2019;2019:5945721. doi:10.1155/2019/5945721.
  • Stringer MD. Acute appendicitis. J Paediatr Child Health. 2017;53(11):1071–6. doi:10.1111/jpc.13737.

Akut Apandisit Ayırıcı Tanısında Yeni Bir Biyobelirteç: Zonulin

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 113 - 117, 13.01.2026

Abstract

Amaç: Akut apandisit, dünya genelinde en sık karşılaşılan acil karın cerrahisidir. Klinik tanı; hasta öyküsü, fizik muayene, laboratuvar değerlendirmesi ve görüntüleme yöntemlerine dayanır. Zonulin, bağırsak geçirgenliğini yansıtan ölçülebilir bir proteindir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, akut apandisit tanısında serum zonulin düzeylerinin tanısal değerini değerlendirmektir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu prospektif gözlemsel çalışmaya, bir şehir hastanesi acil tıp kliniğine başvuran, klinik ve muayene bulguları apandisit ile uyumlu olan ve cerrahi sonrası patolojik olarak apandisit tanısı doğrulanan 18 yaş ve üzeri hastalar dahil edildi. Kontrol grubunu 18 yaş ve üzeri sağlıklı gönüllüler oluşturdu. Serum zonulin düzeyleri iki grup arasında karşılaştırıldı.
Bulgular: Çalışma kriterlerini karşılayan toplam 123 gönüllü değerlendirildi; bunların 64’ü (%52) apandisit hastası, 59’u (%48) sağlıklı kontrol grubundaydı. Serum zonulin düzeyleri apandisit grubunda anlamlı derecede düşük bulundu (15,2 ± 10,3 ng/mL, p < 0,001). Patoloji sınıflandırmasına göre, akut flegmonöz ve akut perfore apandisit grupları arasında serum zonulin düzeyleri açısından anlamlı fark saptanmadı.
Sonuç: Akut apandisit hastalarında serum zonulin düzeyleri anlamlı şekilde düşük bulunmuştur. Bu bulgular, serum zonulin düzeylerinin akut apandisit patogenezinde potansiyel bir negatif biyobelirteç olabileceğini göstermektedir.

References

  • Moris D, Paulson EK, Pappas TN. Diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis in adults: a review. JAMA. 2021;326(22):2299–2311. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.20502.
  • Tripathi A, Lammers KM, Goldblum S, Shea-Donohue T, Netzel-Arnett S, Buzza MS, et al. Identification of human zonulin, a physiological modulator of tight junctions, as prehaptoglobin-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(39):16799–804. doi:10.1073/pnas.0906773106.
  • El Asmar R, Panigrahi P, Bamford P, Berti I, Not T, Coppa GV, et al. Host-dependent zonulin secretion causes the impairment of the small intestine barrier function after bacterial exposure. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:1607–15. doi:10.1053/gast.2002.36578.
  • Gerdes S, Osadtschy S, Buhles N, Mrowietz U. Zonulin may not be a marker of autoimmunity in patients with psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012;92(2):171–2. doi:10.2340/00015555-1208.
  • Fasano A. Surprises from celiac disease. Sci Am. 2009;301(2):54–61. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0809-54.
  • Sturgeon C, Fasano A. Zonulin, a regulator of epithelial and endothelial barrier functions, and its involvement in chronic inflammatory diseases. Tissue Barriers. 2016;4(4):e1251384. doi:10.1080/21688370.2016.1251384.
  • Avcıoğlu U, Eruzun H. Serum zonulin levels as an early biomarker in predicting the severity and complications of acute pancreatitis. Eurasian J Med. 2023;55(1):78–82. doi:10.5152/eurasianjmed.2022.0272.
  • Kalkan A. Serum zonulin düzeylerinin ileus hastalarının tanı ve prognozunu öngörmedeki faydasının değerlendirilmesi. Emergency Medicine Department of the Prof. Dr. Cemil Taşcıoğlu City Hospital: University of Health Sciences; 2024.
  • Guttman JA, Finlay BB. Tight junctions as targets of infectious agents. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1788(4):832–41. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.10.028.
  • Malíčková K, Francová I, Lukáš M, Kolář M, Králíková E, Bortlík M, et al. Fecal zonulin is elevated in Crohn’s disease and in cigarette smokers. Pract Lab Med. 2017;9:39–44. doi:10.1016/j.plabm.2017.09.001.
  • Qi Y, Goel R, Kim S, Richards EM, Carter CS, Pepine CJ, et al. Intestinal permeability biomarker zonulin is elevated in healthy aging. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2017;18(9):810.e1–810.e4. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2017.05.018.
  • Thomas KE, Sapone A, Fasano A, Vogel SN. Gliadin stimulation of murine macrophage inflammatory gene expression and intestinal permeability are MyD88-dependent: role of the innate immune response in celiac disease. J Immunol. 2006;176(4):2512–21. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.176.4.2512.
  • Wang X, Li MM, Niu Y, Zhang X, Yin JB, Zhao CJ, Wang RT. Serum zonulin in HBV-associated chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Dis Markers. 2019;2019:5945721. doi:10.1155/2019/5945721.
  • Stringer MD. Acute appendicitis. J Paediatr Child Health. 2017;53(11):1071–6. doi:10.1111/jpc.13737.
There are 14 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Emergency Medicine
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Muhammet Ali Daşkin 0009-0008-2164-7870

Asım Kalkan 0000-0002-5800-0201

Vedat Gültekin 0009-0009-1965-9634

Baki Hayme 0009-0004-5838-6476

Vahide Aslankoç 0000-0002-3838-2222

Öner Bozan 0000-0002-4195-2601

Seracettin Egın 0000-0002-4090-5205

Submission Date October 21, 2025
Acceptance Date November 24, 2025
Publication Date January 13, 2026
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Daşkin MA, Kalkan A, Gültekin V, Hayme B, Aslankoç V, Bozan Ö, et al. A New Biomarker in the Differential Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis: Zonulin. Phnx Med J. 2026;7(3):113-7.

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